Published: 2021-12-17 00:00:00 ET

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Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Nordson Corporation and its 100%-owned and controlled subsidiaries. Investments in affiliates and joint ventures in which our ownership is 50 percent or less or in which we do not have control but have the ability to exercise significant influence, are accounted for under the equity method. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes. Actual amounts could differ from these estimates.

Fiscal year — Our fiscal year is November 1 through October 31.

Revenue recognition — A contract exists when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of the consideration is probable. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of the contract with a customer are satisfied. Generally, our revenue results from short-term, fixed-price contracts and primarily is recognized as of a point in time when the product is shipped or at a later point when the control of the product transfers to the customer. Revenue for undelivered items is deferred and included within Accrued liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Revenues deferred as of October 31, 2021 and 2020 were not material.

However, for certain contracts related to the sale of customer-specific products within our Advanced Technology Solutions segment, revenue is recognized for these contracts over time as we satisfy performance obligations because of the continuous transfer of control to the customer. The continuous transfer of control to the customer occurs as we enhance assets that are customer controlled and we are contractually entitled to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable margin.  

As control transfers over time for these products or services, revenue is recognized based on progress toward completion of the performance obligations. The selection method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. We have elected to use the input method – costs incurred for these contracts because it best depicts the transfer of products or services to the customer based on incurring costs on the contract. Under this method, revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. Contract assets recognized are recorded in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and contract liabilities are recorded in Accrued liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and were not material at October 31, 2021 or 2020. Revenue recognized over time represented approximately ten percent of our overall consolidated revenues at October 31, 2021 or 2020.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring products or services. Taxes, including sales and value add, that we collect concurrently with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. As a practical expedient, we may exclude the assessment of whether goods or services are performance obligations, if they are immaterial in the context of the contract, and combine these with other performance obligations. While payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, we have determined that our contracts generally do not include a significant financing component. We have elected to apply the practical expedient to treat all shipping and handling costs as fulfillment costs as a significant portion of these costs are incurred prior to transfer of control to the customer. We have also elected to apply the practical expedient to expense sales commissions as they are incurred as the amortization period resulting from capitalizing the costs is one year or less. These costs are recorded within Selling, general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

We offer assurance type warranties on our products as well as separately sold warranty contracts. Revenue related to warranty contracts that are sold separately is recognized over the life of the warranty term and are not material. Certain arrangements may include installation, installation supervision, training, and spare parts, which tend to be completed in a short period of time, at an insignificant cost, and utilizing skills not unique to us, therefore, are typically regarded as inconsequential or not material.

We disclose disaggregated revenues by operating segment and geography in accordance with the revenue standard and on the same basis used internally by the chief operating decision maker for evaluating performance of operating segments and for allocating resources. Refer to Note 16 for details on our operating segments.

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Shipping and handling costs — Amounts billed to customers for shipping and handling are recorded as revenue. Shipping and handling expenses are included in cost of sales.

Advertising costs — Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and were $5,986, $7,174 and $10,479 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Research and development — Investments in research and development are important to our long-term growth, enabling us to keep pace with changing customer and marketplace needs through the development of new products and new applications for existing products. We place strong emphasis on technology developments and improvements through internal engineering and research teams. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and were $59,422, $63,591 and $60,018 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As a percentage of sales, research and development expenses were 2.5, 3.0 and 2.7 percent in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Earnings per share — Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each year, while diluted earnings per share are based on the weighted-average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding. Common share equivalents consist of shares issuable upon exercise of stock options computed using the treasury stock method, as well as restricted stock and deferred stock-based compensation. Options whose exercise price is higher than the average market price are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would be anti-dilutive. Options for 46 common shares were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation in 2021 and 95 and 176 options were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share in 2020 and 2019, respectively because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Under the Amended and Restated 2012 Stock Incentive and Award Plan, executive officers and selected other key employees receive common share awards based on corporate performance measures over three-year performance periods. Awards for which performance measures have not been met were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

Cash and cash equivalents — Highly liquid instruments with maturities of 90 days or less at date of purchase are considered to be cash equivalents.

Allowance for doubtful accounts — An allowance for doubtful accounts is maintained for estimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make required payments. The amount of the allowance is determined principally on the basis of past collection experience and known factors regarding specific customers. Accounts are written off against the allowance when it becomes evident that collection will not occur. Credit is extended to customers satisfying pre-defined credit criteria. We believe we have limited concentration of credit risk due to the diversity of our customer base.

Our primary allowance for credit losses is the allowance for doubtful accounts, which is principally determined based on aging of receivables. Receivables are exposed to credit risk based on the customers' ability to pay which is influenced by, among other factors, their financial liquidity. We perform ongoing customer credit evaluation to maintain sufficient allowances for potential credit losses. Our segments perform credit evaluation and monitoring to estimate and manage credit risk through the review of customer information, credit ratings, approval and monitoring of customer credit limits, and assessment of market conditions. We may also require prepayments or bank guarantees from customers to mitigate credit risk. Our receivables are generally short-term in nature with a majority of receivables outstanding less than 90 days. Accounts receivable balances are written-off against the allowance if deemed uncollectible.

Accounts receivable are net of an allowance for credit losses of $7,552 and $9,045 at October 31, 2021 and October 31, 2020, respectively. The change in the allowance for expected credit losses includes an immaterial accounting standard adoption impact from ASU 2016-13 of $396 for the twelve months ended October 31, 2021. The provision for losses on receivables was $32 for the twelve months ended October 31, 2021, respectively, compared to $2,165 for the same periods a year ago, respectively. The remaining change in the allowance for credit losses is principally related to the write-off of uncollectible accounts.

Inventories — Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost was determined using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for 16 percent of consolidated inventories at October 31, 2021 and 19 percent of consolidated inventories at October 31, 2020. The first-in, first-out (FIFO) method is used for all other inventories. Consolidated inventories would have been $4,216 and $4,545 higher than reported at October 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, had the FIFO method, which approximates current cost, been used for valuation of all inventories.

Property, plant and equipment and depreciation — Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost. Additions and improvements that extend the lives of assets are capitalized, while expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Plant and equipment are depreciated for financial reporting purposes using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets or, in the case of property under finance leases, over the terms of the leases. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or their useful lives.

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Useful lives are as follows:

Land improvements			15-25 years
Buildings			20-40 years
Machinery and equipment			3-18 years
Enterprise management systems			5-13 years

Depreciation expense is included in cost of sales and selling and administrative expenses. Internal use software costs are expensed or capitalized depending on whether they are incurred in the preliminary project stage, application development stage or the post-implementation stage. Amounts capitalized are amortized over the estimated useful lives of the software beginning with the project’s completion. All re-engineering costs are expensed as incurred. Interest costs on significant capital projects are capitalized. No interest was capitalized in 2021, 2020 or 2019.

Goodwill and intangible assets — Goodwill is the excess of cost of an acquired entity over the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill relates to and is assigned directly to specific reporting units. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to annual impairment testing. Our annual impairment testing is performed as of August 1. Testing is done more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount of those assets.

Other amortizable intangible assets, which consist primarily of patent/technology costs, customer relationships, noncompete agreements, and trade names, are amortized over their useful lives on a straight-line basis. At October 31, 2021, the weighted-average useful lives for each major category of amortizable intangible assets were:

Patent/technology costs			12 years
Customer relationships			14 years
Noncompete agreements			4 years
Trade names			15 years

Foreign currency translation — The financial statements of subsidiaries outside the United States are generally measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated at the rates of exchange at the balance sheet dates. Income and expense items are translated at average monthly rates of exchange. The resulting translation adjustments are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a separate component of shareholders’ equity. Generally, gains and losses from foreign currency transactions, including forward contracts, of these subsidiaries and the United States parent are included in net income. Gains and losses from intercompany foreign currency transactions of a long-term investment nature are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Accumulated other comprehensive loss — Accumulated other comprehensive loss at October 31, 2021 and 2020 consisted of:

			Cumulative translation adjustments						Pension and postretirement benefit plan adjustments						Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Balance at October 31, 2020			$	(40,422)					$	(185,696)					$	(226,118)
Pension and postretirement plan changes, net of tax of $(12,938)			—						43,250						43,250
Currency translation losses			7,033						—						7,033
Balance at October 31, 2021			$	(33,389)					$	(142,446)					$	(175,835)

Warranties — We offer warranties to our customers depending on the specific product and terms of the customer purchase agreement. A typical warranty program requires that we repair or replace defective products within a specified time period (generally one year) measured from the date of delivery or first use. We record an estimate for future warranty-related costs based on actual historical return rates. Based on analysis of return rates and other factors, the adequacy of our warranty provisions is adjusted as necessary. The liability for warranty costs is included in accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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Following is a reconciliation of the product warranty liability as of October 31, 2021 and 2020:

			2021						2020
Balance at beginning of year			$	10,550					$	11,006
Accruals for warranties			16,011						11,662
Warranty payments			(15,475)						(12,330)
Currency adjustments			27						212
Balance at end of year			$	11,113					$	10,550

New accounting guidance adopted:

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326),” which changed the impairment model for most financial instruments. Prior guidance required the recognition of credit losses based on an incurred loss impairment methodology that reflected losses once the losses are probable. We adopted the new standard on November 1, 2020 and are now applying a current expected credit loss model that requires recognizing an estimate of credit losses that are expected to occur over the life of the financial instruments that are in the scope of the update, including trade receivables. The standard requires judgment and consideration of historical information, current information, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, as well as the impact of any prepayments. In addition, we reviewed our business processes and controls to support the recognition and disclosure as required under the new standard. The adoption of this new standard did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other Internal – Use Software (Subtopic 350-40),” which is meant to help entities evaluate the accounting for fees paid by a customer in a cloud computing arrangement (hosting arrangement), by providing guidance in determining when the arrangement includes a software license. We adopted the new standard on November 1, 2020. Hosted arrangements deemed to be in scope will follow the capitalization criteria for implementation costs as though they were internal-use computer software. There may be multiple elements besides the software license (such as: training, future upgrades, data conversion, and other elements) which require the allocation of the contract price to each of the elements; entities are to capitalize only those elements which meet the capitalization criteria. Capitalized implementation costs are amortized over the term of the hosted arrangement including consideration for renewal or termination options. In addition, we reviewed our business processes and controls to support the recognition and disclosure as required under the new standard. The adoption of this new standard did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, “Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – General (Subtopic 715-20),” a new standard which addresses defined benefit plans. The amendments modify the following disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans: the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized as components of net period benefit cost over the next fiscal year, amount and timing of plan assets expected to be returned to the employer, related party disclosure about the amount of future annual benefits covered by insurance and annuity contracts and significant transactions between the employer or related parties and the plan, and the effects of a 1.00 percent point change in assumed health care cost trend rates on the (a) aggregate of the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit costs and (b) benefit obligations for postretirement health care benefits are removed. A disclosure requirement was added for the explanation of the reasons for significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. Additionally, the standard clarifies disclosure requirements surrounding the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and fair value of plan assets for plans with PBOs in excess of plan assets and the accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) and fair value of plan assets for plans with ABOs in excess of plan assets. We adopted the new standard and revised disclosures as reflected in Note 7 with no material impact to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued a new standard which removes, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The guidance removes disclosure requirements pertaining to the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the policy for timing of transfers between levels, and the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. For investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly. In addition, the amendment clarifies that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. The guidance adds disclosure requirements for changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period as well as

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Business acquisitions have been accounted for using the acquisition method, with the acquired assets and liabilities recorded at estimated fair value on the dates of acquisition. The cost in excess of the net assets of the business acquired is included in goodwill. Operating results since the respective dates of acquisitions are included in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

2020 acquisitions

On September 1, 2020, we acquired 100 percent of the outstanding shares of vivaMOS Ltd. ("vivaMOS"), a developer and fabricator of high-end large-area complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ("CMOS") image sensors for a wide range of X-ray applications. We acquired vivaMOS for an aggregate purchase price of $17,154 net of cash and other closing adjustments of approximately $158, utilizing cash on hand. Based on the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, goodwill of $14,394 and identifiable intangible assets of $4,040 were recorded. The identifiable intangible assets consist primarily of $3,900 of technology (amortized over 10 years) and $140 of non-compete agreements (amortized over 3 years). Goodwill associated with this acquisition was not tax deductible. This acquisition is being reported in our Advanced Technology Solutions segment and the results of vivaMOS were not material to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

On June 1, 2020, we acquired 100 percent of the outstanding shares of Fluortek, Inc. ("Fluortek"), a precision plastic extrusion manufacturer that provides custom dimensioned tubing to the medical device industry. We acquired Fluortek for an aggregate purchase price of $125,260, net of cash and other closing adjustments of approximately $515, utilizing cash on hand. Based on the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed, property, plant and equipment and working capital – net of $19,843, goodwill of $76,047 and identifiable intangible assets of $29,370 were recorded. The identifiable intangible assets consist primarily of $19,700 of customer relationships (amortized over 12 years), $7,400 of technology (amortized over 10 years), $1,500 of tradenames (amortized over 10 years), and $770 of non-compete agreements (amortized over 5 years). Goodwill associated with this acquisition was tax deductible. This acquisition is being reported in our Advanced Technology Solutions segment and the results for Fluortek were not material to the our Consolidated Financial Statements.

2019 acquisition

In the fourth quarter of 2020, we committed to a plan to sell our screws and barrels product line within our Industrial Precision Solutions operating segment and determined the criteria to be classified as held for sale were met. We entered into a letter of intent to sell the screws and barrels product line in October 2020, and in December 2020, we entered into a definitive agreement with the buyer. The assets and liabilities were presented as held for sale in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and measured at the lower of carrying value or fair value less cost to sell from October 31, 2021 until the transaction was completed on February 1, 2021.

Before measuring the fair value less costs to sell of the disposal group as a whole, we first reviewed individual assets and liabilities to determine if any fair value adjustments were required and concluded no individual asset impairments were required. Then, based on the definitive agreement entered into by us and the buyer, we determined the fair value of the disposal group to be equal to the selling price, less costs to sell. Based on this review, we recorded a non-cash, assets held for sale impairment charge of $87,371 in 2020.

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The assets and liabilities of the screws and barrels product line classified as held for sale at October 31, 2020 were as follows:

			2020
Receivables - net			$	14,327
Inventories - net			9,854
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			696
Property, plant and equipment - net			58,950
Other assets			23,159
Impairment on carrying value			(87,371)
Assets held for sale			$	19,615
Accounts payable			$	4,625
Accrued liabilities			3,352
Other liabilities			5,171
Liabilities held for sale			$	13,148

Excluding the non-cash, assets held for sale impairment charge recorded in the fourth quarter of 2020, the operating results of the screws and barrels product line were not material to our Consolidated Financial Statements for any period presented. There were no significant adjustments in 2021 to the loss recognized in 2020.

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known as the Gordon Growth Model Method that essentially captures the present value of perpetual cash flows beyond the last projected period assuming a constant Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) methodology and growth rate. For each reporting unit, a sensitivity analysis is performed to vary the discount and terminal growth rates in order to provide a range of reasonableness for detecting impairment. Discount rates are developed using a WACC methodology. The WACC represents the blended average required rate of return for equity and debt capital based on observed market return data and company specific risk factors.

In the application of the guideline public company method (Market Approach), fair value is determined using transactional evidence for similar publicly traded equity. The comparable company guideline group is determined based on relative similarities to each reporting unit since exact correlations are not available. An indication of fair value for each reporting unit is based on the placement of each reporting unit within a range of multiples determined for its comparable guideline company group. Valuation multiples are derived by dividing latest twelve-month performance for revenues and Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA) into total invested capital, which is the sum of traded equity plus interest bearing debt less cash. These multiples are applied against the revenue and EBITDA of each reporting unit. While the implied indications of fair value using the guideline public company method yield meaningful results, the discounted cash flow method of the income approach includes management’s thoughtful projections and insights as to what the reporting units will accomplish in the near future. Accordingly, the reasonable, implied fair value of each reporting unit is a blend based on the consideration of both the Income and Market approaches.

An impairment charge is recorded for the amount by which the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, as calculated in the quantitative analysis described above. Based on our annual impairment tests in 2021, 2020 and 2019, the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, and accordingly, we did not record any goodwill impairment charges in 2021, 2020 or 2019.  

Our reporting units include components of the Industrial Precision Solutions and the Advanced Technology Solutions segments.  

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during 2021 by operating segment:

			Industrial Precision Solutions						Advanced Technology Solutions												Total
Balance at October 31, 2020			$	415,862					$	1,297,492											$	1,713,354
Currency effect			(842)						636												(206)
Balance at October 31, 2021			$	415,020					$	1,298,128											$	1,713,148

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during 2020 by operating segment: 

			Industrial Precision Solutions						Advanced Technology Solutions												Total
Balance at October 31, 2019			$	411,461					$	1,203,278											$	1,614,739
Acquisition			—						90,441												90,441
Other			(453)						—												(453)
Currency effect			4,854						3,773												8,627
Balance at October 31, 2020			$	415,862					$	1,297,492											$	1,713,354

Accumulated impairment losses, which were recorded in 2009, were $232,789 of which $229,173 related to the Advanced Technology Solutions segment and $3,616 related to the Industrial Precision Solutions segment.

The Other activity above reflects an allocation of goodwill to the disposal group classified as held for sale in 2020.

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Information regarding intangible assets subject to amortization: 

			October 31, 2021
			Carrying Amount						Accumulated Amortization						Net Book Value
Customer relationships			$	483,815					$	226,658					$	257,157
Patent/technology costs			154,267						89,299						64,968
Trade names			74,301						39,858						34,443
Noncompete agreements			9,896						9,099						797
Other			1,385						1,383						2
Total			$	723,664					$	366,297					$	357,367

			October 31, 2020
			Carrying Amount						Accumulated Amortization						Net Book Value
Customer relationships			$	483,568					$	193,617					$	289,951
Patent/technology costs			153,555						76,934						76,621
Trade names			74,240						34,693						39,547
Noncompete agreements			9,908						8,444						1,464
Other			1,403						1,400						3
Total			$	722,674					$	315,088					$	407,586

Amortization expense for 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $50,551, $56,979 and $54,790, respectively.

Estimated amortization expense for each of the five succeeding years:

Year						Amounts
2022						$	46,696
2023						$	45,355
2024						$	39,784
2025						$	38,796
2026						$	37,530

Retirement plans — We have funded contributory retirement plans covering certain employees. Our contributions are primarily determined by the terms of the plans, subject to the limitation that they shall not exceed the amounts deductible for income tax purposes. We also sponsor unfunded contributory supplemental retirement plans for certain employees. Generally, benefits under these plans vest gradually over a period of approximately three years from date of employment, and are based on the employee’s contribution. The expense applicable to retirement plans for 2021, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $22,983, $20,265 and $22,573, respectively.

Pension plans — We have various pension plans covering a portion of our United States and international employees. Pension plan benefits are generally based on years of employment and, for salaried employees, the level of compensation. Actuarially determined amounts are contributed to United States plans to provide sufficient assets to meet future benefit payment requirements. We also sponsor an unfunded supplemental pension plan for certain employees. International subsidiaries fund their pension plans according to local requirements.

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A reconciliation of the benefit obligations, plan assets, accrued benefit cost and the amount recognized in financial statements for pension plans is as follows:

			United States												International
			2021						2020						2021						2020
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year			$	615,768					$	551,997					$	104,849					$	97,990
Service cost			22,555						20,635						2,120						2,099
Interest cost			13,652						15,824						887						1,025
Participant contributions			—						—						80						83
Amendments			—						—						15						—
Settlements			(9,016)						(4,992)						(714)						—
Curtailments			(2,436)						—						—						—
Foreign currency exchange rate change			—						—						1,024						2,814
Actuarial loss (gain)			4,561						47,788						(121)						2,729
Benefits paid			(17,813)						(15,484)						(2,091)						(1,891)
Benefit obligation at end of year			$	627,271					$	615,768					$	106,049					$	104,849
Change in plan assets:
Beginning fair value of plan assets			$	510,250					$	448,931					$	45,476					$	39,640
Actual return on plan assets			62,063						41,712						243						3,697
Company contributions			94,105						40,083						3,318						3,365
Participant contributions			—						—						80						83
Settlements			(9,016)						(4,992)						(714)						—
Foreign currency exchange rate change			—						—						962						582
Benefits paid			(17,813)						(15,484)						(2,091)						(1,891)
Ending fair value of plan assets			$	639,589					$	510,250					$	47,274					$	45,476
Funded status at end of year			$	12,318					$	(105,518)					$	(58,775)					$	(59,373)
Amounts recognized in financial statements:
Noncurrent asset			$	30,840					$	3,162					$	4,086					$	3,321
Accrued benefit liability			(799)						(5,211)						—						(634)
Long-term pension obligations			(17,723)						(103,469)						(62,861)						(62,060)
Total amount recognized in financial statements			$	12,318					$	(105,518)					$	(58,775)					$	(59,373)

 

The net actuarial loss included in the projected benefit obligation for the United States pension plans for 2021 was primarily due to updated census data partially offset by gains due to changes in the discount rates. The net actuarial loss included in the projected benefit obligation for 2020 was primarily due to lower discount rates and updated census data and assumptions.

			United States												International
			2021						2020						2021						2020
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (gain) loss:
Net actuarial loss			$	142,070					$	192,593					$	30,544					$	32,097
Prior service cost (credit)			48						(16)						(1,808)						(2,137)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss			$	142,118					$	192,577					$	28,736					$	29,960

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The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss: 

			United States												International
			2021						2020						2021						2020
Balance at beginning of year			$	192,577					$	178,290					$	29,960					$	31,484
Net (gain) loss arising during the year			(29,091)						30,743						1,220						305
Prior service cost arising during the year			—						—						15						—
Net gain recognized during the year			(14,885)						(14,032)						(3,144)						(2,972)
Prior service credit recognized during the year			64						84						303						290
Settlement loss			(4,111)						(2,508)						(32)						—
Curtailment			(2,436)						—						—						—
Exchange rate effect during the year			—						—						414						853
Balance at end of year			$	142,118					$	192,577					$	28,736					$	29,960

Information regarding the funded status of the Company's plans is as follows:

			United States												International
			2021						2020						2021						2020
For plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
Accumulated benefit obligation			$	16,182					$	508,671					$	85,559					$	85,189
Fair value of plan assets			—						444,723						32,306						30,797
For plans with projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
Projected benefit obligation			18,522						553,403						95,221						93,491
Fair value of plan assets			—						444,723						32,360						30,797

Net periodic pension costs include the following components:

			United States																		International
			2021						2020						2019						2021						2020						2019
Service cost			$	22,555					$	20,635					$	14,587					$	2,120					$	2,099					$	1,933
Interest cost			13,652						15,824						18,304						887						1,025						1,670
Expected return on plan assets			(28,410)						(24,667)						(23,341)						(1,585)						(1,273)						(1,592)
Amortization of prior service credit			(64)						(84)						(61)						(303)						(290)						(303)
Amortization of net actuarial loss			14,885						14,032						6,702						3,144						2,972						1,696
Settlement loss			4,111						2,508						—						32						—						470
Total benefit cost			$	26,729					$	28,248					$	16,191					$	4,295					$	4,533					$	3,874

Net periodic pension cost for 2021, 2020 and 2019 included settlement losses of $4,143, $2,508 and $470, respectively, due to lump sum retirement payments.

The components of net periodic pension cost other than service cost are included in Other – net in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

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The weighted average assumptions used in the valuation of pension benefits were as follows:

			United States																		International
			2021						2020						2019						2021						2020						2019
Assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at October 31:
Discount rate			3.02		%				2.85		%				3.25		%				1.30		%				1.01		%				1.26		%
Rate of compensation increase			4.00						4.00						4.00						2.90						2.69						3.12
Assumptions used to determine net benefit costs for the years ended October 31:
Discount rate - benefit obligation			2.85						3.25						4.53						1.01						1.26						2.14
Discount rate - service cost			3.30						3.56						4.70						0.93						1.12						1.82
Discount rate - interest cost			2.10						2.78						4.15						0.80						1.05						1.90
Expected return on plan assets			5.75						5.75						6.00						3.31						3.22						3.96
Rate of compensation increase			4.00						4.00						3.90						2.69						3.12						3.12

The amortization of prior service cost is determined using a straight-line amortization of the cost over the average remaining service period of employees expected to receive benefits under the plans.

The discount rate reflects the current rate at which pension liabilities could be effectively settled at the end of the year. The discount rate used considers a yield derived from matching projected pension payments with maturities of a portfolio of available bonds that receive the highest rating given from a recognized investments ratings agency. The changes in the discount rates in 2021, 2020, and 2019 are due to changes in yields for these types of investments as a result of the economic environment.

In determining the expected return on plan assets using the calculated value of plan assets, we consider both historical performance and an estimate of future long-term rates of return on assets similar to those in our plans. We consult with and consider the opinions of financial and other professionals in developing appropriate return assumptions. The rate of compensation increase is based on management’s estimates using historical experience and expected increases in rates.

The international plans include a cash balance plan with promised interest crediting rates. The weighted average crediting rates were 0.50%, 0.40% and 0.60% for 2021, 2020 and 2019.

Net actuarial gains or losses are amortized to expense on a plan-by-plan basis when they exceed the accounting corridor, which is set at 10 percent of the greater of the plan assets or benefit obligations. Gains or losses within the corridor remain in other comprehensive income and are retested in subsequent measurements. Gains or losses outside of the corridor are subject to amortization over an average employee future service period that differs by plan. If substantially all of the plan’s participants are no longer actively accruing benefits, the average life expectancy is used.  

The allocation of pension plan assets as of October 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

			United States												International
			2021						2020						2021						2020
Asset Category
Equity securities			13		%				11		%				—		%				—		%
Debt securities			46						49						—						—
Insurance contracts			—						—						51						54
Pooled investment funds			41						39						48						44
Other			—						1						1						2
Total			100		%				100		%				100		%				100		%

Our investment objective for defined benefit plan assets is to meet the plans’ benefit obligations, while minimizing the potential for future required plan contributions.

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Our United States plans comprise 93 percent of the Company's worldwide pension assets. In general, the investment strategies focus on asset class diversification, liquidity to meet benefit payments and an appropriate balance of long-term investment return and risk. Target ranges for asset allocations are determined by dynamically matching the actuarial projections of the plans’ future liabilities and benefit payments with expected long-term rates of return on the assets, taking into account investment return volatility and correlations across asset classes. For 2021, the target in “return-seeking assets” is 30 percent and 70 percent in longer duration fixed income assets. Plan assets are diversified across multiple investment managers and are invested in liquid funds that are selected to track broad market indices. Investment risk is carefully controlled with plan assets rebalanced to target allocations on a periodic basis and continual monitoring of investment managers’ performance relative to the guidelines established with each investment manager.

Our international plans comprise 7 percent of the Company's worldwide pension assets. Asset allocations are developed on a country-specific basis. Our investment strategy is to cover pension obligations with insurance contracts or to employ independent managers to invest the assets.

The fair values of our pension plan assets at October 31, 2021 by asset category are in the table below:

			United States																								International
			Total						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3						Total						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
Cash			$	1,467					$	1,467					$	—					$	—					$	519					$	519					$	—					$	—
Money market funds			4,495						4,495						—						—						—						—						—						—
Equity securities:
Basic materials			2,038						2,038						—						—						—						—						—						—
Consumer goods			4,360						4,360						—						—						—						—						—						—
Financial			3,753						3,753						—						—						—						—						—						—
Healthcare			4,864						4,864						—						—						—						—						—						—
Industrial goods			3,640						3,640						—						—						—						—						—						—
Technology			5,080						5,080						—						—						—						—						—						—
Utilities			—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—
Mutual funds			52,319						52,319						—						—						—						—						—						—
Fixed income securities:
U.S. Government			89,614						4,024						85,590						—						—						—						—						—
Corporate			194,793						—						194,793						—						—						—						—						—
Other			9,619						—						9,619						—						—						—						—						—
Other types of investments:
Insurance contracts			—						—						—						—						23,993						—						—						23,993
Other			1,494						1,494						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total investments in the fair value hierarchy			$	377,536					$	87,534					$	290,002					$	—					$	24,512					$	519					$	—					$	23,993
Investments measured at Net Asset Value:
Real estate collective funds			44,056																								—
Pooled investment funds			217,997																								22,762
Total Investments at Fair Value			$	639,589																							$	47,274

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The fair values of our pension plan assets at October 31, 2020 by asset category are in the table below:

			United States																								International
			Total						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3						Total						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
Cash			$	1,331					$	1,331					$	—					$	—					$	759					$	759					$	—					$	—
Money market funds			5,059						5,059						—						—						—						—						—						—
Equity securities:
Basic materials			1,750						1,750						—						—						—						—						—						—
Consumer goods			5,024						5,024						—						—						—						—						—						—
Financial			4,745						4,745						—						—						—						—						—						—
Healthcare			4,518						4,518						—						—						—						—						—						—
Industrial goods			3,588						3,588						—						—						—						—						—						—
Technology			5,706						5,706						—						—						—						—						—						—
Utilities			685						685						—						—						—						—						—						—
Mutual funds			24,266						24,266						—						—						—						—						—						—
Fixed income securities:
U.S.  Government			71,855						8,267						63,588						—						—						—						—						—
Corporate			173,046						—						173,046						—						—						—						—						—
Other			6,673						—						6,673						—						—						—						—						—
Other types of investments:
Insurance contracts			—						—						—						—						24,496						—						—						24,496
Other			845						845						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total investments in the fair value hierarchy			$	309,091					$	65,784					$	243,307					$	—					$	25,255					$	759					$	—					$	24,496
Investments measured at Net Asset Value:
Real estate collective funds			38,996																								—
Pooled investment funds			162,163																								20,221
Total Investments at Fair Value			$	510,250																							$	45,476

These investment funds did not own a significant number of shares of Nordson Corporation common stock for any year presented.

The inputs and methodology used to measure fair value of plan assets are consistent with those described in Note 12. Following are the valuation methodologies used to measure these assets:

•Money market funds - Money market funds are public investment vehicles that are valued with a net asset value of one dollar. This is a quoted price in an active market and is classified as Level 1.

•Equity securities - Common stocks and mutual funds are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded and are classified as Level 1.

•Fixed income securities - U.S. Treasury bills reflect the closing price on the active market in which the securities are traded and are classified as Level 1. Securities of U.S. agencies are valued using bid evaluations and are classified as Level 2. Corporate fixed income securities are valued using evaluated prices, such as dealer quotes, bids and offers and are therefore classified as Level 2.

•Insurance contracts - Insurance contracts are investments with various insurance companies. The contract value represents the best estimate of fair value. These contracts do not hold any specific assets. These investments are classified as Level 3.

•Real estate collective funds – These funds are valued using the net asset value of the underlying properties. Net asset value is calculated using a combination of key inputs, such as revenue and expense growth rates, terminal capitalization rates and discount rates.

•Pooled investment funds - These are public investment vehicles valued using the net asset value. The net asset value is based on the value of the assets owned by the plan, less liabilities. These investments are not quoted on an active exchange.

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The following tables present an analysis of changes during the years ended October 31, 2021 and 2020 in Level 3 plan assets, by plan asset class, for U.S. and international pension plans using significant unobservable inputs to measure fair value:

			Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
			Insurance contracts
Beginning balance at October 31, 2020			$	24,496
Actual return on plan assets:
Purchases			1,441
Sales			(541)
Settlements			(714)
Unrealized losses			(440)
Foreign currency translation			(249)
Ending balance at October 31, 2021			$	23,993

			Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
			Insurance contracts
Beginning balance at October 31, 2019			$	21,245
Actual return on plan assets:
Assets held, end of year			1,739
Purchases			2,462
Sales			(1,495)
Foreign currency translation			545
Ending balance at October 31, 2020			$	24,496

Contributions to pension plans in 2022 are estimated to be approximately $4,121.

Retiree pension benefit payments, which include expected future service, are anticipated to be paid as follows:

Year						United States						International
2022						$	20,460					$	2,860
2023						21,953						2,826
2024						23,331						3,153
2025						25,088						3,395
2026						26,570						5,458
2026-2030						156,178						19,725

Other postretirement plans - We sponsor an unfunded postretirement health care benefit plan covering certain of our United States employees. Employees hired after January 1, 2002, are not eligible to participate in this plan. For eligible retirees under the age of 65 who enroll in the plan, the plan is contributory in nature, with retiree contributions in the form of premiums that are adjusted annually. For eligible retirees age 65 and older who enroll in the plan, the plan delivers a benefit in the form of a Health Reimbursement Account (HRA), which retirees use for eligible reimbursable expenses, including premiums paid for purchase of a Medicare supplement plan or other out-of-pocket medical expenses such as deductibles or co-pays.

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A reconciliation of the benefit obligations, accrued benefit cost and the amount recognized in financial statements for other postretirement plans is as follows:

			United States												International
			2021						2020						2021						2020
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year			$	87,645					$	88,660					$	445					$	454
Service cost			778						666						15						15
Interest cost			1,805						2,345						12						13
Participant contributions			722						611						—						—
Foreign currency exchange rate change			—						—						33						(5)
Actuarial gain			(2,799)						(2,024)						(83)						(26)
Benefits paid			(2,861)						(2,613)						(6)						(6)
Benefit obligation at end of year			$	85,290					$	87,645					$	416					$	445
Change in plan assets:
Beginning fair value of plan assets			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
Company contributions			2,139						2,002						6						6
Participant contributions			722						611						—						—
Benefits paid			(2,861)						(2,613)						(6)						(6)
Ending fair value of plan assets			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
Funded status at end of year			$	(85,290)					$	(87,645)					$	(416)					$	(445)
Amounts recognized in financial statements:
Accrued benefit liability			$	(3,048)					$	(2,835)					$	(6)					$	(6)
Long-term postretirement obligations			(82,242)						(84,810)						(410)						(439)
Total amount recognized in financial statements			$	(85,290)					$	(87,645)					$	(416)					$	(445)

			United States												International
			2021						2020						2021						2020
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (gain) loss:
Net actuarial (gain) loss			$	21,456					$	25,614					$	(543)					$	(466)
Prior service credit			—						—						—						—
Accumulated other comprehensive (gain) loss			$	21,456					$	25,614					$	(543)					$	(466)

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The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive (gain) loss:

			United States												International
			2021						2020						2021						2020
Balance at beginning of year			$	25,614					$	28,976					$	(466)					$	(482)
Net gain arising during the year			(2,799)						(2,024)						(83)						(26)
Net gain (loss) recognized during the year			(1,359)						(1,355)						41						36
Prior service credit recognized during the year			—						17						—						—
Exchange rate effect during the year			—						—						(35)						6
Balance at end of year			$	21,456					$	25,614					$	(543)					$	(466)

Net postretirement benefit costs include the following components:

			United States																		International
			2021						2020						2019						2021						2020						2019
Service cost			$	778					$	666					$	545					$	15					$	15					$	16
Interest cost			1,805						2,345						2,984						12						13						19
Amortization of prior service credit			—						(17)						(26)						—						—						—
Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss			1,359						1,355						634						(41)						(36)						(28)
Total benefit cost (credit)			$	3,942					$	4,349					$	4,137					$	(14)					$	(8)					$	7

The components of net postretirement benefit cost other than service cost are included in Other – net in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

The weighted average assumptions used in the valuation of postretirement benefits were as follows:

			United States																		International
			2021						2020						2019						2021						2020						2019
Assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at October 31:
Discount rate			2.98		%				2.84		%				3.27		%				3.43		%				2.94		%				3.03		%
Health care cost trend rate			3.34						3.40						3.62						4.43						4.22						4.00
Rate to which health care cost trend rate is assumed to incline/decline (ultimate trend rate)			3.15						3.17						3.24						4.05						4.05						4.05
Year the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate			2031						2026						2026						2040						2040						2040
Assumption used to determine net benefit costs for the years ended October 31:
Discount rate benefit obligation			2.84		%				3.27		%				4.56		%				2.94		%				3.03		%				3.88		%
Discount rate service cost			3.44						3.61						4.77						3.00						3.05						3.90
Discount rate interest cost			2.08						2.79						4.18						2.60						2.88						3.80

The weighted average health care trend rates reflect expected increases in the Company’s portion of the obligation.

Net actuarial gains or losses are amortized to expense on a plan-by-plan basis when they exceed the accounting corridor, which is set at 10 percent of the greater of the plan assets or benefit obligations. Gains or losses outside of the corridor are subject to amortization over an average employee future service period that differs by plan. If substantially all of the plan’s participants are no longer actively accruing benefits, the average life expectancy is used.

Contributions to postretirement plans in 2022 are estimated to be approximately $3,054.

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Retiree postretirement benefit payments are anticipated to be paid as follows:

Year			United States						International
2022			$	3,048					$	6
2023			3,227						6
2024			3,423						6
2025			3,593						6
2026			3,753						9
2026-2030			20,376						54

Income tax expense includes the following:

			2021						2020						2019
Current:
U.S. federal			$	41,983					$	19,265					$	40,012
State and local			4,429						984						3,429
Foreign			69,325						45,657						51,590
Total current			115,737						65,906						95,031
Deferred:
U.S. federal			6,631						(10,143)						1,470
State and local			1,470						(1,023)						633
Foreign			(4,030)						(2,790)						(3,121)
Total deferred			4,071						(13,956)						(1,018)
			$	119,808					$	51,950					$	94,013

Earnings before income taxes of domestic operations, which are calculated after intercompany profit eliminations, were $287,409, $120,054 and $222,435 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Our income tax provision for 2021 included a tax benefit of $5,982 due to our share-based payment transactions.

Our income tax provision for 2020 included a tax benefit of $15,661 due to our share-based payment transactions. Income before taxes in 2020 included a non-cash, assets held for sale impairment charge of $87,371 related to our commitment to sell our screws and barrels product line within the Adhesives reporting unit under our Industrial Precision Solutions segment and the tax benefit of the impairment was $15,254. A portion of the impairment charge did not have related tax benefits.

Our income tax provision for 2019 included a provisional tax benefit of $4,866 to reflect the adjustment to the provisional amounts recognized in 2018 due to changes in interpretations and assumptions and the finalization of estimates related to the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Act"). We are paying the transition tax in installments over the eight-year period allowable under the Act. The remaining transition tax is included in other long-term liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at October 31, 2021.

Other provisions of the Act became effective for us in 2019. The Foreign-Derived Intangible Income provision generates a deduction against our U.S. taxable income for U.S. earnings derived offshore that utilize intangibles held in the U.S. Conversely, the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) provision requires us to be subject to U.S. taxation on a portion of our foreign subsidiary earnings that exceed an allowable return. We elected to treat any GILTI inclusion as a period expense in the year incurred.

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A reconciliation of the U.S. statutory federal rate to the worldwide consolidated effective tax rate follows:

			2021						2020						2019
Statutory federal income tax rate			21.00		%				21.00		%				21.00		%
Transition tax			—						—						1.46
Share-based and other compensation			(0.30)						(4.15)						(0.55)
Foreign tax rate variances, net of foreign tax credits			0.92						1.51						1.16
State and local taxes, net of federal income tax benefit			0.81						(0.01)						0.74
Amounts related to prior years			(0.18)						(0.04)						(0.55)
Foreign-Derived Intangible Income Deduction			(1.19)						(0.95)						(1.51)
Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income net of foreign tax credits			0.44						0.97						0.85
Other – net			(0.63)						(1.10)						(0.79)
Effective tax rate			20.87		%				17.23		%				21.81		%

Earnings before income taxes of international operations, which are calculated before intercompany profit elimination entries, were $286,767, $181,435 and $208,669 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Deferred income taxes are not provided on undistributed earnings of international subsidiaries that are intended to be permanently invested in their operations. These undistributed earnings represent the post-income tax earnings under U.S. GAAP not adjusted for previously taxed income which aggregated approximately $1,255,112 and $1,045,389 at October 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Should these earnings be distributed, applicable foreign tax credits, distributions of previously taxed income, and utilization of other attributes would substantially offset taxes due upon the distribution. It is not practical to estimate the amount of additional taxes that might be payable on these basis differences because of the multiple methods by which these differences could reverse and the impact of withholding, U.S. state and local taxes and currency translation considerations.

At October 31, 2021 and 2020, total unrecognized tax benefits were $3,720 and $6,717, respectively. The amounts that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate were $3,567 and $5,998 at October 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. During 2021, unrecognized tax benefits related primarily to domestic positions and, as recognized, a substantial portion of the gross unrecognized tax benefits were offset against assets recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for 2021, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

			2021						2020						2019
Balance at beginning of year			$	6,717					$	2,909					$	2,891
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year			370						370						370
Additions for tax positions of prior years			—						4,068						547
Reductions for tax positions of prior years			(350)						—						—
Settlements			—						(137)						—
Lapse of statute of limitations			(3,017)						(493)						(899)
Balance at end of year			$	3,720					$	6,717					$	2,909

At October 31, 2021 and 2020, we had accrued interest and penalty expense related to unrecognized tax benefits of $859 and $2,179, respectively. We include interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense. Penalties, if incurred, would be recognized as other income (expense).

We are subject to United States Federal income tax as well as income taxes in numerous state and foreign jurisdictions. We are subject to examination in the U.S. by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for the 2018 through 2021 tax years; tax years prior to the 2018 year are closed to further examination by the IRS. Generally, major state and foreign jurisdiction tax years remain open to examination for tax years after 2015. Within the next twelve months, it is reasonably possible that certain statute of limitations periods would expire, which could result in a minimal decrease in our unrecognized tax benefits.

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Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

			2021						2020
Deferred tax assets:
Employee benefits			$	39,798					$	70,838
Other accruals not currently deductible for taxes			17,499						16,207
Tax credit and loss carryforwards			19,269						20,268
Inventory adjustments			6,924						8,757
Total deferred tax assets			83,490						116,070
Valuation allowance			(14,141)						(22,233)
Total deferred tax assets			69,349						93,837
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization			145,494						150,591
Other - net			941						410
Total deferred tax liabilities			146,435						151,001
Net deferred tax liabilities			$	(77,086)					$	(57,164)

At October 31, 2021, we had $11,128 of tax credit carryforwards, $3,543 of which expires in 2028-2031 and $7,585 of which has an indefinite carryforward period. We also had $34,680 of state operating loss carryforwards, $19,525 of foreign operating loss carryforwards, and a $20,149 capital loss carryforward, of which $57,758 will expire in 2022 through 2039, and $16,596 of which has an indefinite carryforward period. The net change in the valuation allowance was a decrease of $8,092 in 2021 and an increase of $6,932 in 2020. The valuation allowance of $14,141 at October 31, 2021, related primarily to tax credits and loss carryforwards that may expire before being realized. We continue to assess the need for valuation allowances against deferred tax assets based on determinations of whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax benefits will be realized.

Bank lines of credit are summarized as follows:

			2021						2020
Maximum borrowings available under bank lines of credit (all foreign banks)			$	60,627					$	74,766
Unused bank lines of credit			$	57,082					$	74,766

A summary of long-term debt is as follows:

			2021						2020
Notes Payable			$	3,545					$	—
Senior notes, due 2022-2025			79,000						109,900
Senior notes, due 2022-2027			78,572						85,714
Senior notes, due 2023-2030			350,000						350,000
Term loan			—						255,000
Euro loan, due 2023			306,358						308,642
			817,475						1,109,256
Less current maturities			34,188						38,043
Less unamortized debt issuance costs			1,578						3,261
Long-term maturities			$	781,709					$	1,067,952

Revolving credit agreement — In April 2019, we entered into a $850,000 unsecured multi-currency credit facility with a group of banks, which amended, restated and extended our existing syndicated revolving credit agreement that was scheduled to expire in February 2020. This facility has a five-year term and includes a $75,000 subfacility for swing-line loans. It expires in April 2024. At October 31, 2021 and October 31, 2020, we had no balances outstanding under this facility.

Senior notes, due 2022-2025 — These unsecured fixed-rate notes entered into in 2012 with a group of insurance companies had a remaining weighted-average life of 1.95 years. The weighted-average interest rate at October 31, 2021 was 3.10 percent.

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Senior notes, due 2022-2027 — These unsecured fixed-rate notes entered into in 2015 with a group of insurance companies had a remaining weighted-average life of 3.20 years. The weighted-average interest rate at October 31, 2021 was 3.08 percent.

Senior notes, due 2023-2030 — These unsecured fixed-rate notes entered in 2018 with a group of insurance companies had a remaining weighted-average life of 4.04 years. The weighted-average interest rate at October 31, 2021 was 3.90 percent.

Term loan —  In April 2019, we amended, restated and extended the term of our existing $605,000 term loan facility with a group of banks. The interest rate is variable based upon the LIBOR rate. At October 31, 2021, there were no outstanding loans under this facility.  

Euro loan, due 2023 — In March 2020 we amended, restated and extended the term of our existing term loan facility with Bank of America Merrill Lynch International Limited. The interest rate is variable based on the EURIBOR rate. The term loan facility provides for the following term loans due in two tranches: €115,000 is due in March 2023 and an additional €150,000 that was drawn down in March 2020 is due in March 2023. The weighted average interest rate at October 31, 2021 was 0.71 percent.

We were in compliance with all covenants at October 31, 2021 and the amount we could borrow would not have been limited by any debt covenants.

Annual maturities — The annual maturities of long-term debt for the five years subsequent to October 31, 2021, are as follows: $30,643 in 2022; $437,001 in 2023; $110,643 in 2024; $85,643 in 2025 and $50,000 in 2026.

We review new contracts to determine if the contracts include a lease. To the extent a lease agreement includes an extension option that is reasonably certain to be exercised, we have recognized those amounts as part of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. We combine lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance, in the calculation of the lease assets and related liabilities. As most lease agreements do not provide an implicit rate, we use an incremental borrowing rate (IBR) based on information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments and to help classify the lease as operating or financing. We calculate the IBR based on a bond yield curve which considers secured borrowing rates based on our credit rating and current economic environment, as well as other publicly available data.

We lease certain manufacturing facilities, warehouse space, machinery and equipment, and vehicles. We often have options to renew lease terms for buildings and other assets. We evaluate renewal and termination options at the lease commencement date to determine if we are reasonably certain to exercise the option on the basis of economic factors. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less (short-term leases) are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, with variable lease payments recognized in the period those payments occur. Variable payments for leases primarily relate to future rates or amounts, miles, or other quantifiable usage factors which are not determinable at the time the lease agreement commences. Finance lease assets are recorded in Property, plant, and equipment – net on the Consolidated Balance Sheet with related amortization recorded in depreciation expense on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. As of October 31, 2021, we had no material leases that had yet to commence.

Additional lease information is summarized below for the twelve months ended October 31:

			October 31, 2021												October 31, 2020
			Finance Leases						Operating Leases						Finance Leases						Operating Leases
Amortization of right of use assets			$	6,929											$	7,087
Interest			373												350
Lease cost (1)			7,302						$	20,176					7,437						$	21,489
Short-term and variable lease cost (1)			1,445						2,938						1,478						3,011
Total lease cost			$	8,747					$	23,114					$	8,915					$	24,500

(1) Lease costs are recorded in both Cost of sales and Selling and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

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Supplemental cash flow information is summarized below for the twelve months ended October 31, 2021:

			Finance Leases						Operating Leases
Cash outflows for leases			$	6,624					$	20,231
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)			8.29						9.88
Weighted average discount rate			2.13%						1.68%

The following table reconciles the undiscounted cash flows for five years and thereafter to the operating and finance lease liabilities recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of October 31, 2021. The reconciliation excludes short-term leases that are not recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Year:						Finance Leases						Operating Leases
2022						$	6,162					$	18,942
2023						4,454						16,071
2024						2,498						13,825
2025						1,449						11,717
2026						1,063						11,073
Later years						7,527						54,562
Total minimum lease payments						23,153						126,190
Amounts representing interest						2,410						11,283
Present value of minimum lease payments						$	20,743					$	114,907

Rental expense for operating leases during the fiscal years ended October 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $20,618, $22,061 and $19,131, respectively.

Capitalized net finance leases included in property, plant and equipment during the fiscal years ended October 31, 2021 and October 31, 2020 was $19,745 and $15,659, respectively.

The inputs to the valuation techniques used to measure fair value are classified into the following categories:

Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data.

The following tables present the classification of our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

October 31, 2021			Total						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
Assets:
Foreign currency forward contracts (a)			$	2,755					$	—					$	2,755					$	—
Total assets at fair value			$	2,755					$	—					$	2,755					$	—
Liabilities:
Deferred compensation plans (b)			$	9,115					$	—					$	9,115					$	—
Foreign currency forward contracts (a)			4,507						—						4,507						—
Total liabilities at fair value			$	13,622					$	—					$	13,622					$	—

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October 31, 2020			Total						Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
Assets:
Foreign currency forward contracts (a)			$	2,700					$	—					$	2,700					$	—
Total assets at fair value			$	2,700					$	—					$	2,700					$	—
Liabilities:
Deferred compensation plans (b)			$	12,304					$	—					$	12,304					$	—
Foreign currency forward contracts (a)			5,937						—						5,937						—
Total liabilities at fair value			$	18,241					$	—					$	18,241					$	—

(a)We enter into foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the risk of foreign currency exposures resulting from receivables, payables, intercompany receivables, intercompany payables and loans denominated in foreign currencies. Foreign exchange contracts are valued using market exchange rates. These foreign exchange contracts are not designated as hedges.

(b)Executive officers and other highly compensated employees may defer up to 100 percent of their salary and annual cash incentive compensation and for executive officers, up to 90 percent of their long-term incentive compensation, into various non-qualified deferred compensation plans. Deferrals can be allocated to various market performance measurement funds. Changes in the value of compensation deferred under these plans are recognized each period based on the fair value of the underlying measurement funds.

Fair value disclosures related to goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are disclosed in Note 6.

The carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments, other than cash and cash equivalents, receivables, and accounts payable, are shown in the table below. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, receivables and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

			2021												2020
			Carrying Amount						Fair Value						Carrying Amount						Fair Value
Long-term debt (including current portion)			$	812,352					$	855,376					$	1,105,995					$	1,170,073

We used the following methods and assumptions in estimating the fair value of financial instruments:

•Long-term debt is valued by discounting future cash flows at currently available rates for borrowing arrangements with similar terms and conditions, which are considered to be Level 2 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. The carrying amount of long-term debt is shown net of unamortized debt issuance costs as described in Note 10.

We operate internationally and enter into intercompany transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Consequently, we are subject to market risk arising from exchange rate movements between the dates foreign currency transactions occur and the dates they are settled. We regularly use foreign currency forward contracts to reduce our risks related to most of these transactions. These contracts usually have maturities of 90 days or less and generally require us to exchange foreign currencies for U.S. dollars at maturity, at rates stated in the contracts. These contracts are not designated as hedging instruments under U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, the changes in the fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts are recognized in each accounting period in “Other – net” on the Consolidated Statement of Income together with the transaction gain or loss from the related balance sheet position.

In 2021, we recognized net gains of $1,485 on foreign currency forward contracts and net losses of $7,411 from the change in fair value of balance sheet positions. In 2020, we recognized net losses of $5,899 on foreign currency forward contracts and net gains of $4,367 from the change in fair value of balance sheet positions. In 2019, we recognized net gains of $2,373 on foreign currency forward contracts and net losses of $2,231 from the change in fair value of balance sheet positions. The fair values of our foreign currency forward contract assets and liabilities are included in Receivables-net and Accrued liabilities, respectively in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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The following table summarizes, by currency, the contracts outstanding at October 31, 2021 and 2020:

			Notional Amounts
			Sell						Buy
October 31, 2021 contract amounts:
Euro			$	100,922					$	325,581
Pound sterling			50,333						79,934
Japanese yen			14,338						45,436
Australian dollar			709						10,088
Hong Kong dollar			6,948						44,831
Singapore dollar			200						18,029
Others			16,367						86,492
Total			$	189,817					$	610,391
October 31, 2020 contract amounts:
Euro			$	127,849					$	259,510
Pound sterling			36,943						71,380
Japanese yen			23,262						41,133
Australian dollar			179						9,084
Hong Kong dollar			59,459						81,199
Singapore dollar			1,102						17,350
Others			6,985						73,310
Total			$	255,779					$	552,966

We are exposed to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to financial instruments. These financial instruments include cash deposits and foreign currency forward contracts. We periodically monitor the credit ratings of these counterparties in order to minimize our exposure. Our customers represent a wide variety of industries and geographic regions. As of October 31, 2021 and 2020, there were no significant concentrations of credit risk.

Preferred — We have authorized 10,000 Series A convertible preferred shares without par value. No preferred shares were outstanding in 2021, 2020 or 2019.

Common — We have 160,000 authorized common shares without par value. At October 31, 2021 and 2020, there were 98,023 common shares issued. At October 31, 2021 and 2020, the number of outstanding common shares, net of treasury shares, was 58,154 and 58,081, respectively.

Common shares repurchased as part of publicly announced programs during 2021, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:

Year			Number of Shares						Total Amount						Average per Share
2021			262						55,033						$	209.97
2020			303						38,138						$	125.70
2019			949						114,790						$	121.01

These amounts exclude share repurchases associated with employee equity award exercises and vesting.

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Stock options — Nonqualified or incentive stock options may be granted to our employees and directors. Generally, options granted to employees may be exercised beginning one year from the date of grant at a rate not exceeding 25 percent per year and expire 10 years from the date of grant. Vesting accelerates upon a qualified termination in connection with a change in control. In the event of termination of employment due to early retirement or normal retirement at age 65, options granted within 12 months prior to termination are forfeited, and vesting continues post retirement for all other unvested options granted. In the event of disability or death, all unvested stock options granted within 12 months prior to termination fully vest. Termination for any other reason results in forfeiture of unvested options and vested options in certain circumstances. The amortized cost of options is accelerated if the retirement eligibility date occurs before the normal vesting date. Option exercises are satisfied through the issuance of treasury shares on a first-in, first-out basis. We recognized compensation expense related to stock options of $6,946, $10,087 and $10,067 for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The following table summarizes activity related to stock options during 2021:

			Number of Options						Weighted˗Average Exercise Price Per Share						Aggregate Intrinsic Value						Weighted˗Average Remaining Term
Outstanding at October 31, 2020			1,487						$	122.45
Granted			93						$	201.43
Exercised			(298)						$	107.14
Forfeited or expired			(47)						$	152.52
Outstanding at October 31, 2021			1,235						$	130.93					$	152,304					6.1 years
Expected to vest			561						$	155.55					$	55,335					7.3 years
Exercisable at October 31, 2021			671						$	110.21					$	96,638					5.0 years

Summarized information on currently outstanding options follows:

			Range of Exercise Price
			$43 - $90						$91 - $140						$141 - $201
Number outstanding			204						626						405
Weighted-average remaining contractual life, in years			3.1						6.3						8.3
Weighted-average exercise price			$	71.82					$	122.31					$	174.09
Number exercisable			204						399						68
Weighted-average exercise price			$	71.82					$	120.24					$	167.15

As of October 31, 2021, there was $8,003 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options. That cost is expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.1 years.

The fair value of each option grant was estimated at the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

			2021						2020						2019
Expected volatility			30.8%-32.6%						24.5%-30.5%						24.1%-24.5%
Expected dividend yield			0.83%-0.85%						0.87%-1.16%						1.04%
Risk-free interest rate			0.43%-0.77%						0.44%-1.69%						2.84%-2.95%
Expected life of the option (in years)			5.3-6.2						5.3-6.3						5.3-6.2

The weighted-average expected volatility used to value options granted in 2021, 2020 and 2019 was 31.0 percent, 25.4 percent and 24.3 percent, respectively.

Historical information was the primary basis for the selection of the expected volatility, expected dividend yield and the expected lives of the options. The risk-free interest rate was selected based upon yields of United States Treasury issues with terms equal to the expected life of the option being valued.

The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $56.02, $38.57 and $31.74, respectively.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $32,791, $65,783 and $31,881, respectively.

Cash received from the exercise of stock options for 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $31,780, $50,853 and $26,020, respectively.

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Restricted shares and restricted share units — We may grant restricted shares and/or restricted share units to our employees and directors. These shares or units may not be transferred for a designated period of time (generally one to three years) defined at the date of grant. We may also grant continuation awards in the form of restricted share units with cliff vesting and a gateway performance measure that must be achieved for the restricted share units to vest.

For employee recipients, in the event of termination of employment due to early retirement, with consent of the Company, restricted shares and units granted within 12 months prior to termination are forfeited, and other restricted shares and units vest on a pro-rata basis, subject to the consent of the Compensation Committee. In the event of termination of employment due to normal retirement at age 65, restricted shares and units granted within 12 months prior to termination are forfeited, and, for other restricted shares and units, the restriction period applicable to restricted shares will lapse and the shares will vest and be transferable and all unvested units will become vested in full, subject to the consent of the Compensation Committee. In the event of a recipient's disability or death, all restricted shares and units granted within 12 months prior to termination fully vest. Termination for any other reason prior to the lapse of any restrictions or vesting of units results in forfeiture of the shares or units.

For non-employee directors, all restrictions lapse in the event of disability or death of the non-employee director. Termination of service as a director for any other reason within one year of date of grant results in a pro-rata vesting of shares or units.

As shares or units are issued, deferred stock-based compensation equivalent to the fair market value on the date of grant is expensed over the vesting period.

The following table summarizes activity related to restricted shares during 2021:

			Number of Shares						Weighted˗Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Restricted at October 31, 2020			58						$	148.75
Granted			—						$	—
Forfeited			(6)						$	162.94
Vested			(33)						$	141.32
Restricted at October 31, 2021			19						$	157.36

As of October 31, 2021, there was $1,409 of unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted shares. The cost is expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 0.7 years. The amount charged to expense related to restricted shares was $2,054, $3,956 and $3,608 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These amounts included common share dividends of $43, $87 and $84 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The following table summarizes activity related to restricted share units in 2021:

			Number of Units						Weighted˗Average Grant Date Fair Value
Restricted share units at October 31, 2020			—						$	—
Granted			87						$	202.41
Forfeited			(14)						$	202.06
Vested			(6)						$	198.58
Restricted share units at October 31, 2021			67						$	202.81

As of October 31, 2021, there was $8,573 of remaining expense to be recognized related to outstanding restricted share units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.9 years. The amounts charged to expense related to restricted share units in 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $6,264, $1,181 and $1,052, respectively. Restricted share unit expense increased in 2021 compared to prior years as the granting of restricted share units has generally replaced the granting of stock options for key employees.

Performance share incentive awards — Executive officers and selected other key employees are eligible to receive common share-based incentive awards. Payouts, in the form of unrestricted common shares, vary based on the degree to which corporate financial performance exceeds predetermined threshold, target and maximum performance goals over three-year performance periods. No payout will occur unless threshold performance is achieved.

The amount of compensation expense is based upon current performance projections and the percentage of the requisite service that has been rendered. The calculations are based upon the grant date fair value which is principally driven by the stock price on the date of grant or a Monte Carlo valuation for awards granted in 2021. The per share values were $202.05 for 2021;

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$201.50 modified per share value compared to original per share values of $160.02, $133.01 and $184.04 for 2020; and $120.12 and $138.53 for 2019. The amount charged to expense for executive officers and selected other key employees in 2021 was $7,178. The amount credited to expense in 2020 was $2,732 and the amount charged to expense in 2019 was $2,989. The cumulative amount recorded in shareholders’ equity at October 31, 2021 and 2020 was $7,015 and $1,557, respectively. As of October 31, 2021, there was $15,271 of unrecognized compensation cost related to performance share incentive awards.

Deferred compensation — Our executive officers and other highly compensated employees may elect to defer up to 100 percent of their base pay and cash incentive compensation and, for executive officers, up to 90 percent of their share-based performance incentive award payout each year. Additional share units are credited for quarterly dividends paid on our common shares. Expense related to dividends paid under this plan was $96, $276 and $300 for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Deferred directors’ compensation — Non-employee directors may defer all or part of their cash and equity-based compensation until retirement. Cash compensation may be deferred as cash or as share equivalent units. Deferred cash amounts are recorded as liabilities, and share equivalent units are recorded as equity. Additional share equivalent units are earned when common share dividends are declared.

The following table summarizes activity related to director deferred compensation share equivalent units during 2021:

			Number of Shares						Weighted˗Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Outstanding at October 31, 2020			120						$	60.81
Restricted stock units vested			4						$	199.36
Dividend equivalents			1						$	215.03
Distributions			(19)						$	58.86
Outstanding at October 31, 2021			106						$	68.11

The amount charged to expense related to director deferred compensation was $262, $175 and $154 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Shares reserved for future issuance — At October 31, 2021, there were 1,835 of common shares reserved for future issuance through the exercise of outstanding options or rights.

We conduct business in two primary operating segments: Industrial Precision Solutions and Advanced Technology Solutions. The composition of segments and measure of segment profitability is consistent with that used by our chief operating decision maker. The primary measure used by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of making decisions about allocating resources to the segments and assessing performance is operating profit, which equals sales less cost of sales and certain operating expenses. Items below the operating profit line of the Consolidated Statement of Income (interest and investment income, interest expense and other income/expense) are excluded from the measure of segment profitability reviewed by our chief operating decision maker and are not presented by operating segment. The accounting policies of the segments are generally the same as those described in Note 1, Significant Accounting Policies.

Effective in the second quarter of 2020, we made changes to realign our management team and our operating segments. This realignment will enable us to better serve global customers and markets, to more efficiently leverage technology synergies, to operate divisions of significant size in a consistent and focused way and to position ourselves for our next chapter of profitable growth. The revised operating segments better reflect how we manage the Company, allocate resources, and assess performance of the businesses.

We realigned our former three operating segments into two: Industrial Precision Solutions and Advanced Technology Solutions. Existing product lines were unchanged as part of this new structure.

Industrial Precision Solutions: This segment combines our former Adhesive Dispensing Systems (ADS) and Industrial Coating Systems (ICS) businesses. IPS enhances the technology synergies between ADS and ICS to deliver proprietary dispensing and processing technology to diverse end markets. Product lines reduce material consumption, increase line efficiency and enhance product brand and appearance. Components are used for dispensing adhesives, coatings, paint, finishes, sealants and other materials. This segment primarily serves the industrial, consumer durables and non-durables markets.

Advanced Technology Solutions: This segment integrates our proprietary product technologies found in progressive stages of a customer’s production processes, such as surface treatment, precisely controlled dispensing of material and post-dispense test

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and inspection to ensure quality. Related single-use plastic molded syringes, cartridges, tips, fluid connection components, tubing, balloons and catheters are used to dispense or control fluids in production processes or within customers’ end products. This segment predominantly serves customers in the electronics, medical and related high-tech industrial markets.

The financial information presented herein reflects the impact of the preceding changes and prior periods have been revised to reflect these changes.

No single customer accounted for 10 percent or more of sales in 2021, 2020 or 2019.

The following table presents information about our reportable segments:

			Industrial Precision Solutions						Advanced Technology Solutions						Corporate						Total
Year ended October 31, 2021
Net external sales			$	1,246,947					$	1,115,262					$	—					$	2,362,209
Depreciation and amortization			25,673						68,426						9,784						103,883
Operating profit (loss)			414,192						271,660						(70,725)						615,127
Identifiable assets (b)			898,051						1,902,637						967,796			(a)			3,768,484
Property, plant and equipment expenditures			9,009						23,064						6,230						38,303
Year ended October 31, 2020
Net external sales			$	1,143,423					$	977,677					$	—					$	2,121,100
Depreciation and amortization			38,939						64,543						9,820						113,302
Operating profit (loss)			208,028						191,602						(50,085)						349,545
Identifiable assets (b)			882,946						1,849,391						948,048			(a)			3,680,385
Property, plant and equipment expenditures			18,545						31,520						470						50,535
Year ended October 31, 2019
Net external sales			$	1,208,376					$	985,850					$	—					$	2,194,226
Depreciation and amortization			38,333						62,836						9,075						110,244
Operating profit (loss)			329,054						205,609						(51,550)						483,113
Identifiable assets (b)			997,460						1,740,259						782,188			(a)			3,519,907
Property, plant and equipment expenditures			30,400						26,010						7,834						64,244

(a)Corporate assets are principally cash and cash equivalents, deferred income taxes, leases, headquarter facilities, the major portion of our enterprise management system, and intangible assets. Includes assets held for sale in 2020, see Note 4.

(b)Operating segment identifiable assets include notes and accounts receivable net of allowance for doubtful accounts, inventories net of reserves, property, plant and equipment net of accumulated depreciation and goodwill.

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We have significant sales and long-lived assets in the following geographic areas:

			2021						2020						2019
Net external sales
United States			$	789,303					$	755,642					$	758,383
Americas			179,807						141,473						167,661
Europe			617,492						536,636						571,596
Japan			107,572						126,601						126,756
Asia Pacific			668,035						560,748						569,830
Total net external sales			$	2,362,209					$	2,121,100					$	2,194,226
Long-lived assets
United States			$	311,254					$	329,390					$	286,894
Americas			11,624						2,307						1,948
Europe			67,776						69,854						44,041
Japan			18,318						22,733						6,169
Asia Pacific			57,444						56,459						59,843
Total long-lived assets			$	466,416					$	480,743					$	398,895

Long-lived assets includes property, plant and equipment - net and operating right of use lease assets, which were recorded as a result of the new lease standard as codified in ASC 842 and excludes amounts held for sale in 2020, see Note 4. The increase in 2020 was driven primarily by the recording of the operating right of use lease assets.

A reconciliation of total segment operating profit to total consolidated income before income taxes is as follows:

			2021						2020						2019
Total profit for reportable segments			$	615,127					$	349,545					$	483,113
Interest expense			(25,491)						(32,160)						(47,145)
Interest and investment income			2,150						1,681						1,844
Other-net			(17,610)						(17,577)						(6,708)
Income before income taxes			$	574,176					$	301,489					$	431,104

A reconciliation of total assets for reportable segments to total consolidated assets is as follows:

			2021						2020						2019
Total identifiable assets for reportable segments			$	3,768,484					$	3,680,385					$	3,519,907
Customer advance payments			77,868						42,323						41,131
Eliminations			(55,391)						(48,052)						(44,591)
Total consolidated assets			$	3,790,961					$	3,674,656					$	3,516,447

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We are involved in pending or potential litigation regarding environmental, product liability, patent, contract, employee and other matters arising from the normal course of business. Including the litigation and environmental matters discussed below, after consultation with legal counsel, we do not believe that losses in excess of the amounts we have accrued would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, quarterly or annual operating results or cash flows.

Class Action Litigation

On February 22, 2019, a former employee, Mr. Ortiz, filed a purported class action lawsuit in the San Diego County Superior Court, California, against Nordson Asymtek, Inc. and Nordson Corporation, alleging various violations of the California Labor Code. Plaintiff seeks, among other things, an unspecified amount for unpaid wages, actual, consequential and incidental losses, penalties, and attorneys’ fees and costs. Following mediation in June 2020, the parties agreed to settle the lawsuit, subject to the execution of a written settlement agreement and court approval. In November 2021, we received final court approval of the settlement on the previously agreed upon terms. Management believes, based on currently available information, that the ultimate outcome of the proceeding described above will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Environmental

We have voluntarily agreed with the City of New Richmond, Wisconsin and other Potentially Responsible Parties to share costs associated with the remediation of the City of New Richmond municipal landfill (the “Site”) and the construction of a potable water delivery system serving the impacted area down gradient of the Site. At October 31, 2021 and October 31, 2020, our accrual for the ongoing operation, maintenance and monitoring obligation at the Site was $319 and $360, respectively. The liability for environmental remediation represents management’s best estimate of the probable and reasonably estimable undiscounted costs related to known remediation obligations. The accuracy of our estimate of environmental liability is affected by several uncertainties such as additional requirements that may be identified in connection with remedial activities, the complexity and evolution of environmental laws and regulations, and the identification of presently unknown remediation requirements. Consequently, our liability could be greater than our current estimate. However, we do not expect that the costs associated with remediation will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

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Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves

			Balance at Beginning of Year						Charged to Expense						Deductions						Currency Effects						Balance at End of Year
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
2019			$	9,580					2,254						1,840						(193)						$	9,801
2020			$	9,801					2,165						3,074						153						$	9,045
2021			$	9,045					32						1,572						47						$	7,552
Inventory Obsolescence and Other Reserves
2019			$	37,545					10,623						8,720						(71)						$	39,377
2020			$	39,377					24,767						23,255						426						$	41,315
2021			$	41,315					11,718						7,436						266						$	45,863