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Published: 2020-11-05 14:04:37 ET
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020

OR

☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ___________ to _____________

Commission file number 0-11733
chco-20200930_g1.jpg

CITY HOLDING COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
West Virginia
55-0619957
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
25 Gatewater Road,
Charleston,
West Virginia
25313
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
(Zip Code)
(304) 769-1100
Registrant's telephone number, including area code


(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $2.50 par valueCHCONASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  o 



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).     Yes  x   No  o 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large Accelerated Filer
x
Accelerated filer
  o
Non accelerated filer  
o
Smaller reporting company
☐
Emerging growth company
☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).     Yes  ☐     No  ☒

The registrant had outstanding 15,787,854 shares of common stock as of October 31, 2020.


FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain forward-looking statements that are included pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements express only management's beliefs regarding future results or events and are subject to inherent uncertainty, risks, and changes in circumstances, many of which are outside of management's control. Uncertainty, risks, changes in circumstances and other factors could cause the Company's (as hereinafter defined) actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those set forth in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 under “ITEM 1A Risk Factors” and the following: (1) general economic conditions, especially in the communities and markets in which we conduct our business; (2) the uncertainties on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which will depend on several factors, including the scope and duration of the pandemic, its continued influence on financial markets, the effectiveness of the Company’s work from home arrangements and staffing levels in operational facilities, the impact of market participants on which the Company relies and actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties in response to the pandemic; (3) credit risk, including risk that negative credit quality trends may lead to a deterioration of asset quality, risk that our allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to absorb actual losses in our loan portfolio, and risk from concentrations in our loan portfolio; (4) changes in the real estate market, including the value of collateral securing portions of our loan portfolio; (5) changes in the interest rate environment; (6) operational risk, including cybersecurity risk and risk of fraud, data processing system failures, and network breaches; (7) changes in technology and increased competition, including competition from non-bank financial institutions; (8) changes in consumer preferences, spending and borrowing habits, demand for our products and services, and customers' performance and creditworthiness; (9) difficulty growing loan and deposit balances; (10) our ability to effectively execute our business plan, including with respect to future acquisitions; (11) changes in regulations, laws, taxes, government policies, monetary policies and accounting policies affecting bank holding companies and their subsidiaries; (12) deterioration in the financial condition of the U.S. banking system may impact the valuations of investments the Company has made in the securities of other financial institutions; (13) regulatory enforcement actions and adverse legal actions; (14) difficulty attracting and retaining key employees; (15) the Company’s ability to pursue available remedies in the event of a loan default for loans under the Paycheck Protection Program, ("PPP"), and the risk of holding the PPP loans at unfavorable interest rates and on terms that are less favorable than those with customers to whom the Company would have otherwise lent; and (16) other economic, competitive, technological, operational, governmental, regulatory, and market factors affecting our operations.  Forward-looking statements made herein reflect management's expectations as of the date such statements are made. Such information is provided to assist stockholders and potential investors in understanding current and anticipated financial operations of the Company and is included pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances that arise after the date such statements are made.





Table of Contents
Index
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries

Pages
   
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
  
  
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.
  
 


Table of Contents
Part I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 - Financial Statements

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Consolidated Balance Sheets
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands)
(Unaudited)
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Assets
Cash and due from banks$76,451 $88,658 
Interest-bearing deposits in depository institutions176,267 51,486 
Cash and Cash Equivalents252,718 140,144 
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value1,157,399 810,106 
Investment securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (approximate fair value at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 - $0 and $50,598, respectively)
— 49,036 
Other securities26,548 28,490 
Total Investment Securities1,183,947 887,632 
Gross loans3,663,966 3,616,099 
Allowance for credit losses(24,867)(11,589)
Net Loans3,639,099 3,604,510 
Bank owned life insurance117,501 115,261 
Premises and equipment, net77,031 76,965 
Accrued interest receivable16,627 11,569 
Net deferred tax asset— 6,669 
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net119,004 120,241 
Other assets105,361 55,765 
Total Assets$5,511,288 $5,018,756 
Liabilities  
Deposits:  
Noninterest-bearing$1,061,310 $805,087 
Interest-bearing:  
   Demand deposits940,791 896,465 
   Savings deposits1,117,684 1,009,771 
   Time deposits1,300,291 1,364,571 
Total Deposits4,420,076 4,075,894 
Short-term borrowings:
   Securities sold under agreements to repurchase279,866 211,255 
Long-term debt— 4,056 
Net deferred tax liability1,601 — 
Other liabilities118,386 69,568 
Total Liabilities4,819,929 4,360,773 
Shareholders’ Equity  
Preferred stock, par value $25 per share: 500,000 shares authorized; none issued
— — 
Common stock, par value $2.50 per share: 50,000,000 shares authorized; 19,047,548 shares issued at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, less 3,199,421 and 2,744,109 shares in treasury, respectively
47,619 47,619 
Capital surplus170,526 170,309 
Retained earnings576,901 539,253 
Cost of common stock in treasury(134,177)(105,038)
Accumulated other comprehensive income:  
    Unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale36,760 12,110 
    Underfunded pension liability(6,270)(6,270)
Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income30,490 5,840 
Total Shareholders’ Equity691,359 657,983 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$5,511,288 $5,018,756 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands, except earnings per share data)
Interest IncomeThree months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020201920202019
  
Interest and fees on loans$35,761 $42,944 $114,813 $128,397 
Interest and dividends on investment securities:  
Taxable6,266 6,044 17,855 17,465 
Tax-exempt1,132 722 2,659 2,257 
Interest on deposits in depository institutions72 271 432 1,034 
Total Interest Income43,231 49,981 135,759 149,153 
Interest Expense  
Interest on deposits5,123 8,585 18,324 24,768 
Interest on short-term borrowings131 814 873 2,729 
Interest on long-term debt— 45 100 140 
Total Interest Expense5,254 9,444 19,297 27,637 
Net Interest Income37,977 40,537 116,462 121,516 
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses1,026 274 10,248 (1,175)
Net Interest Income After Provision for (Recovery of) Credit Losses36,951 40,263 106,214 122,691 
Non-Interest Income  
(Losses) gains on sale of investment securities, net— (40)56 69 
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized on equity securities still held461 (214)(1,698)(27)
Service charges6,295 8,183 18,962 23,281 
Bankcard revenue6,065 5,440 17,068 15,931 
Trust and investment management fee income1,844 1,802 5,574 5,144 
Bank owned  life insurance1,088 762 3,611 2,910 
Sale of VISA shares— — 17,837 — 
Other income1,232 765 3,550 3,139 
Total Non-Interest Income16,985 16,698 64,960 50,447 
Non-Interest Expense  
Salaries and employee benefits15,361 15,210 46,085 46,220 
Occupancy related expense2,428 2,725 7,318 8,055 
Equipment and software related expense2,607 2,248 7,540 6,662 
FDIC insurance expense355 — 522 639 
Advertising462 861 2,238 2,650 
Bankcard expenses1,517 1,554 4,450 4,270 
Postage, delivery, and statement mailings513 659 1,721 1,828 
Office supplies396 382 1,143 1,167 
Legal and professional fees548 539 1,738 1,665 
Telecommunications547 569 1,589 1,892 
Repossessed asset losses (gains), net of expenses39 (59)313 410 
Merger related costs— — — 797 
Other expenses3,939 3,709 11,992 12,326 
Total Non-Interest Expense28,712 28,397 86,649 88,581 
Income Before Income Taxes25,224 28,564 84,525 84,557 
Income tax expense5,098 6,193 17,151 17,816 
Net Income Available to Common Shareholders$20,126 $22,371 $67,374 $66,741 
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Average shares outstanding, basic15,950 16,271 16,065 16,350 
Effect of dilutive securities20 18 19 18 
Average shares outstanding, diluted15,970 16,289 16,084 16,368 
Basic earnings per common share$1.25 $1.36 $4.15 $4.05 
Diluted earnings per common share$1.25 $1.36 $4.15 $4.04 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands)

Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30,September 30,
2020201920202019
Net income available to common shareholders$20,126 $22,371 $67,374 $66,741 
Available-for-Sale Securities
Unrealized (losses) gains on available-for-sale securities arising during the period(703)8,199 30,662 33,870 
Reclassification adjustment for gains (losses)— 40 (56)(69)
Reclassification of unrealized gains on held-to-maturity securities to available-for-sale— — 1,562 — 
   Other comprehensive income before income taxes(703)8,239 32,168 33,801 
Tax effect164 (1,932)(7,518)(7,924)
   Other comprehensive income, net of tax(539)6,307 24,650 25,877 
    Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax$19,587 $28,678 $92,024 $92,618 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
(in thousands, except share amounts)



 Common StockCapital SurplusRetained EarningsTreasury StockAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at June 30, 2019$47,619 $169,374 $512,911 $(98,084)$5,088 $636,908 
Net income— — 22,371 — — 22,371 
Other comprehensive income — — — — 6,307 6,307 
Cash dividends declared ($0.57 per share)
— — (9,349)— — (9,349)
Stock-based compensation expense— 527 — — — 527 
Exercise of 3,581 stock options
— (107)— 268 — 161 
Purchase of 98,724 treasury shares
— — — (7,322)— (7,322)
Balance at September 30, 2019$47,619 $169,794 $525,933 $(105,138)$11,395 $649,603 

 Common StockCapital SurplusRetained EarningsTreasury StockAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at June 30, 2020$47,619 $169,881 $565,804 $(120,583)$31,029 $693,750 
Net income— — 20,126 — — 20,126 
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — (539)(539)
Cash dividends declared ($0.57 per share)
— — (9,029)— — (9,029)
Stock-based compensation expense— 753 — — — 753 
Restricted awards granted— (93)— 93 — — 
Exercise of 755 stock options
— (15)— 49 — 34 
Purchase of 230,861 treasury shares
— — — (13,736)— (13,736)
Balance at September 30, 2020$47,619 $170,526 $576,901 $(134,177)$30,490 $691,359 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019
(in thousands, except share amounts)



 Common StockCapital SurplusRetained EarningsTreasury StockAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Total Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018$47,619 $169,555 $485,967 $(87,895)$(14,482)$600,764 
Net income— — 66,741 — — 66,741 
Other comprehensive income — — — — 25,877 25,877 
Cash dividends declared ($1.63 per share)
— — (26,775)— — (26,775)
Stock-based compensation expense— 1,901 — — — 1,901 
Restricted awards granted— (1,557)— 1,557 — — 
Exercise of 11,721 stock options
— (105)— 631 — 526 
Purchase of 260,674 treasury shares
— — — (19,431)— (19,431)
Balance at September 30, 2019$47,619 $169,794 $525,933 $(105,138)$11,395 $649,603 

 Common StockCapital SurplusRetained EarningsTreasury StockAccumulated Other Comprehensive IncomeTotal Shareholders’ Equity
Balance at December 31, 2019$47,619 $170,309 $539,253 $(105,038)$5,840 $657,983 
Adoption of ASU 2016-13— — (2,335)— — (2,335)
Net income— — 67,374 — — 67,374 
Other comprehensive income— — — — 24,650 24,650 
Cash dividends declared ($1.71 per share)
— — (27,391)— — (27,391)
Stock-based compensation expense— 2,455 — — — 2,455 
Restricted awards granted— (2,126)— 2,126 — — 
Exercise of 4,921 stock options
— (112)— 335 — 223 
Purchase of 491,998 treasury shares
— — — (31,600)— (31,600)
Balance at September 30, 2020$47,619 $170,526 $576,901 $(134,177)$30,490 $691,359 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
City Holding Company and Subsidiaries
(in thousands)
 Nine months ended September 30,
20202019
Net income$67,374 $66,741 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:  
(Accretion) and amortization, net2,911 521 
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses10,248 (1,175)
Depreciation of premises and equipment4,285 3,736 
Deferred income tax expense1,035 2,906 
Net periodic employee benefit cost542 579 
Unrealized and realized investment securities losses (gains), net1,642 (42)
Stock-compensation expense2,455 1,901 
Excess tax benefit from stock-compensation expense(160)(461)
Increase in value of bank-owned life insurance(3,611)(2,910)
Loans held for sale
   Loans originated for sale(19,345)(14,229)
   Proceeds from the sale of loans originated for sale19,790 15,192 
   Gain on sale of loans(277)(421)
Payments for other operating activities(450)— 
Change in accrued interest receivable(5,058)(505)
Change in other assets(14,550)(1,585)
Change in other liabilities13,398 6,106 
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities80,229 76,354 
Net (increase) decrease in loans(45,316)5,332 
Securities available-for-sale
     Purchases(393,932)(170,396)
     Proceeds from sales28,548 70,241 
     Proceeds from maturities and calls96,021 55,237 
Securities held-to-maturity
     Proceeds from maturities and calls— 9,554 
Other investments
     Purchases(2,173)(10,366)
     Proceeds from sales2,386 12,555 
Purchases of premises and equipment(4,351)(3,515)
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance policies1,940 2,211 
Sale of Virginia Beach branch, net— (24,661)
Other investing activities(233)(4,522)
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities(317,110)(58,330)
Net increase in non-interest-bearing deposits256,223 17,188 
Net increase in interest-bearing deposits88,425 63,099 
Net increase (decrease) in short-term borrowings68,611 (59,289)
Repayment of long-term debt(4,124)— 
Purchases of treasury stock(31,600)(19,431)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options223 526 
Dividends paid(27,651)(26,257)
Other financing activities(652)(657)
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities349,455 (24,821)
Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents112,574 (6,797)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period140,144 122,991 
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period$252,718 $116,194 

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid for interest$20,491 $27,884 
Cash paid for income taxes21,975 12,500 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
September 30, 2020

Note A –Background and Basis of Presentation

City Holding Company ("City Holding"), a West Virginia corporation headquartered in Charleston, West Virginia, is a registered financial holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act and conducts its principal activities through its wholly-owned subsidiary, City National Bank of West Virginia ("City National"). City National is a retail and consumer-oriented community bank with 94 banking offices in West Virginia (58), Kentucky (19), Virginia (13) and southeastern Ohio (4). City National provides credit, deposit, and trust and investment management services to its customers in a broad geographical area that includes many rural and small community markets in addition to larger cities including Charleston (WV), Huntington (WV), Martinsburg (WV), Ashland (KY), Lexington (KY), Winchester (VA) and Staunton (VA). In addition to its branch network, City National's delivery channels include automated-teller-machines ("ATMs"), interactive-teller machines ("ITMs"), mobile banking, debit cards, interactive voice response systems, and Internet technology. The Company’s business activities are currently limited to one reportable business segment, which is community banking.

On January 30, 2019, the Company announced that City National had signed a definitive agreement to sell its Virginia Beach, Virginia branch. The terms of the agreement provided for the acquirer to assume the majority of deposits and to acquire the equipment and other select assets associated with the branch, while City National retained the loans. The transaction closed during the second quarter of 2019. As a result of this transaction, the Company recognized a gain of $0.7 million and outstanding deposit balances decreased by $25.7 million.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements, which are unaudited, include all of the accounts of City Holding and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company"). All material intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The consolidated financial statements include all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations and financial condition for each of the periods presented. Such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that can be expected for the year ending December 31, 2020. The Company’s accounting and reporting policies conform with generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information, with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X, and with Industry Guide 3, Statistical Disclosure by Bank Holding Companies. Such policies require management to make estimates and develop assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes. Actual results could differ from management’s estimates.

The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 has been derived from audited financial statements included in the Company’s 2019 Annual Report to Shareholders.  Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles have been omitted.  These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2019 Annual Report of the Company.

Certain amounts in the financial statements have been reclassified.  Such reclassifications had no impact on shareholders’ equity or net income for any period.

Note B -     Recent Accounting Pronouncements    

Recently Adopted:

CECL

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments." This standard replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The amendments in this update require a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The new current expected credit losses model ("CECL") will apply to the allowance for credit losses, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities, purchased financial assets with credit deterioration and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, "Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses." This amendment clarifies the scope of the guidance in ASU No. 2016-13. In December 2018, the federal bank regulators issued a final rule that would provide an optional three-year phase-in period for the day-one regulatory capital effects of the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial
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Instruments, as amended, on January 1, 2020. In April 2020, federal bank regulators issued an interim final rule which provided banking organizations that implement CECL before the end of 2020 the option to delay for two more years an estimate of CECL's effect on regulatory capital, followed by the three-year transition period as previously issued. Management has elected to utilize the five-year interim final rule.

The Company adopted 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet ("OBS") credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.

The Company adopted 2016-13 using the prospective transition approach for financial assets purchased with credit deterioration ("PCD") that were previously classified as purchased-credit impaired ("PCI") and accounted for under ASC 310-30. In accordance with the standard, management did not reassess whether the PCI assets met the criteria of PCD assets as of the date of adoption. On January 1, 2020, the amortized cost basis of the PCD assets was adjusted to reflect the addition of $2.7 million of the allowance for credit losses. The remaining noncredit discount (based on the adjusted amortized cost basis) will be accreted into interest income over the remaining life of the asset.

The following table illustrates the impact of ASC 326 (in thousands):

As Reported UnderPre-ASC 326Impact of ASC 326
ASC 326AdoptionAdoption
Gross Loans$3,618,825 $3,616,099 $2,726 
Allowance for Credit Losses(17,349)(11,589)(5,760)
Deferred Tax Assets, net7,380 6,669 711 
Shareholders' Equity655,648 657,983 (2,335)

As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-13, the Company revised some of its existing accounting policies as noted below:

Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-for-Sale Securities: For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as a provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an available-for-sale debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated ("PCD") Loans: The Company has purchased loans during its acquisitions, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. An allowance for credit losses is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial allowance for credit losses determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan's purchase price and the allowance for credit losses becomes the initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is accreted or amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the allowance for credit losses are recorded through provision expense.

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Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans: The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the allowance for credit losses using the following methods:

Portfolio SegmentMeasurement Method
Commercial and industrialMigration
Commercial real estate:
   1-4 familyMigration
   HotelsMigration
   Multi-familyMigration
   Non Residential Non-Owner OccupiedMigration
   Non Residential Owner OccupiedMigration
Residential real estateVintage
Home equityVintage
ConsumerVintage

Migration is an analysis that tracks a closed pool of loans for a configurable period of time and calculates a loss ratio on only those loans in the pool at the start date based on outstanding balance. Vintage is a predictive loss model that includes a reasonable approximation of probable and estimable future losses by tracking each loan's net losses over the life of the loan as compared to its original balance. For demand deposit overdrafts, the allowance for credit losses is measured using the historical loss rate. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation. When management determines that foreclosure is probable, the expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loan, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a troubled-debt restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower or the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs"): A loan for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, is considered to be a TDR. The allowance for credit loss on a TDR is measured using the same method as all other loans held for investment, except when the value of a concession cannot be measured using a method other than the discounted cash flow method. When the value of a concession is measured using the discounted cash flow method, the allowance for credit loss is determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at the original interest rate of the loan.

Others

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, "Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment." This amendment simplifies the measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU No. 2017-04 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities." This amendment expands and refines hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. The adoption of this ASU
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did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, "Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments." This amendment clarifies the guidance in ASU No. 2017-12. This amendment became effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company reclassified its held-to-maturity securities as available-for-sale utilizing the transition guidance under ASU 2019-04, and the unrealized gains/losses on these investments will be recorded through Other Comprehensive Income.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement." This amendment removes, modifies, and clarifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU No. 2018-13 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, "Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract." The amendments in this update align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU No. 2018-15 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-16, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) Overnight Index Swap (OIS) Rate as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes." This amendment permits the use of the OIS rate based on SOFR as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes under Topic 815 in addition to the UST, the LIBOR swap rate, the OIS rate based on the Federal Funds Effective Rate, and the SIFMA Municipal Swap Rate. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2019 with anticipation the LIBOR index will be phased out by the end of 2021. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." This amendment provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform and is effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Management has reviewed the loan portfolio and taken the appropriate steps to prepare for the change from LIBOR to SOFR.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, "Consolidation (Topic 810): Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities." This amendment simplifies the analysis of fees paid to decision makers or service providers in determining variable interest entities. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU No. 2018-17 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

Pending Adoption:

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, "Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans." This amendment removes, modifies, and clarifies certain disclosure requirements for defined benefit plans and other post-employment benefit plans. This ASU will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2021. The adoption of ASU No. 2018-14 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes." The amendments in this update simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and clarifying and amending existing guidance. This ASU will become effective for the Company on January 1, 2021. The adoption of ASU No. 2019-12 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
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Note C – Investments

The aggregate carrying and approximate fair values of investment securities follow (in thousands).  Fair values are based on quoted market prices, where available.  If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable financial instruments.


September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair ValueAmortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesEstimated Fair Value
Securities available-for-sale:        
U.S. Treasuries and U.S.        
government agencies$— $— $— $— $500 $2 $— $502 
Obligations of states and     
political subdivisions255,677 8,369 744 263,302 112,393 4,800 6 117,187 
Mortgage-backed securities:     
U.S. government agencies804,912 38,459 138 843,233 631,637 12,292 1,825 642,104 
Private label10,375 1,002 — 11,377 10,896 589 — 11,485 
Trust preferred securities4,554 — 662 3,892 4,781 27 347 4,461 
Corporate securities31,515 1,859 20 33,354 31,669 500 43 32,126 
Total Debt Securities1,107,033 49,689 1,564 1,155,158 791,876 18,210 2,221 807,865 
Certificates of deposit held for investment2,241 — — 2,241 2,241 — — 2,241 
Total Securities Available-for-Sale$1,109,274 $49,689 $1,564 $1,157,399 $794,117 $18,210 $2,221 $810,106 

Securities held-to-maturity:        
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. government agencies$— $— $— $— $49,036 $1,562 $— $50,598 
Total Securities Held-to-Maturity$— $— $— $— $49,036 $1,562 $— $50,598 

Effective January 1, 2020, the Company reclassified its held-to-maturity securities as available-for-sale utilizing the transition guidance under ASU 2019-04, and the unrealized gains/losses on these investments will be recorded through Other Comprehensive Income.

The Company's other investment securities include marketable and non-marketable equity securities. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company held $10.9 million and $12.6 million, respectively, in marketable equity securities. Marketable equity securities mainly consist of investments made by the Company in equity positions of various community banks. Included within this portfolio are ownership positions in the following community bank holding companies: First National Corporation (FXNC) (4%) and Eagle Financial Services, Inc. (EFSI) (1.5%). Changes in the fair value of the marketable equity securities are recorded in "unrealized gains (losses) recognized on equity securities still held" in the consolidated statements of income. The Company's non-marketable securities consist of securities with limited marketability, such as stock in the Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") or the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"). At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company held $15.6 million and $15.9 million, respectively, in non-marketable equity securities. These securities are carried at cost due to the restrictions placed on their transferability.

The Company's mortgage-backed U.S. government agency securities consist of both residential and commercial securities, all of which are guaranteed by Fannie Mae ("FNMA"), Freddie Mac ("FHLMC"), or Ginnie Mae ("GNMA"). At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 there were no securities of any non-governmental issuer whose aggregate carrying value or estimated fair value exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity.

Certain investment securities owned by the Company were in an unrealized loss position (i.e., amortized cost basis exceeded the estimated fair value of the securities) as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.  The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):

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September 30, 2020
Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or GreaterTotal
Estimated Fair ValueUnrealized LossEstimated Fair ValueUnrealized LossEstimated Fair ValueUnrealized Loss
Securities available-for-sale:      
Obligations of states and political subdivisions$55,480 $744 $— $— $55,480 $744 
Mortgage-backed securities:  
U.S. Government agencies62,156 138 36 — 62,192 138 
Trust preferred securities — — 3,892 662 3,892 662 
Corporate securities469 20 — — 469 20 
Total available-for-sale$118,105 $902 $3,928 $662 $122,033 $1,564 

December 31, 2019
Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or GreaterTotal
Estimated Fair ValueUnrealized LossEstimated Fair ValueUnrealized LossEstimated Fair ValueUnrealized Loss
Securities available-for-sale:      
Obligations of states and political subdivisions$230 $— $1,439 $6 $1,669 $6 
Mortgage-backed securities:  
U.S. Government agencies123,289 1,247 34,746 578 158,035 1,825 
Trust preferred securities4,200 347 — — 4,200 347 
Corporate securities11,248 43 — — 11,248 43 
Total available-for-sale$138,967 $1,637 $36,185 $584 $175,152 $2,221 

There were no held-to-maturity securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019.

The Company incurred no credit-related investment impairment losses in either the nine months ended September 30, 2020 or September 30, 2019.

Declines in the fair value of available-for-sale securities below their cost that are deemed to be other-than-temporary would be reflected in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers, among other things, (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost; (ii) the financial condition, capital strength, and near-term (within 12 months) prospects of the issuer, including any specific events which may influence the operations of the issuer, such as changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment or the discontinuance of a segment of the business that may affect the future earnings potential; (iii) the historical volatility in the market value of the investment and/or the liquidity or illiquidity of the investment; (iv) adverse conditions specifically related to the security, an industry, or a geographic area; and (v) the intent to sell the investment security and if it’s more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis.

As of September 30, 2020, management does not intend to sell any impaired security and it is not more than likely that it will be required to sell any impaired security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis. The unrealized losses on debt securities are primarily the result of interest rate changes, credit spread fluctuations on agency-issued mortgage-related securities, general financial market uncertainty and unprecedented market volatility. These conditions should not prohibit the Company from receiving its contractual principal and interest payments on its debt securities. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date. As of September 30, 2020, management believes the unrealized losses detailed in the table above are temporary and therefore no allowance for credit losses has been recognized on the Company’s securities.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at September 30, 2020, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following table (in thousands).  Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.  Mortgage-backed securities have been allocated to their respective maturity groupings based on their contractual maturity.
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Amortized CostEstimated Fair Value
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities  
Due in one year or less$2,261 $2,270 
Due after one year through five years16,269 16,817 
Due after five years through ten years288,225 305,691 
Due after ten years800,278 830,380 
Total$1,107,033 $1,155,158 

Gross gains and gross losses recognized by the Company from investment security transactions are summarized in the table below (in thousands):
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Gross realized gains on securities sold$— $116 $133 $226 
Gross realized losses on securities sold— (156)(77)(157)
Net investment security (losses) gains$— $(40)$56 $69 
Gross unrealized gains recognized on equity securities still held$461 $14 $170 $255 
Gross unrealized losses recognized on equity securities still held— (228)(1,868)(282)
Net unrealized gains (losses) recognized on equity securities still held$461 $(214)$(1,698)$(27)

During January 2020, the Company sold the entirety of its Visa Inc. Class B common shares (86,605) in a cash transaction which resulted in a pre-tax gain of $17.8 million. The carrying value of the Visa Class B shares on the Company's balance sheet was $0, as the Company had no historical cost basis in the shares.

The carrying value of securities pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law approximated $618 million and $519 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.



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Note D –Loans

The following summarizes the Company’s major classifications for loans (in thousands):
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Commercial and industrial383,980 308,015 
  1-4 Family114,071 N/R
  Hotels295,989 N/R
  Multi-family214,394 N/R
  Non Residential Non-Owner Occupied628,814 N/R
  Non Residential Owner Occupied211,433 N/R
Commercial real estate1,464,701 1,459,737 
Residential real estate1,621,265 1,640,396 
Home equity140,135 148,928 
Consumer50,541 54,263 
DDA overdrafts3,344 4,760 
Gross loans3,663,966 3,616,099 
Allowance for credit losses(24,867)(11,589)
Net loans$3,639,099 $3,604,510 
Construction loans included in:
  Residential real estate$28,947 $29,033 
  Commercial real estate42,449 64,049 
N/R = Not reported. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.

The Company’s commercial and residential real estate construction loans are primarily secured by real estate within the Company’s principal markets.  These loans were originated under the Company’s loan policies, which are focused on the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, including construction loans. In the judgment of the Company's management, adequate consideration has been given to these loans in establishing the Company's allowance for credit losses.

The Company originated loans to its customers under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) administered by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) under the provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act"). Loans covered by the PPP may be eligible for loan forgiveness. The remaining loan balances, if any, after the loan forgiveness, are fully guaranteed by the SBA. As of September 30, 2020, the Company has funded approximately $90 million of SBA-approved PPP loans to over 1,500 customers. Under the terms of the program, the SBA will pay the lender a processing fee tiered by the size of the loan (5% for loans less than $350,000; 3% for loans greater than $350,000 but less than $2.0 million; and 1% for loans greater than $2.0 million). The Company expects to recognize approximately $3.0 million in PPP loan related processing fees, net of associated expenses, over the term of these loans.

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Note E – Allowance For Credit Losses
 
The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses, by portfolio loan classification, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands).  The allocation of a portion of the allowance in one portfolio segment does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other portfolio segments.
Commercial andCommercialResidentialDDA
IndustrialReal EstateReal EstateHome EquityConsumerOverdraftsTotal
Nine months ended September 30, 2020
Beginning balance$2,059 $2,606 $3,448 $1,187 $975 $1,314 $11,589 
Impact of adopting CECL1,715 3,254 2,139 (598)(810)60 5,760 
Charge-offs(834)(497)(1,111)(332)(165)(1,716)(4,655)
Recoveries17 375 127 89 183 1,134 1,925 
Provision for credit losses802 5,265 3,677 323 77 104 10,248 
Ending balance$3,759 $11,003 $8,280 $669 $260 $896 $24,867 
Nine months ended September 30, 2019
Beginning balance$4,060 $4,495 $4,116 $1,268 $319 $1,708 $15,966 
   Charge-offs(68)(394)(922)(160)(478)(1,985)(4,007)
   Recoveries183614282— 2111,112 2,402 
   (Recovery of) Provision
for credit losses		(1,471)(1,619)162 85 591 1,077 (1,175)
Ending balance$2,704 $3,096 $3,638 $1,193 $643 $1,912 $13,186 
Three months ended September 30, 2020       
Beginning balance$6,266 $10,090 $7,323 $647 $120 $753 25,199 
Charge-offs(757)(75)(252)(126)(74)(554)(1,838)
Recoveries3 44 24 33 42 334 480 
(Recovery of) Provision for credit losses(1,753)944 1,185 115 172 363 1,026 
Ending balance$3,759 $11,003 $8,280 $669 $260 $896 $24,867 
Three months ended September 30, 2019
Beginning balance$2,796 $3,469 $3,959 $1,211 $509 $1,851 $13,795 
   Charge-offs(17)(216)(291)(43)(182)(772)(1,521)
   Recoveries43 7 157 — 68 363 638 
(Recovery of) Provision for credit losses(118)(164)(187)25 248 470 274 
Ending balance$2,704 $3,096 $3,638 $1,193 $643 $1,912 $13,186 

Management systematically monitors the loan portfolio and the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses on a quarterly basis to provide for expected losses inherent in the portfolio. Management assesses the risk in each loan type based on historical trends, the general economic environment of its local markets, individual loan performance and other relevant factors. The provision for credit losses recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 largely reflects the expected economic impact from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company's estimate of future economic conditions utilized in its provision estimate is primarily dependent on expected unemployment ranges over a two-year period. Beyond two years, a straight line reversion to historical average loss rates is applied over the life of the loan pool in the migration methodology. The vintage methodology applies future average loss rates based on net losses in historical periods where the unemployment rate was within the forecasted range. As a result of COVID-19, expected unemployment ranges have significantly increased and resulted in an increase in the Company's provision for credit losses.

Individual credits in excess of $1 million are selected at least annually for detailed loan reviews, which are utilized by management to assess the risk in the portfolio and the appropriateness of the allowance. Due to the nature of commercial lending, evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance as it relates to these types of loans is often based more upon specific
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credit reviews, with consideration given to the potential impairment of certain credits and historical loss rates, adjusted for economic conditions and other inherent risk factors.

Non-Performing Loans

Interest income on loans is accrued and credited to operations based upon the principal amount outstanding, using methods that generally result in level rates of return.  Loan origination fees, and certain direct costs, are deferred and amortized as an adjustment to the yield over the term of the loan.  The accrual of interest generally is discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due as to principal or interest for all loan types.  However, any loan may be placed on non-accrual status if the Company receives information that indicates a borrower is unable to meet the contractual terms of its respective loan agreement. Other indicators considered for placing a loan on non-accrual status include the borrower’s involvement in bankruptcies, foreclosures, repossessions, litigation and any other situation resulting in doubt as to whether full collection of contractual principal and interest is attainable.  When interest accruals are discontinued, unpaid interest recognized in income in the current year is reversed, and interest accrued in prior years is charged to the allowance for credit losses.  Management may elect to continue the accrual of interest when the net realizable value of collateral exceeds the principal balance and related accrued interest, and the loan is in the process of collection.

Generally for all loan classes, interest income during the period the loan is non-performing is recorded on a cash basis after recovery of principal is reasonably assured.  Cash payments received on nonperforming loans are typically applied directly against the outstanding principal balance until the loan is fully repaid.  Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, the borrower has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans on non-accrual status and loans past due over 90 days still accruing as of September 30, 2020 (in thousands):
Non-accrual With NoNon-accrual WithLoans Past Due
Allowance forAllowance forOver 90 Days
Credit LossesCredit LossesStill Accruing
Commercial & Industrial$216 $512 $221 
   1-4 Family— 2,242 — 
   Hotels— 2,842 — 
   Multi-family— — — 
   Non Residential Non-Owner Occupied— 105 — 
   Non Residential Owner Occupied2,540 750 — 
Commercial Real Estate2,540 5,939 — 
Residential Real Estate— 3,983 124 
Home Equity— 74 — 
Consumer— — — 
Total$2,756 $10,508 $345 


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The following table presents the Company's loans on non-accrual status and loans past due over 90 days still accruing as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
Loans Past Due
Over 90 Days
Non-accrualStill Accruing
Commercial and industrial$1,182 $184 
Commercial real estate6,384 — 
Residential real estate3,393 83 
Home equity531 — 
Consumer— — 
Total$11,490 $267 

The Company recognized less than $0.1 million of interest income on nonaccrual loans during each of the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 and less than $0.1 million for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of individually evaluated impaired collateral-dependent loans as of September 30, 2020 (in thousands). Changes in the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans are reported as credit loss expense or a reversal of credit loss expense in the period of change.

Secured by
Real EstateEquipment
Commercial and industrial$216 $— 
   1-4 Family— — 
   Hotels2,729 — 
   Multi-family— — 
   Non Residential Non-Owner Occupied— — 
   Non Residential Owner Occupied2,540 — 
Commercial real estate5,269 — 
Total$5,485 $— 

The following table presents the Company’s impaired loans, by class (in thousands) as of December 31, 2019. The difference between the unpaid principal balance and the recorded investment generally reflects amounts that have been previously charged-off. There were no significant individually evaluated impaired residential, home equity, or consumer loans.

Unpaid
RecordedPrincipalRelated
InvestmentBalanceAllowance
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial and industrial$501 $501 $— 
Commercial real estate3,546 3,572 — 
Total$4,047 $4,073 $— 
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial and industrial$— $— $— 
Commercial real estate2,644 2,644 87 
Total$2,644 $2,644 $87 

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The following table presents information related to the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on the Company’s impaired loans, by class (in thousands), for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019:
Three months ended September 30, 2019Nine months ended September 30, 2019
AverageInterestAverageInterest
RecordedIncomeRecordedIncome
InvestmentRecognizedInvestmentRecognized
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial and industrial$503 — $570 $— 
Commercial real estate3,540 3 4,558 41 
Total$4,043 $3 $5,128 $41 
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial and industrial$100 $— $— $— 
Commercial real estate5,648 30 4,800 136 
Total$5,748 $30 $4,800 $136 

     The Company would have recognized less than $0.2 million of interest income during each of the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 and less than $0.3 million during each of the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 if such loans had been current in accordance with their original terms.

Generally, all loan types are considered past due when the contractual terms of a loan are not met and the borrower is 30 days or more past due on a payment.  Furthermore, residential and home equity loans are generally subject to charge-off when the loan becomes 120 days past due, depending on the estimated fair value of the collateral less cost to dispose, versus the outstanding loan balance.  Commercial loans are generally charged off when the loan becomes 120 days past due.  Open-end consumer loans are generally charged off when the loan becomes 180 days days past due.
 
The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost basis in past-due loans as of September 30, 2020 by class of loan (in thousands):

30-5960-8990+TotalCurrentTotal
Past DuePast DuePast DuePast DueLoansLoans
Commercial and industrial$451 $20 $221 $692 $383,288 $383,980 
   1-4 Family354 — — 354 113,717 114,071 
   Hotels— — — — 295,989 295,989 
   Multi-family— — — — 214,394 214,394 
   Non Residential Non-Owner Occupied— 148 — 148 628,666 628,814 
   Non Residential Owner Occupied100 — — 100 211,333 211,433 
Commercial real estate454 148 — 602 1,464,099 1,464,701 
Residential real estate4,370 658 124 5,152 1,616,113 1,621,265 
Home Equity451 24 — 475 139,660 140,135 
Consumer106 15 — 121 50,420 50,541 
Overdrafts375 4 — 379 2,965 3,344 
Total$6,207 $869 $345 $7,421 $3,656,545 $3,663,966 






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The following presents an aging analysis of the Company's past-due loans, by class, as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):
30-5960-8990+TotalCurrentTotal
Past DuePast DuePast DuePast DueLoansLoans
Commercial and industrial$243 $31 $184 $458 $307,557 $308,015 
Commercial real estate 1,514 66 — 1,580 1,458,157 1,459,737 
Residential real estate5,758 1,643 83 7,484 1,632,912 1,640,396 
Home equity840 116 — 956 147,972 148,928 
Consumer156 32 — 188 54,075 54,263 
Overdrafts644 86 — 730 4,030 4,760 
Total$9,155 $1,974 $267 $11,396 $3,604,703 $3,616,099 

Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs")

The Company’s policy on loan modifications typically does not allow for modifications that would be considered a concession from the Company. However, when there is a modification, the Company evaluates each modification to determine if the modification constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) in accordance with ASU 2011-02, whereby a modification of a loan would be considered a TDR when both of the following conditions are met: (1) a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and (2) the modification constitutes a concession. These modifications range from partial deferrals (interest only) to full deferrals (principal and interest). When determining whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, the Company reviews whether the debtor is currently in payment default on any of its debt or whether it is probable that the debtor would be in payment default in the foreseeable future without the modification. Other indicators of financial difficulty include whether the debtor has declared or is in the process of declaring bankruptcy, the debtor’s ability to continue as a going concern, or the debtor’s projected cash flow to service its debt (including principal and interest) in accordance with the contractual terms for the foreseeable future, without a modification.

Regulatory guidance requires loans to be accounted for as collateral-dependent loans when borrowers have filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the debt has been discharged by the bankruptcy court and the borrower has not reaffirmed the debt. The filing of bankruptcy is deemed to be evidence that the borrower is in financial difficulty and the discharge of the debt by the bankruptcy court is deemed to be a concession granted to the borrower.

The following tables set forth the Company’s TDRs (in thousands). Substantially all of the Company's TDRs are accruing interest.
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Commercial and industrial$— $— 
   1-4 Family123 N/R
   Hotels2,634 N/R
   Multi-family1,903 N/R
   Non Residential Non-Owner Occupied— N/R
   Non Residential Owner Occupied234 N/R
Commercial real estate4,894 4,973 
Residential real estate20,398 21,029 
Home equity2,100 3,628 
Consumer260 — 
Total$27,652 $29,630 
N/R = Not reported. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.

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The Company has allocated $1.6 million and $0.8 million of the allowance for credit losses for these loans as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. As of September 30, 2020, the Company has committed to lend an additional $0.4 million in relation to these loans.

The following table presents loans by class, modified as TDRs, that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively (dollars in thousands):
September 30, 2020September 30, 2019
Pre-Post-Pre-Post-
ModificationModificationModificationModification
OutstandingOutstandingOutstandingOutstanding
Number ofRecordedRecordedNumber ofRecordedRecorded
ContractsInvestmentInvestmentContractsInvestmentInvestment
Commercial and industrial— $— $— — $— $— 
   1-4 Family— — — N/RN/RN/R
   Hotels— — — N/RN/RN/R
   Multi-family— — — N/RN/RN/R
   Non Owner Non-Owner Occupied— — — N/RN/RN/R
   Non Owner Owner Occupied— — — N/RN/RN/R
Commercial real estate— — — — — — 
Residential real estate11 767 767 29 2,076 2,076 
Home equity— — — 8 213 213 
Consumer— — — — — — 
Total11 $767 $767 37 $2,289 $2,289 
N/R = Not reported. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.

The TDRs above increased the allowance for credit losses by less than $0.1 million in each of the nine months ended of September 30, 2020 and 2019 and resulted in charge-offs of less than $0.2 million during those same time periods.

The Company had one TDR that subsequently defaulted in 2019. The loan balance was approximately $3.0 million and the subsequent default resulted in a charge-off of $0.7 million and the remaining balance was transferred to OREO during 2019. The Company has had no TDRs that subsequently defaulted in 2020.

COVID-19 Pandemic

In March of 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, regulatory guidance was issued that clarified the accounting for loan modifications. Modifications of loan terms do not automatically result in a TDR. Short-term modifications made on a good faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief are not TDRs. This includes short-term (e.g., six months) modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extension of repayment terms, or other delays that are insignificant. Borrowers considered current are those that are less than 30 days past due on their contractual payments at the time the modification program was implemented. However, these deferrals do not absolve the company from performing its normal risk rating and therefore a loan could be current and have a less than satisfactory risk rating.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company granted deferrals of approximately $135 million to its mortgage customers. These deferral arrangements ranged from 30 days to 90 days. As of September 30, 2020, approximately $15 million of these loans were still deferring, while approximately $120 million have resumed making their normal loan payment. As of September 30, 2020, approximately $4 million of these deferrals were previously and currently considered TDRs due to Chapter 7 bankruptcies.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company granted deferrals of approximately $455 million to its commercial customers. These deferral arrangements ranged from one month to six months. As of September 30, 2020, approximately $180 million of these loans were still deferring (including $160 million for hotel and lodging related loans), while approximately $275 million have resumed making their normal loan payment.
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Credit Quality Indicators
 
All commercial loans within the portfolio are subject to internal risk rating.  All non-commercial loans are evaluated based on payment history.  The Company’s internal risk ratings for commercial loans are:  Exceptional, Good, Acceptable, Pass/Watch, Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful.  Each internal risk rating is defined in the loan policy using the following criteria:  balance sheet yields; ratios and leverage; cash flow spread and coverage; prior history; capability of management; market position/industry; potential impact of changing economic, legal, regulatory or environmental conditions; purpose; structure; collateral support; and guarantor support.  Risk grades are generally assigned by the primary lending officer and are periodically evaluated by the Company’s internal loan review process.  Based on an individual loan’s risk grade, estimated loss percentages are applied to the outstanding balance of the loan to determine the amount of probable loss.
 
The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information regarding the customer’s debt service ability, capacity and overall collateral position, along with other economic trends and historical payment performance.  The risk rating for each credit is updated when the Company receives current financial information, the loan is reviewed by the Company’s internal loan review and credit administration departments, or the loan becomes delinquent or impaired.  The risk grades are updated a minimum of annually for loans rated Exceptional, Good, Acceptable, or Pass/Watch.  Loans rated Special Mention, Substandard or Doubtful are reviewed at least quarterly.  The Company uses the following definitions for its risk ratings:

Risk RatingDescription
Pass ratings: 
   (a) ExceptionalLoans classified as exceptional are secured with liquid collateral conforming to the internal loan policy.  Loans rated within this category pose minimal risk of loss to the bank. 
   (b) GoodLoans classified as good have similar characteristics that include a strong balance sheet, satisfactory debt service coverage ratios, strong management and/or guarantors, and little exposure to economic cycles. Loans in this category generally have a low chance of loss to the bank.
   (c) AcceptableLoans classified as acceptable have acceptable liquidity levels, adequate debt service coverage ratios, experienced management, and have average exposure to economic cycles.  Loans within this category generally have a low risk of loss to the bank. 
   (d) Pass/WatchLoans classified as pass/watch have erratic levels of leverage and/or liquidity, cash flow is volatile and the borrower is subject to moderate economic risk.  A borrower in this category poses a low to moderate risk of loss to the bank. 
Special MentionLoans classified as special mention have a potential weakness(es) that deserves management’s close attention.  The potential weakness could result in deterioration of the loan repayment or the bank’s credit position at some future date.  A loan rated in this category poses a moderate loss risk to the bank. 
SubstandardLoans classified as substandard reflect a customer with a well defined weakness that jeopardizes the liquidation of the debt.  Loans in this category have the possibility that the bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected and the bank’s collateral value is weakened by the financial deterioration of the borrower. 
DoubtfulLoans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristics that make collection of the full contract amount highly improbable.  Loans rated in this category are most likely to cause the bank to have a loss due to a collateral shortfall or a negative capital position. 

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Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans at September 30, 2020 is as follows (in thousands):
Revolving
Term LoansLoans
Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and Risk LevelAmortized
20202019201820172016PriorCost BasisTotal
Commercial and industrial
Pass$104,483 $71,222 $61,613 $32,056 $17,912 $10,944 $76,538 $374,768 
Special mention83 43 14 60 — 437 414 1,051 
Substandard158 1,584 1,075 760 323 2,177 2,084 8,161 
Total$104,724 $72,849 $62,702 $32,876 $18,235 $13,558 $79,036 $383,980 

Commercial real estate -
Total
Pass$229,396 $314,931 $183,421 $149,838 $161,976 $304,069 $27,339 $1,370,970 
Special mention396 5,287 1,209 156 185 3,643 — 10,876 
Substandard1,171 22,495 4,559 13,388 9,695 31,226 321 82,855 
Total$230,963 $342,713 $189,189 $163,382 $171,856 $338,938 $27,660 $1,464,701 

Commercial real estate -
1-4 Family
Pass$17,131 $19,426 $9,164 $7,563 $6,859 $35,406 $10,526 $106,075 
Special mention171 — — 24 162 957 — 1,314 
Substandard120 363 — 943 105 5,151 — 6,682 
Total$17,422 $19,789 $9,164 $8,530 $7,126 $41,514 $10,526 $114,071 

Commercial real estate -
Hotels
Pass$23,983 $95,401 $26,376 $39,848 $21,521 $44,727 $— $251,856 
Substandard344 15,412 — 9,622 4,502 14,253 — 44,133 
Total$24,327 $110,813 $26,376 $49,470 $26,023 $58,980 $— $295,989 

Commercial real estate -
Multi-family
Pass$69,894 $56,692 $2,815 $21,086 $32,657 $27,559 $1,153 $211,856 
Special mention— 1,903 556 — — — — 2,459 
Substandard— — — — — 79 — 79 
Total$69,894 $58,595 $3,371 $21,086 $32,657 $27,638 $1,153 $214,394 

Commercial real estate -
Non Residential Non-Owner Occupied
Pass$100,384 $115,117 $118,026 $55,387 $80,109 $142,361 $10,399 $621,783 
Special mention17 511 597 43 — 149 — 1,317 
Substandard590 1,386 1,166 65 1,204 1,143 160 5,714 
Total$100,991 $117,014 $119,789 $55,495 $81,313 $143,653 $10,559 $628,814 
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Revolving
Term LoansLoans
Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year and Risk LevelAmortized
20202019201820172016PriorCost BasisTotal
Commercial real estate -
Non Residential Owner Occupied
Pass$18,004 $28,295 $27,040 $25,954 $20,830 $54,016 $5,261 $179,400 
Special mention208 2,873 56 89 23 2,537 — 5,786 
Substandard117 5,334 3,393 2,758 3,884 10,600 161 26,247 
Total$18,329 $36,502 $30,489 $28,801 $24,737 $67,153 $5,422 $211,433 

Residential real estate
Performing$323,949 $257,334 $197,654 $147,323 $114,310 $458,828 $117,884 $1,617,282 
Non-performing— 201 44 122 146 1,544 1,926 3,983 
Total$323,949 $257,535 $197,698 $147,445 $114,456 $460,372 $119,810 $1,621,265 

Home equity
Performing$7,765 $6,757 $6,363 $2,373 $1,828 $11,233 $103,742 $140,061 
Non-performing— — — — — — 74 74 
Total$7,765 $6,757 $6,363 $2,373 $1,828 $11,233 $103,816 $140,135 

Consumer
Performing$13,561 $16,784 $10,371 $3,805 $2,055 $2,106 $1,859 $50,541 
Non-performing— — — — — — — — 
Total$13,561 $16,784 $10,371 $3,805 $2,055 $2,106 $1,859 $50,541 


The following table presents the Company’s commercial loans by credit quality indicators, by portfolio loan classification (in thousands), as of December 31, 2019:
Commercial and IndustrialCommercial Real EstateTotal
Pass$276,847 $1,408,644 $1,685,491 
Special mention2,472 13,838 16,310 
Substandard28,696 37,255 65,951 
Total$308,015 $1,459,737 $1,767,752 
     
The following table presents the Company's non-commercial loans by payment performance, by portfolio loan classification (in thousands), as of December 31, 2019:
PerformingNon-PerformingTotal
Residential real estate$1,636,920 $3,476 $1,640,396 
Home equity148,397 531 148,928 
Consumer54,263 — 54,263 
Total$1,839,580 $4,007 $1,843,587 

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Note F –Derivative Instruments

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company primarily utilizes non-hedging derivative financial instruments with commercial banking customers to facilitate their interest rate management strategies. For these instruments, the Company acts as an intermediary for its customers and has offsetting contracts with financial institution counterparties. Changes in the fair value of these underlying derivative contracts generally offset each other and do not significantly impact the Company's results of operations.


The following table summarizes the notional and fair value of these derivative instruments (in thousands):
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Notional AmountFair ValueNotional AmountFair Value
Non-hedging interest rate derivatives:
Customer counterparties:
Loan interest rate swap - assets$651,096 $62,404 $377,534 $16,094 
Loan interest rate swap - liabilities4,272 283 189,803 3,214 
Non-hedging interest rate derivatives:

Financial institution counterparties:
Loan interest rate swap - assets4,272 283 189,803 3,214 
Loan interest rate swap - liabilities655,743 62,602 382,566 16,133 

The following table summarizes the change in fair value of these derivative instruments (in thousands):
 Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Change in Fair Value Non-Hedging Interest Rate Derivatives:  
Other (expense) income - derivative assets$(4,615)$6,824 $37,103 $9,073 
Other expense (income) - derivative liabilities4,615 (6,824)(37,103)(9,073)
Other (income) expense - derivative liabilities(20)38 163 192 

Certain financial instruments, including derivatives, may be eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet and/or subject to master netting arrangements. The Company's derivative transactions with financial institution counterparties are generally executed under International Swaps and Derivative Association ("ISDA") master agreements which include "right of setoff" provisions. In such cases there is generally a legally enforceable right to offset recognized amounts and there may be an intention to settle such amounts on a net basis. Nonetheless, the Company does not generally offset financial instruments for financial reporting purposes.

Pursuant to the Company's agreements with certain of its derivative financial institution counterparties, the Company may receive collateral or post collateral, which may be in the form of cash or securities, based upon mark-to-mark positions. The Company has posted collateral with a market value of $70.9 million as of September 30, 2020.

Loans associated with a customer counterparty loan interest rate swap agreement may be subject to a make whole penalty upon termination of the agreement. The dollar amount of the make whole penalty varies based on the remaining term of the agreement and market rates at that time. The make whole penalty is secured by equity in the specific collateral securing the loan. The Company estimates the make whole penalty when determining if there is sufficient collateral to pay off both the potential make whole penalty and the outstanding loan balance at the origination of the loan. In the event of a customer default, the make whole penalty is capitalized into the existing loan balance; however, no guarantees can be made that the collateral will be sufficient to cover both the make whole provision and the outstanding loan balance at the time of foreclosure.

Subsequent to quarter-end, the Company entered into a series of fair value hedge agreements to reduce the interest rate risk associated with the change in fair value of certain securities. The total notional amount of these agreements was $150 million.


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Note G –Employee Benefit Plans

Stock Options
 
A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is presented below:
Nine months ended September 30,
 20202019
OptionsWeighted-Average Exercise PriceOptionsWeighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 146,251 $52.74 57,972 $51.15 
Exercised(4,921)45.17 (11,721)44.87 
Outstanding at September 3041,330 $53.64 46,251 $52.74 
Exerciseable at September 3021,459 $50.45 8,063 $44.48 
 
Information regarding stock option exercises and stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options is provided in the following table (in thousands):    
Nine months ended September 30,
20202019
Proceeds from stock option exercises$223 $526 
Intrinsic value of stock options exercised93 368 
Stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options$47 $92 
At period-end:September 30, 2020
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options$37 
Weighted average period (in years) in which the above amount is expected to be
   recognized1.0

Shares issued in connection with stock option exercises are issued from available treasury shares. If no treasury shares are available, new shares would be issued from available authorized shares. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, all shares issued in connection with stock option exercises were issued from available treasury stock. For the stock options that have performance-based criteria, management has evaluated those criteria and has determined that, as of September 30, 2020, the criteria were probable of being met.
 
Restricted Shares, Restricted Stock Units, Performance Share Units

The Company records compensation expense with respect to restricted shares, restricted stock units and performance share units in an amount equal to the fair value of the common stock covered by each award on the date of grant. These awards become fully vested after various periods of continued employment from the respective dates of grant. The Company is entitled to an income tax deduction in an amount equal to the taxable income reported by the holders of the restricted shares when the restrictions are released and the shares are issued. Compensation is being charged to expense over the respective vesting periods.

Restricted shares are forfeited if the awardee officer or employee terminates his employment with the Company prior to the lapsing of restrictions. The Company records forfeitures of restricted stock as treasury share repurchases and any compensation cost previously recognized is reversed in the period of forfeiture.  Recipients of restricted shares do not pay any cash consideration to the Company for the shares, and, except for restricted stock units and performance share units, have the right to vote all shares subject to such grant and receive all dividends with respect to such shares, whether or not the shares have vested.  For restricted shares and performance share units that have performance-based criteria, management has evaluated those criteria and has determined that, as of September 30, 2020, the criteria were probable of being met.


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A summary of the Company’s restricted shares activity and related information is presented below:
Nine months ended September 30,
 20202019
Restricted AwardsAverage Market Price at GrantRestricted AwardsAverage Market Price at Grant
Outstanding at January 1148,083 $62.62 152,692 $51.85 
Granted38,603 67.15 31,006 79.86 
Vested(29,775)47.72 (45,007)39.81 
Outstanding at September 30156,911 $66.56 138,691 $61.98 

Information regarding stock-based compensation associated with restricted shares is provided in the following table (in thousands):

Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Stock-based compensation expense associated with restricted shares$708 $499 $2,018 $1,434 
At period-end:September 30, 2020
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense associated with restricted shares$5,592 
Weighted average period (in years) in which the above amount is expected to be recognized3.1

Shares issued in conjunction with restricted stock awards are issued from available treasury shares. If no treasury shares are available, new shares would be issued from available authorized shares. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, all shares issued in connection with restricted stock awards were issued from available treasury stock.

Benefit Plans
 
The Company provides retirement benefits to its employees through the City Holding Company 401(k) Plan and Trust (the “401(k) Plan”), which is intended to be compliant with Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) section 404(c). The Company also maintains a frozen defined benefit pension plan (the “Defined Benefit Plan”), which was inherited from the Company's acquisition of the plan sponsor (Horizon Bancorp, Inc.).

The following table presents the components of the Company's net periodic benefit cost, which is included in the line item "other expenses" in the consolidated statements of income, (in thousands):
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Components of net periodic cost:  
Interest cost$112 $242 $336 $522 
Expected return on plan assets(203)(370)(611)(798)
Net amortization and deferral272 396 817 855 
Net Periodic Pension Cost$181 $268 $542 $579 
 
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Note H –Commitments and Contingencies

COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is creating extensive disruptions to the global economy and to the lives of individuals throughout the world. Governments, businesses, and the public are taking unprecedented actions to contain the spread of COVID-19 and to mitigate its effects, including quarantines, travel bans, shelter-in-place orders, closures of businesses and schools, fiscal stimulus, and legislation designed to deliver monetary aid and other relief. While the scope, duration, and full effects of COVID-19 are rapidly evolving and not fully known, the pandemic and related efforts to contain it have disrupted global economic activity, adversely affected the functioning of financial markets, impacted interest rates, increased economic and market uncertainty, and disrupted trade and supply chains. If these effects continue for a prolonged period or result in sustained economic stress or recession, the effects could have a material adverse impact on the Company in a number of ways related to credit, collateral, customer demand, funding, operations, interest rate risk, human capital and self-insurance, as well as financial statement related risk associated with critical accounting estimates such as the allowance for credit losses or valuation impairments on the Company's goodwill, intangible assets and deferred taxes.

Credit Related Financial Instruments

The Company is a party to certain financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers.  The Company has entered into agreements with certain customers to extend credit or provide a conditional commitment to provide payment on drafts presented in accordance with the terms of the underlying credit documents. The Company also provides overdraft protection to certain demand deposit customers that represent an unfunded commitment.  Overdraft protection commitments, which are included with other commitments below, are uncollateralized and are paid at the Company’s discretion.  Conditional commitments generally include standby and commercial letters of credit. Standby letters of credit represent an obligation of the Company to a designated third party contingent upon the failure of a customer of the Company to perform under the terms of the underlying contract between the customer and the third party. Commercial letters of credit are issued specifically to facilitate trade or commerce. Under the terms of a commercial letter of credit, drafts will be drawn when the underlying transaction is consummated, as intended, between the customer and a third party. The funded portion of these financial instruments is reflected in the Company’s balance sheet, while the unfunded portion of these commitments is not reflected in the balance sheet.  

The table below presents a summary of the contractual obligations of the Company resulting from significant commitments (in thousands):
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Commitments to extend credit:  
Home equity lines$216,420 $214,715 
Commercial real estate53,911 56,941 
Other commitments252,200 213,904 
Standby letters of credit5,477 6,748 
Commercial letters of credit771 1,249 
 
Loan commitments and standby and commercial letters of credit have credit risks essentially the same as those involved in extending loans to customers and are subject to the Company’s standard credit policies. Collateral is obtained based on management’s credit assessment of the customer. Management does not anticipate any material losses as a result of these commitments.

Litigation

In addition, the Company is engaged in various legal actions that it deems to be in the ordinary course of business. As these legal actions are resolved, the Company could realize positive and/or negative impact to its financial performance in the period in which these legal actions are ultimately resolved. There can be no assurance that current legal actions will have an immaterial impact on financial results, either positive or negative, or that no material legal actions may be presented in the future.

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Note I –Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The activity in accumulated other comprehensive income is presented in the tables below (in thousands). All amounts are shown net of tax, which is calculated using a combined federal and state income tax rate approximating 23%.
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
DefinedDefined
BenefitSecuritiesBenefitSecurities
PensionAvailable-PensionAvailable-
Plan-for-SaleTotalPlan-for-SaleTotal
2020
Beginning Balance$(6,270)$37,299 $31,029 $(6,270)$12,110 $5,840 
   Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications— (539)(539)— 23,497 23,497 
   Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income— — — — (44)(44)
   Reclassification of unrealized gains on held-to-maturity
securities to available-for-sale		— — — — 1,197 1,197 
— (539)(539)— 24,650 24,650 
Ending Balance$(6,270)$36,760 $30,490 $(6,270)$36,760 $30,490 
2019
Beginning Balance$(5,871)$10,959 $5,088 $(5,871)$(8,611)$(14,482)
   Other comprehensive income before reclassifications— 6,277 6,277 — 25,931 25,931 
   Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income— 30 30 — (54)(54)
— 6,307 6,307 — 25,877 25,877 
Ending Balance$(5,871)$17,266 $11,395 $(5,871)$17,266 $11,395 

Amounts reclassified from Other Comprehensive Income
Three months endedNine months endedAffected line item
September 30,September 30,in the Consolidated Statements
2020201920202019of Income
Securities available-for-sale:
Net securities (losses) gains reclassified into earnings$— $(40)$56 $69 (Losses) gains on sale of investment securities, net
Related income tax expense (benefit)— 10 (12)(15)Income tax expense
Net effect on accumulated other comprehensive income$— $(30)$44 $54 
 

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Note J – Earnings per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share using the two class method (in thousands, except per share data): 
Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Net income available to common shareholders$20,126 $22,371 $67,374 $66,741 
Less: earnings allocated to participating securities(198)(192)(658)(567)
Net earnings allocated to common shareholders$19,928 $22,179 $66,716 $66,174 
Distributed earnings allocated to common stock$8,944 $9,213 $26,832 $26,346 
Undistributed earnings allocated to common stock10,984 12,966 39,884 39,828 
Net earnings allocated to common shareholders$19,928 $22,179 $66,716 $66,174 
Average shares outstanding15,950 16,271 16,065 16,350 
Effect of dilutive securities:  
Employee stock awards20 18 19 18 
Shares for diluted earnings per share15,970 16,289 16,084 16,368 
Basic earnings per share$1.25 $1.36 $4.15 $4.05 
Diluted earnings per share$1.25 $1.36 $4.15 $4.04 

Anti-dilutive options are not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the options’ exercise price was greater than the average market price of the common shares and therefore, the effect would have been anti-dilutive. Anti-dilutive options were not significant for any of the periods shown above.

Note K –Fair Value Measurements

Fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.  ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, and other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Company bases fair value of assets and liabilities on quoted market prices, prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, and other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.  If such information is not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters.  Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value.  These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty creditworthiness, as well as unobservable parameters.  Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time.  The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values.  While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.  Furthermore, the reported fair value amounts have not been comprehensively revalued since the presentation dates, and therefore, estimates of fair value after the balance sheet date may differ significantly from the amount presented herein.  A more detailed description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities
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measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, is set forth below.

Financial Assets and Liabilities

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value for financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis.

Securities Available for Sale.  Securities available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 inputs.  The fair value of securities available for sale is determined by utilizing a market approach by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (other than forced or distressed transactions) that occur in sufficient volume or matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities.  If such measurements are unavailable, the security is classified as Level 3.  Significant judgment is required to make this determination.

The Company utilizes a third party pricing service provider to value its Level 1 and Level 2 investment securities.  Annually, the Company obtains an independent auditor’s report from its third party pricing service provider regarding its controls over investment securities. On a quarterly basis, the Company reprices its debt securities with a third party that is independent of the primary pricing service provider to verify the reasonableness of the fair values.

Derivatives. Derivatives are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs.  The Company utilizes a market approach by obtaining dealer quotations to value its customer interest rate swaps.  The Company’s derivatives are included within "other assets" and "other liabilities" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Derivative assets are typically secured through securities with financial counterparties or cross collateralization with a borrowing customer. Derivative liabilities are typically secured through the Company pledging securities to financial counterparties or, in the case of a borrowing customer, by the right of setoff. The Company considers factors such as the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties, right of setoff, and remaining maturities in determining the appropriate fair value adjustments. All derivative counterparties approved by the Company's Asset and Liability Committee ("ALCO") are regularly reviewed, and appropriate business action is taken to adjust the exposure to certain counterparties, if necessary. Counterparty exposure is evaluated by netting positions that are subject to master netting agreements, as well as considering the amount of marketable collateral securing the position. This approach used to estimate impacted exposures to counterparties is also used by the Company to estimate its own credit risk in derivative liability positions. To date, no material losses have been incurred due to a counterparty's inability to pay any undercollateralized position. There was no significant change in the value of derivative assets and liabilities attributed to credit risk that would have resulted in a derivative credit risk valuation adjustment at September 30, 2020.

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The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.  Financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include impaired loans reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral.  Collateral values are estimated using Level 3 inputs based on observable market data for both real estate collateral and non-real estate collateral.  The following table presents assets and liabilities measured at fair value (in thousands):
TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total Gains (Losses)
September 30, 2020     
Recurring fair value measurements     
Financial Assets     
Obligations of states and political subdivisions$263,302 $— $263,302 $—  
Mortgage-backed securities:  
U.S. Government agencies843,233 — 843,233 —  
Private label11,377 — 6,126 5,251  
Trust preferred securities3,892 — 3,892 —  
Corporate securities33,354 — 29,331 4,023  
Marketable equity securities10,936 5,955 4,981 —  
Certificates of deposit held for investment2,241 — 2,241 — 
Derivative assets62,687 — 62,687 — 
Financial Liabilities     
Derivative liabilities63,020 — 63,020 —  
Nonrecurring fair value measurements     
Financial Assets
Loans individually evaluated$10,612 $— $— $10,612 $(1,172)
Non-Financial Assets
     Other real estate owned2,080 — — 2,080 (267)
December 31, 2019     
Recurring fair value measurements     
Financial Assets     
U.S. Government agencies$502 $— $502 $—  
Obligations of states and political subdivisions117,187 — 117,187 —  
Mortgage-backed securities:  
U.S. Government agencies642,104 — 642,104 —  
Private label11,485 — 5,841 5,644  
Trust preferred securities4,461 — 4,461 —  
Corporate securities32,126 — 28,064 4,062  
Marketable equity securities12,634 7,787 4,847 —  
Certificates of deposit held for investment2,241 — 2,241 — 
Derivative assets19,310 — 19,310 —  
Financial Liabilities  
Derivative liabilities19,380 — 19,380 —  
Nonrecurring fair value measurements     
Financial Assets
Impaired loans$8,925 $— $— $8,925 $(87)
Non-Financial Assets
Other real estate owned4,670 — — 4,670 (470)
Other assets100 — — 100 (297)

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The Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) include impaired loans that were remeasured and reported at fair value through a specific valuation allowance allocation of the allowance for credit losses based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral (in thousands).  The fair value of impaired loans is estimated using one of several methods, including collateral value, liquidation value and discounted cash flows.  The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of collateral for collateral-dependent impaired loans primarily relate to discounts applied to the customers’ reported amount of collateral.  The amount of collateral discount depends upon the marketability of the underlying collateral.  During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, collateral discounts ranged from 15% to 30%. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company had no Level 2 financial assets and liabilities that were measured on a nonrecurring basis.

Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities

The Company has no non-financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.  Certain non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include other real estate owned (“OREO”), which is measured at the lower of cost or fair value, and goodwill and other intangible assets, which are measured at fair value for impairment assessments.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC Topic 825 “Financial Instruments,” as amended, requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value.  In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques.  Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including discount rates and estimate of future cash flows.  In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument. ASC Topic 825 excludes certain financial instruments and all nonfinancial instruments from its disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not represent the underlying value of the Company.

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The following table represents the estimates of fair value of financial instruments (in thousands). This table excludes financial instruments for which the carrying amount approximates fair value. For short-term financial assets such as cash and cash equivalents, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the relatively short time between the origination of the instrument and its expected realization. For financial liabilities such as noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand and savings deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to these products having no stated maturity.
Carrying AmountFair ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3
September 30, 2020     
Assets:
   Cash and cash equivalents$252,718 $252,718 $252,718 $— $— 
   Securities available-for-sale1,157,399 1,157,399 — 1,148,125 9,274 
   Marketable equity securities10,936 10,936 5,955 4,981 — 
   Net loans3,639,099 3,626,632 — — 3,626,632 
   Accrued interest receivable16,627 16,627 16,627 — — 
   Derivative assets62,687 62,687 — 62,687 — 
Liabilities:
   Deposits4,420,076 4,439,585 3,119,785 1,319,800 — 
   Short-term debt279,866 279,866 — 279,866 — 
   Accrued interest payable2,047 2,047 2,047 — — 
   Derivative liabilities63,020 63,020 — 63,020 — 
December 31, 2019     
Assets:     
   Cash and cash equivalents$140,144 $140,144 $140,144 $— $— 
   Securities available-for-sale810,106 810,106 — 800,400 9,706 
   Securities held-to-maturity49,036 50,598 — 50,598 — 
   Marketable equity securities12,634 12,634 7,787 4,847 — 
   Net loans3,604,510 3,574,435 — — 3,574,435 
   Accrued interest receivable11,569 11,569 11,569 — — 
   Derivative assets19,310 19,310 — 19,310 — 
Liabilities:
   Deposits4,075,894 4,094,493 2,711,323 1,383,170 — 
   Short-term debt211,255 211,255 — 211,255 — 
   Long-term debt4,056 4,124 — 4,124 — 
   Accrued interest payable2,849 2,849 2,849 — — 
   Derivative liabilities19,380 19,380 — 19,380 — 

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Item 2 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

COVID-19 Pandemic/Update

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed significant health, economic and other major pressure throughout the communities the Company serves, the United States and the entire world. The Company has implemented a number of procedures in response to the pandemic to support the safety and well-being of our employees, customers and shareholders that continue through the date of this report:

•We have addressed the safety of our branches and while the branches generally remain open to customers, we have taken steps, and continue to evaluate, to push as much traffic and transactions as possible to our drive-thru facilities;
•Provided extensions and deferrals to loan customers affected by COVID-19 provided such customers were not 30 days past due at March 19, 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company granted deferrals of approximately $135 million to its mortgage customers. These deferral arrangements ranged from 30 days to 90 days. As of September 30, 2020, approximately $15 million of these loans were still deferring, while approximately $120 million have resumed making their normal loan payment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company granted deferrals of approximately $455 million to its commercial customers. These deferral arrangements ranged from one month to six months. As of September 30, 2020, approximately $180 million of these loans were still deferring (including $160 million for hotel and lodging related loans), while approximately $275 million have resumed making their normal loan payment;
•We have chosen to participate in the CARES Act Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") that will provide government guaranteed and forgivable loans to our customers. As of September 30, 2020, the Company has funded approximately $90 million of SBA-approved PPP loans to over 1,500 customers.

The Company continues to closely monitor this pandemic and expects to make future changes to respond to the pandemic as this situation continues to evolve.

Critical Accounting Policies
 
The accounting policies of the Company conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and require management to make estimates and develop assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and related footnotes. These estimates and assumptions are based on information available to management as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ significantly from management’s estimates. As this information changes, management’s estimates and assumptions used to prepare the Company’s financial statements and related disclosures may also change. The most significant accounting policies followed by the Company are presented in Note One to the audited financial statements included in the Company’s 2019 Annual Report to Shareholders. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the Consolidated Financial Statements, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2019 Annual Report of the Company.  Based on the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, management has identified the determination of the allowance for credit losses and income taxes to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective or complex judgments and, as such, could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans: The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the allowance for credit losses using the following methods:

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Portfolio SegmentMeasurement Method
Commercial and industrialMigration
Commercial real estate:
   1-4 familyMigration
   HotelsMigration
   Multi-familyMigration
   Non Residential Non-Owner OccupiedMigration
   Non Residential Owner OccupiedMigration
Residential real estateVintage
Home equityVintage
ConsumerVintage

Migration is an analysis that tracks a closed pool of loans for a configurable period of time and calculates a loss ratio on only those loans in the pool at the start date based on outstanding balance. Vintage is a predictive loss model that includes a reasonable approximation of probable and estimable future losses by tracking each loan's net losses over the life of the loan as compared to its original balance. For demand deposit overdrafts, the allowance for credit losses is measured using the historical loss rate. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation. When management determines that foreclosure is probable, the expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loan, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a troubled-debt restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower or the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

The Company is subject to federal and state income taxes in the jurisdictions in which it conducts business.  In computing the provision for income taxes, management must make judgments regarding interpretation of laws in those jurisdictions.  Because the application of tax laws and regulations for many types of transactions is susceptible to varying interpretations, amounts reported in the financial statements could be changed at a later date upon final determinations by taxing authorities.  On a quarterly basis, the Company estimates its annual effective tax rate for the year and uses that rate to provide for income taxes on a year-to-date basis.  The amount of unrecognized tax benefits could change over the next twelve months as a result of various factors.  However, management cannot currently estimate the range of possible change.  The Company is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the years ended December 31, 2017 and forward and by various state taxing authorities for the years ended December 31, 2016 and forward.

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Financial Summary

Nine months ended September 30, 2020 vs. 2019

The Company's financial performance is summarized in the following table:
Nine months ended September 30,
20202019
Net income available to common shareholders (in thousands)
$67,374 $66,741 
Earnings per common share, basic$4.15 $4.05 
Earnings per common share, diluted$4.15 $4.04 
Dividend payout ratio41.2 %40.3 %
ROA*1.68 %1.81 %
ROE*12.9 %14.1 %
ROATCE*15.6 %17.5 %
Average equity to average assets ratio13.0 %12.8 %
*ROA (Return on Average Assets) is a measure of the effectiveness of asset utilization. ROE (Return on Average Equity) is a measure of the return on shareholders' investment. ROATCE (Return on Average Tangible Common Equity) is a measure of the return on shareholders' equity, less intangible assets.

The Company's net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 decreased $5.1 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 (see Net Interest Income). The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $10.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to a recovery of credit losses of $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 (see Allowance for Credit Losses). As further discussed under the caption Non-Interest Income and Non-Interest Expense, non-interest income increased $14.5 million and non-interest expense decreased $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 from the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Financial Summary

Three months ended September 30, 2020 vs. 2019

The Company's financial performance is summarized in the following table:
Three months ended September 30,
20202019
Net income available to common shareholders (in thousands)
$20,126 $22,371 
Earnings per common share, basic$1.25 $1.36 
Earnings per common share, diluted$1.25 $1.36 
Dividend payout ratio45.7 %41.9 %
ROA*1.46 %1.81 %
ROE*11.5 %13.8 %
ROATCE*13.8 %17.0 %
Average equity to average assets ratio12.7 %13.1 %

*ROA (Return on Average Assets) is a measure of the effectiveness of asset utilization. ROE (Return on Average Equity) is a measure of the return on shareholders' investment. ROATCE (Return on Average Tangible Common Equity) is a measure of the return on shareholders' equity, less intangible assets.

The Company's net interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2020 decreased $2.6 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019 (see Net Interest Income). The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to a provision for credit losses of $0.3 million for the
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three months ended September 30, 2019 (see Allowance for Credit Losses). As further discussed under the caption Non-Interest Income and Non-Interest Expense, non-interest income increased $0.3 million and non-interest expense increased $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 from the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Balance Sheet Analysis

Selected balance sheet fluctuations from the year ended December 31, 2019 are summarized in the following table (in millions):

September 30,December 31,
20202019$ Change% Change
Cash and cash equivalents$252.7 $140.1 $112.6 80.4 %
Investment securities1,183.9 887.6 296.3 33.4 %
Gross loans3,664.0 3,616.1 47.9 1.3 %
Net deferred tax (liability)/asset(1.6)6.7 (8.3)(123.9)%
Other assets105.4 55.8 49.6 88.9 %
Total deposits4,420.1 4,075.9 344.2 8.4 %
Customer repurchase agreements279.9 211.3 68.6 32.5 %
Other liabilities118.4 69.6 48.8 70.1 %

Cash and cash equivalents increased $113 million from December 31, 2019 to $253 million at September 30, 2020, due to the increase in deposit balances and weak loan demand environment.

Investment securities increased $296 million (33.4%) from December 31, 2019 to $1.2 billion at September 30, 2020, due to the increase in deposit balances and weak loan demand environment.

Gross loans increased $48 million (1.3%) from December 31, 2019 to $3.66 billion at September 30, 2020. As a result of the Company's participation in the Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") administered by the Small Business Administration ("SBA"), commercial and industrial loans increased approximately $90 million. Excluding these loans, total loans decreased $41 million, (1.1%), from December 31, 2019 to $3.58 billion at September 30, 2020. Residential real estate loans decreased $19 million (1.2%), commercial and industrial loans decreased $13 million (4.1%) (excluding PPP loans), home equity loans decreased $9 million (5.9%) and consumer loans decreased $4 million (6.9)%. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in commercial real estate loans of $5 million (0.3%).

The Company’s net deferred tax position decreased $8.3 million, from a deferred tax asset of $6.7 million at December 31, 2019 to a deferred tax liability of $1.6 million at September 30, 2020, primarily as a result of an increase in the valuation of the Company's investment portfolio.

Other assets increased $50 million to $105 million and other liabilities increased $49 million to $118 million, respectively, at September 30, 2020, primarily as a result of market value changes in the Company's interest rate swap derivatives.

Total deposits increased $344 million from December 31, 2019 to $4.42 billion at September 30, 2020. This increase was largely attributable to the infusion of government transfer payments for unemployment insurance, stimulus checks received by the Company's customers from the CARES Act (approximately $90 million), proceeds from PPP loans, and decreased spending by customers due to COVID-19.

Customer repurchase agreements increased $69 million to $280 million at September 30, 2020, due to proceeds from PPP loans and due to the liquidity needs of the Company's customers, specifically customers leaving monies in these deposit accounts due to the security of these deposits.

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Net Interest Income

Nine months ended September 30, 2020 vs. 2019

The Company’s tax equivalent net interest income decreased $5.0 million, or (4.1)%, from $122.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to $117.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding the impact of accretion from fair value adjustments, net interest income decreased $5.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Lower loan yields (64 basis points) and lower investment yields (36 basis points) decreased net interest income by $17.6 million and $2.8 million, respectively. These decreases were partially offset by a decrease in rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities (35 basis points) and increases in investment balances ($151 million) and average loan balances ($90 million), which increased net interest income by $8.7 million, $3.7 million and $3.2 million, respectively. The Company’s reported net interest margin decreased from 3.64% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to 3.22% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
As a result of the COVID-19 crisis on March 15, 2020, the Federal Reserve cut the target range for the Fed Funds Rate to a range of 0-25 basis points, which had the impact of lowering interest rates on variable rates tied to Prime, LIBOR or Fed Funds, as well as the decreases in deposit rates. The Company's loan portfolio has historically included a significant portion of adjustable rate residential mortgage loans made in markets where the Company has a presence, and significant commercial loans collateralized with real estate.
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Table One
Average Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income
(in thousands)
AssetsNine months ended September 30,
20202019
Average
Balance
Interest
Yield/
Rate
Average
Balance
Interest
Yield/
Rate
      
Loan portfolio(1):
Residential real estate(2)
$1,776,903 $56,827 4.27 %$1,792,013 $61,468 4.59 %
Commercial, financial, and agriculture(2)
1,810,165 55,051 4.06 1,704,141 63,796 5.01 
   Installment loans to individuals(2),(3)
56,535 2,519 5.95 57,263 2,656 6.20 
   Previously securitized loans(4)
 ***415  *** ***477  ***
Total loans3,643,603 114,812 4.21 3,553,417 128,397 4.83 
Securities:      
Taxable861,853 17,855 2.77 751,600 17,464 3.11 
   Tax-exempt(5)
140,075 3,366 3.21 99,555 2,856 3.84 
Total securities1,001,928 21,221 2.83 851,155 20,320 3.19 
Deposits in depository institutions214,912 432 0.27 82,214 1,038 1.69 
Total interest-earning assets4,860,443 136,465 3.75 4,486,786 149,755 4.46 
Cash and due from banks76,936 65,433 
Bank premises and equipment77,910 78,475 
Goodwill and intangible assets119,678 121,780 
Other assets218,695 191,231 
Less: allowance for credit losses(21,984)(15,000)
Total assets$5,331,678   $4,928,705   
Liabilities      
   Interest-bearing demand deposits$898,440 $833 0.12 %$880,763 $2,796 0.42 %
Savings deposits1,045,877 1,366 0.17 968,655 3,461 0.48 
Time deposits(2)
1,347,013 16,125 1.60 1,370,934 18,511 1.81 
Short-term borrowings242,173 873 0.48 208,004 2,729 1.75 
Long-term debt1,109 100 12.04 4,053 140 4.62 
Total interest-bearing liabilities3,534,612 19,297 0.73 3,432,409 27,637 1.08 
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits1,004,144 811,411 
Other liabilities98,393 54,356 
Stockholders’ equity694,529 630,529 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$5,331,678   $4,928,705   
Net interest income $117,168   $122,118  
Net yield on earning assets  3.22 %3.64 %

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(1)For purposes of this table, non-accruing loans have been included in average balances and the following amounts (in thousands) of loan fees have been included in interest income:
Loan fees$881 $711 
(2)Included in the above table are the following amounts (in thousands) for the accretion of the fair value adjustments related to the Company's acquisitions:
20202019
Residential real estate$477 $165 
Commercial, financial and agriculture2,141 1,968 
Installment loans to individuals114 1 
Time deposits466 527 
$3,198 $2,661 
(3)Includes the Company’s consumer and DDA overdrafts loan categories.
(4)Effective January 1, 2012, the carrying value of the Company's previously securitized loans was reduced to $0.
(5)Computed on a fully federal tax-equivalent basis assuming a tax rate of approximately 21%.

Table Two
Rate/Volume Analysis of Changes in Interest Income and Interest Expense
(in thousands)
Nine months ended September 30, 2020 vs. 2019
Interest-earning assets:
Increase (Decrease)
Due to Change In:
VolumeRateNet
   
Loan portfolio
Residential real estate$(519)$(4,122)$(4,641)
Commercial, financial, and agriculture3,973 (12,718)(8,745)
Installment loans to individuals(34)(103)(137)
Previously securitized loans— (62)(62)
Total loans3,420 (17,005)(13,585)
Securities:   
Taxable2,564 (2,173)391 
   Tax-exempt(1)
1,163 (653)510 
Total securities3,727 (2,826)901 
Deposits in depository institutions1,677 (2,283)(606)
Total interest-earning assets$8,824 $(22,114)$(13,290)
Interest-bearing liabilities:   
   Interest-bearing demand deposits$56 $(2,019)$(1,963)
Savings deposits276 (2,371)(2,095)
Time deposits(323)(2,063)(2,386)
Short-term borrowings449 (2,305)(1,856)
Long-term debt(102)62 (40)
Total interest-bearing liabilities$356 $(8,696)$(8,340)
Net Interest Income$8,468 $(13,418)$(4,950)
(1)Computed on a fully federal tax-equivalent basis assuming a tax rate of approximately 21%.



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Net Interest Income

Three months ended September 30, 2020 vs. 2019
The Company’s tax equivalent net interest income decreased $2.5 million, or 6.0%, from $40.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 to $38.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding the impact of accretion from fair value adjustments, net interest income decreased $1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020. Lower loan yields (70 basis points) and lower investment yields (28 basis points) decreased net interest income by $6.5 million and $1.0 million, respectively. These decreases were partially offset by a decrease in rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities (50 basis points) and increases in average loan balances ($117 million), which increased net interest income by $4.3 million and $1.3 million, respectively. In addition, the Company received a $1.0 million prepayment penalty from an investment security that was called during the three months ended September 30, 2020. The Company’s reported net interest margin decreased from 3.59% for the three months ended September 30, 2019 to 3.02% for the three months ended September 30, 2020.
As a result of the COVID-19 crisis on March 15, 2020, the Federal Reserve cut the target range for the Fed Funds Rate to a range of 0-25 basis points, which had the impact of lowering interest rates on variable rates tied to Prime, LIBOR or Fed Funds, as well as the decreases in deposit rates. The Company's loan portfolio has historically included a significant portion of adjustable rate residential mortgage loans made in markets where the Company has a presence, and significant commercial loans collateralized with real estate.

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Table Three
Average Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income
(in thousands)

AssetsThree months ended September 30,
20202019
Average
Balance
Interest
Yield/
Rate
Average
Balance
Interest
Yield/
Rate
      
Loan portfolio(1):
Residential real estate(2)
$1,766,796 $17,899 4.03 %$1,794,068 $20,564 4.55 %
Commercial, financial, and agriculture(2)
1,839,939 16,910 3.66 1,692,000 21,293 4.99 
   Installment loans to individuals(2),(3)
54,834 804 5.83 58,480 928 6.30 
   Previously securitized loans(4)
 *** 148  ***  *** 159  ***
Total loans3,661,569 35,761 3.89 3,544,548 42,944 4.81 
Securities:  
Taxable877,623 6,266 2.84 790,207 6,044 3.03 
   Tax-exempt(5)
204,178 1,433 2.79 96,011 914 3.78 
Total securities1,081,801 7,699 2.83 886,218 6,958 3.11 
Deposits in depository institutions304,498 72 0.09 72,736 271 1.48 
Total interest-earning assets5,047,868 43,532 3.43 4,503,502 50,173 4.42 
Cash and due from banks80,505 67,106 
Bank premises and equipment77,647 78,091 
Goodwill and intangible assets119,267 121,124 
Other assets229,667 188,206 
Less: allowance for credit losses(25,311)(13,786)
Total assets$5,529,643 $4,944,243 
Liabilities
   Interest-bearing demand deposits$931,152 $187 0.08 %$881,476 $954 0.43 %
Savings deposits1,093,886 303 0.11 978,198 1,159 0.47 
Time deposits(2)
1,322,423 4,633 1.39 1,360,409 6,472 1.89 
Short-term borrowings260,518 131 0.20 187,301 814 1.72 
Long-term debt— — — 4,054 45 4.40 
Total interest-bearing liabilities3,607,979 5,254 0.58 3,411,438 9,444 1.10 
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits1,114,822 825,029 
Other liabilities104,084  58,857  
Shareholders’ equity702,758 648,919 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$5,529,643   $4,944,243   
Net interest income $38,278   $40,729  
Net yield on earning assets  3.02 %3.59 %

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(1)For purposes of this table, non-accruing loans have been included in average balances and the following amounts (in thousands) of loan fees have been included in interest income:
Loan fees$156 $96 
(2)Included in the above table are the following amounts (in thousands) for the accretion of the fair value adjustments related to the Company's acquisitions:
20202019
Residential real estate$132 $50 
Commercial, financial and agriculture250 1,110 
Installment loans to individuals38 13 
Time deposits155 75 
$575 $1,248 
(3)Includes the Company’s consumer and DDA overdrafts loan categories.
(4)Effective January 1, 2012, the carrying value of the Company's previously securitized loans was reduced to $0.
(5)Computed on a fully federal tax-equivalent basis assuming a tax rate of 21%.

Table Four
Rate/Volume Analysis of Changes in Interest Income and Interest Expense
(in thousands)

Three months ended September 30, 2020 vs. 2019
Interest-earning assets:
Increase (Decrease)
Due to Change In:
VolumeRateNet
   
Loan portfolio
Residential real estate$(312)$(2,353)$(2,665)
Commercial, financial, and agriculture1,857 (6,240)(4,383)
Installment loans to individuals(58)(66)(124)
Previously securitized loans— (11)(11)
Total loans1,487 (8,670)(7,183)
Securities:
Taxable667 (445)222 
   Tax-exempt(1)
1,027 (508)519 
Total securities1,694 (953)741 
Deposits in depository institutions861 (1,060)(199)
Total interest-earning assets$4,042 $(10,683)$(6,641)
Interest-bearing liabilities:   
   Interest-bearing demand deposits$54 $(821)$(767)
Savings deposits137 (993)(856)
Time deposits(180)(1,659)(1,839)
Short-term borrowings317 (1,000)(683)
Long-term debt(45)— (45)
Total interest-bearing liabilities$283 $(4,473)$(4,190)
Net Interest Income$3,759 $(6,210)$(2,451)
(1) Computed on a fully federal taxable equivalent using a tax rate of 21%.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Management of the Company uses measures in its analysis of the Company's performance other than those in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP"). These measures are useful when evaluating the underlying performance of the Company's operations. The Company's management believes that these non-GAAP measures enhance comparability of results with prior periods and demonstrate the effects of significant gains and charges in the current period. The Company's management believes that investors may use these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate the Company's financial performance without the impact of those items that may obscure trends in the Company's performance. These disclosures should not be viewed as a substitute for financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they comparable to non-GAAP financial measures that may be presented by other companies. The following table reconciles fully taxable equivalent net interest income with net interest income as derived from the Company's financial statements, as well as other non-GAAP measures (in thousands):

Three months ended September 30,Nine months ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Net interest income (GAAP)$37,977 $40,537 $116,462 $121,516 
Taxable equivalent adjustment301 192 706 602 
Net interest income, fully taxable equivalent$38,278 $40,729 $117,168 $122,118 
Less accretion income(575)(1,248)(3,198)(2,661)
Net interest income excluding accretion income$37,703 $39,481 $113,970 $119,457 
Equity to assets (GAAP)12.54 %13.10 %
Effect of goodwill and other intangibles, net(1.93)(2.17)
Tangible common equity to tangible assets10.61 %10.93 %
Return on tangible equity (GAAP)13.8 %17.0 %15.6 %17.5 %
Impact of merger related expenses— — — 0.2 
Impact of sale of VISA shares— — (3.1)— 
Return on tangible equity, excluding merger related expenses and sale of VISA shares13.8 %17.0 %12.5 %17.7 %
Return on assets (GAAP)1.46 %1.81 %1.68 %1.81 %
Impact of merger related expenses— — — 0.02 
Impact of sale of VISA shares— — (0.33)— 
Return on assets, excluding merger related expenses and sale of VISA shares1.46 %1.81 %1.35 %1.83 %

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Loans

Table Five
Loan Portfolio

The composition of the Company's loan portfolio as of the dates indicated follows (in thousands):
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019September 30, 2019
Commercial and industrial383,980 308,015 296,927 
  1-4 Family114,071 N/RN/R
  Hotels295,989 N/RN/R
  Multi-family214,394 N/RN/R
  Non Residential Non-Owner Occupied628,814 N/RN/R
  Non Residential Owner Occupied211,433 N/RN/R
Commercial real estate1,464,701 1,459,737 1,431,983 
Residential real estate1,621,265 1,640,396 1,643,416 
Home equity140,135 148,928 150,808 
Consumer50,541 54,263 54,799 
DDA overdrafts3,344 4,760 4,638 
Total loans$3,663,966 $3,616,099 $3,582,571 
N/R = Not reported. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.

Loan balances increased $47.9 million from December 31, 2019 to September 30, 2020. As a result of the Company’s participation in the PPP loans administered by the SBA, commercial and industrial loans increased approximately $90 million. Excluding PPP loans, total loans decreased $40.6 million, (1.1%), from December 31, 2019 to $3.58 billion at September 30, 2020.

Residential real estate loans decreased $19.1 million from December 31, 2019 to September 30, 2020.  Residential real estate loans represent loans to consumers that are secured by a first lien on residential property. Residential real estate loans provide for the purchase or refinance of a residence and first-lien home equity loans allow consumers to borrow against the equity in their home. These loans primarily consist of single family 3 and 5 year adjustable rate mortgages with terms that amortize up to 30 years. The Company also offers fixed-rate residential real estate loans that are sold in the secondary market that are not included on the Company's balance sheet; the Company does not retain the servicing rights to these loans. Residential mortgage loans are generally underwritten to comply with Fannie Mae guidelines, while the home equity loans are underwritten with typically less documentation, but with lower loan-to-value ratios and shorter maturities.  At September 30, 2020, $28.9 million of the residential real estate loans were for properties under construction.

Home equity loans decreased $8.8 million during the first nine months of 2020.  The Company's home equity loans represent loans to consumers that are secured by a second (or junior) lien on a residential property. Home equity loans allow consumers to borrow against the equity in their home without paying off an existing first lien. These loans consist of home equity lines of credit ("HELOC") and amortized home equity loans that require monthly installment payments. Home equity loans are underwritten with less documentation, lower loan-to-value ratios and for shorter terms than residential mortgage loans. The amount of credit extended is directly related to the value of the real estate at the time the loan is made.

The commercial and industrial ("C&I") loan portfolio consists of loans to corporate borrowers that are primarily in small to mid-size industrial and commercial companies. Collateral securing these loans includes equipment, machinery, inventory, receivables and vehicles. C&I loans are considered to contain a higher level of risk than other loan types, although care is taken to minimize these risks. Numerous risk factors impact this portfolio, including industry specific risks such as the economy, new technology, labor rates and cyclicality, as well as customer specific factors, such as cash flow, financial structure, operating controls and asset quality. C&I loans increased $76.0 million from December 31, 2019 to September 30, 2020, largely due to approximately $90 million of PPP loans funded.

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Commercial real estate loans consist of commercial mortgages, which generally are secured by nonresidential and multi-family residential properties, including hotel/motel and apartment lending. Commercial real estate loans are to many of the same customers and carry similar industry risks as C&I loans. Commercial real estate loans increased $5.0 million from December 31, 2019 to September 30, 2020. At September 30, 2020, $42.4 million of the commercial real estate loans were for commercial properties under construction.

In order to group loans with similar risk characteristics, the portfolio is further segmented by product types:

◦Commercial 1-4 Family loans consist of residential single-family, duplex, triplex, and fourplex rental properties and totaled $114.1 million as of September 30, 2020. Risk characteristics are driven by rental housing demand as well as economic and employment conditions. These properties exhibit greater risk than multi-family properties due to fewer income sources.
◦The Hotel portfolio is comprised of all lodging establishments and totaled $296.0 million as of September 30, 2020. Risk characteristics relate to the demand for travel.
◦Multi-family consists of 5 or more family residential apartment lending. The portfolio totaled $214.4 million as of September 30, 2020. Risk characteristics are driven by rental housing demand as well as economic and employment conditions.
◦Non-residential commercial real estate includes properties such as retail, office, warehouse, storage, healthcare, entertainment, religious, and other nonresidential commercial properties. The non-residential product type is further segmented into owner- and non-owner occupied properties. Nonresidential non-owner occupied commercial real estate totaled $628.8 million while nonresidential owner-occupied commercial real estate totaled $211.4 million as of September 30, 2020. Risk characteristics relate to levels of consumer spending and overall economic conditions.

Consumer loans may be secured by automobiles, boats, recreational vehicles and other personal property or they may be unsecured. The Company monitors the risk associated with these types of loans by monitoring such factors as portfolio growth, lending policies and economic conditions. Underwriting standards are continually evaluated and modified based upon these factors. Consumer loans decreased $3.7 million during the first nine months of 2020. 

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments" effective January 1, 2020, using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. ASU No. 2016-13 replaced the incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The new current expected credit losses model ("CECL") will apply to the allowance for loan losses, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities, purchased financial assets with credit deterioration and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASU No. 2016-13, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. As a result of adopting CECL, the Company increased its allowance for credit losses ("ACL") by $3.0 million and decreased retained earnings by $2.3 million on January 1, 2020. In addition, the adoption required the Company to "gross up" its previously purchased credit impaired loans through the allowance at January 1, 2020. As a result, the Company increased its ACL and loan balances as of January 1, 2020 by $2.7 million.

Management systematically monitors the loan portfolio and the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses on a quarterly basis to provide for expected losses inherent in the portfolio. Management assesses the risk in each loan type based on historical trends, the general economic environment of its local markets, individual loan performance and other relevant factors. The Company's estimate of future economic conditions utilized in its provision estimate is primarily dependent on expected unemployment ranges over a two-year period. Beyond two years, a straight line reversion to historical average loss rates is applied over the life of the loan pool in the migration methodology. The vintage methodology applies future average loss rates based on net losses in historical periods where the unemployment rate was within the forecasted range. As a result of COVID-19, expected unemployment ranges have significantly increased and resulted in an increase in the Company's provision for credit losses.

Individual credits in excess of $1 million are selected at least annually for detailed loan reviews, which are utilized by management to assess the risk in the portfolio and the appropriateness of the allowance. Due to the nature of commercial lending, evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance as it relates to these types of loan types is often based more upon specific credit reviews, with consideration given to the potential impairment of certain credits and historical loss rates, adjusted for economic conditions and other inherent risk factors.

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Determination of the ACL is subjective in nature and requires management to periodically reassess the validity of its assumptions. Differences between actual losses and estimated losses are assessed such that management can timely modify its evaluation model to ensure that adequate provision has been made for risk in the total loan portfolio.

As a result of the Company’s quarterly analysis of the adequacy of the ACL, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $10.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to a recovery of $1.2 million for the comparable period in 2019. The provision for credit losses recognized in the third quarter of 2020 primarily relates to changes in outstanding balances in the Company’s loan portfolio and their associated loss rates and downgrades of certain hotel/motel credits during the quarter based on current market conditions which increased the Company’s ACL by $2.0 million and $1.2 million. Partially offsetting these increases in the ACL was a decrease in the ACL due to the upgrade of a specific credit that was downgraded in 2017, but has since seen improved financial performance. This upgrade released $2.2 million of ACL reserves.
  
The Company had net charge-offs of $2.7 million for the first nine months of 2020 and $1.6 million for the first nine months of 2019.  Net charge-offs in the first nine months of 2020 consisted primarily of net charge-offs of residential real estate loans ($1.0 million), commercial and industrial loans ($0.8 million), and DDA overdrafts ($0.6 million).

Based on the Company’s analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and in consideration of the known factors utilized in computing the allowance, management believes that the allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2020 is adequate to provide for expected losses inherent in the Company’s loan portfolio. Future provisions for credit losses will be dependent upon trends in loan balances including the composition of the loan portfolio, changes in loan quality and loss experience trends, and recoveries of previously charged-off loans, among other factors.


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Table Six
Analysis of the Allowance for Credit Losses

An analysis of changes in the Company's allowance for credit losses follows (dollars in thousands):
 Nine months ended September 30,
Year ended
December 31,
202020192019
Balance at beginning of period$11,589 $15,966 $15,966 
Charge-offs:   
Commercial and industrial(834)(68)(261)
Commercial real estate(497)(394)(1,358)
Residential real estate(1,111)(922)(787)
Home equity(332)(160)(294)
Consumer(165)(478)(1,177)
DDA overdrafts(1,716)(1,985)(2,777)
Total charge-offs(4,655)(4,007)(6,654)
Recoveries:   
Commercial and industrial17 183 764 
Commercial real estate375 614 624 
Residential real estate127 282 369 
Home equity89 — — 
Consumer183 211 265 
DDA overdrafts1,134 1,112 1,505 
Total recoveries1,925 2,402 3,527 
Net charge-offs(2,730)(1,605)(3,127)
Impact of adopting CECL5,760 — — 
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses10,248 (1,175)(1,250)
Balance at end of period$24,867 $13,186 $11,589 
As a Percent of Average Total Loans:  
Net charge-offs (annualized)0.10 %0.06 %0.09 %
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses (annualized)0.38 %(0.04)%(0.04)%
As a Percent of Non-Performing Loans:
Allowance for credit losses182.70 %84.26 %98.57 %
As a Percent of Total Loans:
Allowance for credit losses0.68 %0.37 %0.32 %

Table Seven
Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses

The allocation of the allowance for credit losses is shown in the table below (in thousands). The allocation of a portion of the allowance in one portfolio loan classification does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other portfolio segments.
 As of September 30,As of December 31,
202020192019
Commercial and industrial$3,759 $2,704 $2,059 
Commercial real estate11,003 3,096 2,606 
Residential real estate8,280 3,638 3,448 
Home equity669 1,193 1,187 
Consumer260 643 975 
DDA overdrafts896 1,912 1,314 
Allowance for Credit Losses$24,867 $13,186 $11,589 
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The ACL increased from $11.6 million at December 31, 2019 to $24.9 million at September 30, 2020.  As previously discussed, the adoption of CECL comprised $5.8 million of this increase from December 31, 2019. Below is a summary of the changes in the components of the ACL from December 31, 2019 to September 30, 2020.

The allowance related to the commercial and industrial loan portfolio increased from $2.1 million at December 31, 2019 to $3.8 million at September 30, 2020. The adoption of CECL increased the allowance by $1.7 million.

The allowance allocated to the commercial real estate portfolio increased from $2.6 million at December 31, 2019 to $11.0 million at September 30, 2020. The adoption of CECL increased the allowance by $3.3 million. The remainder of the increase was largely attributable to a change in the unemployment forecast range due to COVID-19, changes in the migration within the portfolio and an increase to the qualitative factors utilized related to COVID-19.

The allowance related to the residential real estate loan portfolio increased from $3.4 million at December 31, 2019 to $8.3 million at September 30, 2020. The adoption of CECL increased the allowance by $2.1 million. The remainder of the increase was largely attributable to a change in the unemployment forecast range and an increase in the qualitative factors utilized due to COVID-19 as well as an increase in the historical loss rates associated with the portfolio.

Table Eight
Non-Performing Loans

The Company's nonperforming assets and past-due loans are shown below (dollars in thousands):
 September 30, 2020September 30, 2019December 31, 2019
Non-accrual loans with allowance for credit losses$10,508 N/RN/R
Non-accrual loans with no allowance for credit losses2,756 N/RN/R
   Total non-accrual loans13,264 15,197 11,490 
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more345 452 267 
  Total non-performing loans13,609 15,649 11,757 
Other real estate owned ("OREO")2,080 2,326 4,670 
Total non-performing assets$15,689 $17,975 $16,427 
Non-performing loans (as a percent of loans and OREO)0.43 %0.50 %0.45 %
Past-due loans$7,420 $10,207 $11,396 
Past-due loans (as a percentage of total loans)0.20 %0.28 %0.32 %
N/R = Not reported. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.

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Table Nine
Troubled Debt Restructurings ("TDRs")

The following table sets forth the Company's troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") (in thousands):
As of September 30,December 31,
202020192019
Commercial and industrial$— $83 $— 
  1-4 Family123 N/RN/R
  Hotels2,634 N/RN/R
  Multi-family1,903 N/RN/R
  Non Residential Non-Owner Occupied— N/RN/R
  Non Residential Owner Occupied234 N/RN/R
Commercial real estate4,894 8,100 4,973 
Residential real estate20,398 21,320 21,029 
Home equity2,100 3,034 3,628 
Consumer260 — — 
   Total TDRs$27,652 $32,537 $29,630 
N/R = Not reported. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.

Regulatory guidance requires that loans be accounted for as collateral-dependent loans when borrowers have filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the debt has been discharged by the bankruptcy court and the borrower has not reaffirmed the debt. The filing of bankruptcy is deemed to be evidence that the borrower is in financial difficulty and the discharge of debt by the bankruptcy court is deemed to be a concession granted to the borrower.

The Company's troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs") related to its borrowers who had filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection make up 79% of the Company's total TDRs as of September 30, 2020. The average age of these TDRs was 13.0 years; the average current balance as a percentage of the original balance was 69.3%; and the average loan-to-value ratio was 64.6% as of September 30, 2020. Of the total 419 Chapter 7 related TDRs, 36 had an estimated loss exposure based on the current balance and appraised value at September 30, 2020.

COVID-19 Pandemic

In March of 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, regulatory guidance was issued that clarified the accounting for loan modifications. Modifications of loan terms do not automatically result in a TDR. Short-term modifications made on a good faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief, are not TDRs. This includes short-term (e.g., six months) modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extension of repayment terms, or other delays that are insignificant. Borrowers considered current are those that are less than 30 days past due on their contractual payments at the time the modification program was implemented.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company granted deferrals of approximately $135 million to its mortgage customers. These deferral arrangements ranged from 30 days to 90 days. As of September 30, 2020, approximately $15 million of these loans were still deferring, while approximately $120 million have resumed making their normal loan payment. As of September 30, 2020, approximately $4 million of these deferrals were previously and currently considered TDRs due to Chapter 7 bankruptcies.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company granted deferrals of approximately $455 million to its commercial customers. These deferral arrangements ranged from one month to six months. As of September 30, 2020, approximately $180 million of these loans were still deferring (including $160 million for hotel and lodging related loans), while approximately $275 million have resumed making their normal loan payment.
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Non-Interest Income and Non-Interest Expense

Nine months ended September 30, 2020 vs. 2019
(in millions)
Nine months ended September 30,
20202019$ Change% Change
Net investment securities (losses) gains$(1.6)$— $(1.6)-
Sale of VISA shares17.8 — 17.8 100.0 
Non-interest income, excluding net investment securities gains and sale of VISA shares48.8 50.4 (1.6)(3.2)
Merger related expenses— 0.8 (0.8)(100.0)
Non-interest expense, excluding merger related expenses86.6 87.8 (1.2)(1.4)

Non-Interest Income: Non-interest income was $48.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to $50.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company reported $1.6 million of unrealized fair value losses on the Company's equity securities compared to no unrealized fair value losses on the Company's equity securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Also, during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company sold the entirety of its Visa Inc. Class B common shares (86,605) in a cash transaction which resulted in a pre-tax gain of $17.8 million. Excluding these items, non-interest income decreased from $50.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 to $48.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. This decrease was largely attributable to a decrease of $4.3 million, or 18.6%, in service charges as average deposit balances have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. This decrease was partially offset by increases in the Company's bankcard revenue ($1.1 million) and bank owned life insurance revenues due to death benefit proceeds ($0.7 million).

Non-Interest Expense: During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company incurred an additional $0.8 million of acquisition and integration expenses associated with the acquisitions of Poage Bankshare, Inc. and Farmers Deposit Bankcorp, Inc. Excluding this expense, non interest expenses decreased $1.2 million (1.4%), from $87.8 million in the first nine months of 2019 to $86.6 million in the first nine months of 2020 mainly due to decreases in occupancy related expenses ($0.7 million) and advertising expenses ($0.4 million).

Income Tax Expense: The Company’s effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was 20.3% compared to 21.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.


Non-Interest Income and Non-Interest Expense

Three months ended September 30, 2020 vs. 2019
(in millions)

Three months ended September 30,
20202019$ Change% Change
Net investment securities gains$0.5 $(0.3)$0.8 266.7 %
Non-interest income, excluding net investment securities gains16.5 17.0 (0.5)(2.9)%
Non-interest expense28.7 28.4 0.3 1.1 %

Non-Interest Income: Non-interest income was $17.0 million for the third quarter of 2020, as compared to $16.7 million for the third quarter of 2019. During the third quarter of 2020, the Company reported $0.5 million of unrealized fair value gains on the Company's equity securities compared to $0.3 million of unrealized fair value losses on the Company's equity securities in the third quarter of 2019. Exclusive of these gains, non-interest income decreased from $17.0 million for the third quarter of 2019 to $16.5 million for the third quarter of 2020. This decrease was largely attributable to a decrease of $1.9 million, or 23.1%, in service charges as average deposit balances have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. This decrease was partially offset by increases in our bankcard revenues ($0.6 million), other income due to fees from loan interest rate swap originations ($0.5 million), and bank owned life insurance revenues due to death benefit proceeds ($0.3 million).

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Non-Interest Expense: Non-interest expenses increased $0.3 million (1.1%), from $28.4 million in the third quarter of 2019 to $28.7 million in the third quarter of 2020. This increase was primarily due to an increase in equipment and software related expenses of $0.4 million, FDIC insurance expense of $0.4 million, and other expenses of $0.2 million. These increases were partially offset by decreases in advertising expenses ($0.4 million) and occupancy related expenses ($0.3 million).

Income Tax Expense: The Company's effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was 20.2% compared to 21.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Risk Management

Market risk is the risk of loss due to adverse changes in current and future cash flows, fair values, earnings or capital due to adverse movements in interest rates and other factors, including foreign exchange rates, underlying credit risk and commodity prices. Because the Company has no significant foreign exchange activities and holds no commodities, interest rate risk represents the primary risk factor affecting the Company’s balance sheet and net interest margin. Significant changes in interest rates by the Federal Reserve could result in similar changes in LIBOR interest rates, prime rates, and other benchmark interest rates that could affect the estimated fair value of the Company’s investment securities portfolio, interest paid on the Company’s short-term and long-term borrowings, interest earned on the Company’s loan portfolio and interest paid on its deposit accounts.

The Company’s Asset and Liability Committee (“ALCO”) has been delegated the responsibility of managing the Company’s interest-sensitive balance sheet accounts to maximize earnings while managing interest rate risk. ALCO, comprised of various members of executive and senior management, is also responsible for establishing policies to monitor and limit the Company’s exposure to interest rate risk and to manage the Company’s liquidity position. ALCO satisfies its responsibilities through quarterly meetings during which product pricing issues, liquidity measures, and interest sensitivity positions are monitored.

In order to measure and manage its interest rate risk, the Company uses an asset/liability management and simulation software model to periodically update the interest sensitivity position of the Company’s balance sheet. The model is also used to perform analyses that measure the impact on net interest income and capital as a result of various changes in the interest rate environment. Such analyses quantify the effects of various interest rate scenarios on projected net interest income.

The Company’s policy objective is to avoid negative fluctuations in net income or the economic value of equity of more than 15% within a 12-month period, assuming an immediate parallel increase of 300 points or decrease of 200 basis points. The Company measures the long-term risk associated with sustained increases and decreases in rates through analysis of the impact to changes in rates on the economic value of equity.

The following table summarizes the sensitivity of the Company’s net income to various interest rate scenarios. The results of the sensitivity analyses presented below differ from the results used internally by ALCO in that, in the analyses below, interest rates are assumed to have an immediate and sustained parallel shock. The Company recognizes that rates are volatile, but rarely move with immediate and parallel effects. Internally, the Company considers a variety of interest rate scenarios that are deemed possible while considering the level of risk it is willing to assume in “worst-case” scenarios such as shown by the following:
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Immediate Basis Point Change in Interest RatesImplied Federal Funds Rate Associated with Change in Interest RatesEstimated Increase (Decrease) in Net Income Over 12 Months
September 30, 2020  
+400 4.25 %+18.7 %
+300 3.25 +19.1 
+200 2.25 +16.6 
+1001.25 +10.5 
December 31, 2019  
+300 4.75 %+3.8%
+200 3.75 +4.8 
+100 2.75 +3.7 
-50 1.25 -3.9 
-100 0.75 -10 
These estimates are highly dependent upon assumptions made by management, including, but not limited to, assumptions regarding the manner in which interest-bearing demand deposit and savings deposit accounts reprice in different interest rate scenarios, changes in the composition of deposit balances, pricing behavior of competitors, prepayments of loans and deposits under alternative rate environments, and new business volumes and pricing. As a result, there can be no assurance that the estimates above will be achieved in the event that interest rates increase or decrease during the remainder of 2020 and beyond.  The estimates above do not necessarily imply that the Company will experience increases in net income if market interest rates rise.  The table above indicates how the Company’s net income behaves relative to an increase or decrease in rates compared to what would otherwise occur if rates remain stable.

Based upon the estimates above, the Company believes that its net income is positively correlated with increasing rates as compared to the level of net income the Company would expect if interest rates remain flat.

Liquidity

The Company evaluates the adequacy of liquidity at both the City Holding level and at the City National level. At the City Holding level, the principal source of cash is dividends from City National. Dividends paid by City National to City Holding are subject to certain legal and regulatory limitations. Generally, any dividends in amounts that exceed the earnings retained by City National in the current year plus retained net profits for the preceding two years must be approved by regulatory authorities. At September 30, 2020, City National could pay dividends up to $81.5 million plus net profits for the remainder of 2020, as defined by statute, up to the dividend declaration date without prior regulatory permission.

Additionally, City Holding anticipates continuing the payment of dividends on its common stock, which are expected to approximate $36.1 million on an annualized basis over the next 12 months based on common shares outstanding at September 30, 2020.  However, dividends to shareholders can, if necessary, be suspended. In addition to these anticipated cash needs, City Holding has operating expenses and other contractual obligations, which are estimated to require $1.4 million of additional cash over the next 12 months. As of September 30, 2020, City Holding reported a cash balance of $3.9 million and management believes that City Holding’s available cash balance, together with cash dividends from City National, will be adequate to satisfy its funding and cash needs over the next 12 months.

City National manages its liquidity position in an effort to effectively and economically satisfy the funding needs of its customers and to accommodate the scheduled repayment of borrowings. Funds are available to City National from a number of sources, including depository relationships, sales and maturities within the investment securities portfolio, and borrowings from the FHLB and other financial institutions. As of September 30, 2020, City National’s assets are significantly funded by deposits and capital. Additionally, City National maintains borrowing facilities with the FHLB and other financial institutions that are accessed as necessary to fund operations and to provide contingency funding mechanisms. As of September 30, 2020, City National has the capacity to borrow $2.1 billion from the FHLB and other financial institutions under existing borrowing facilities. City National maintains a contingency funding plan, incorporating these borrowing facilities, to address liquidity needs in the event of an institution-specific or systemic financial industry crisis. Also, although it has no current intention to do so, City National could liquidate its unpledged securities, if necessary, to provide an additional funding source.  City National
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also segregates certain mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities, and other investment securities in a separate subsidiary so that it can separately monitor the asset quality of these primarily mortgage-related assets, which could be used to raise cash through securitization transactions or obtain additional equity or debt financing if necessary.

The Company manages its asset and liability mix to balance its desire to maximize net interest income against its desire to minimize risks associated with capitalization, interest rate volatility, and liquidity. With respect to liquidity, the Company has chosen a conservative posture and believes that its liquidity position is strong. The Company’s net loan to asset ratio is 66.0% as of September 30, 2020 and deposit balances fund 80.2% of total assets. The Company has obligations to extend credit, but these obligations are primarily associated with existing home equity loans that have predictable borrowing patterns across the portfolio. The Company has investment security balances with carrying values that totaled $1.18 billion at September 30, 2020, and that exceeded the Company’s non-deposit sources of borrowing, which totaled $279.9 million.  Further, the Company’s deposit mix has a high proportion of transaction and savings accounts that fund 56.6% of the Company’s total assets.

As illustrated in the consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company generated $80.2 million of cash from operating activities during the first nine months of 2020, primarily from interest income received on loans and investments, net of interest expense paid on deposits and borrowings.  The Company used $317.1 million of cash in investing activities during the first nine months of 2020, primarily due to purchases of securities available-for-sale of $393.9 million, a net increase in loans of $45.3 million, purchases of premises and equipment of $4.4 million, and purchases of other investments of $2.2 million. These decreases were partially offset by proceeds from sales and maturities of securities available-for-sale of $124.6 million, proceeds from sales of other investments of $2.4 million, and proceeds from bank-owned life insurance policies of $1.9 million. The Company generated $349.5 million of cash in financing activities during the first nine months of 2020, principally as a result of an increase in non-interest-bearing deposits of $256.2 million, short-term borrowings of $88.4 million, and interest-bearing deposits of $68.6 million. These increases were partially offset by purchases of treasury stock of $31.6 million, dividends paid to the Company's common stockholders of $27.7 million, and repayment of long-term debt of $4.1 million.

Capital Resources

Shareholders' equity increased $33.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 due to net income of $67.4 million, other comprehensive income of $24.7 million, and stock based related compensation expense of $2.5 million. These increases were partially offset by the repurchase of 491,998 common shares at a weighted average price of $64.23 per share ($31.6 million) as part of a one million share repurchase plan authorized by the Board of Directors in February 2019, cash dividends declared of $27.4 million, and the adoption of ASU 2016-13 ($2.3 million).

As of January 1, 2019, the Basel III Capital Rules require City Holding and City National to maintain minimum CET 1, Tier 1 and Total Capital ratios, along with a capital conservation buffer, effectively resulting in new minimum capital ratios (which are shown in the table below). The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer (or below the combined capital conservation buffer and countercyclical capital buffer, when the latter is applied) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall. The Basel III Capital Rules also provide for a “countercyclical capital buffer” that is applicable to only certain covered institutions and does not have any current applicability to City Holding Company or City National Bank.


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The Company’s regulatory capital ratios for both City Holding and City National are illustrated in the following tables
(in thousands):
September 30, 2020ActualMinimum Required - Basel IIIRequired to be Considered Well Capitalized
Capital AmountRatioCapital AmountRatioCapital AmountRatio
 
CET I Capital
     City Holding Company$548,269 15.9 %$240,984 7.0 %$233,771 6.5 %
     City National Bank494,474 14.5 %239,336 7.0 %222,241 6.5 %
Tier I Capital
     City Holding Company548,269 15.9 %292,624 8.5 %275,410 8.0 %
     City National Bank494,474 14.5 %290,623 8.5 %273,527 8.0 %
Total Capital
     City Holding Company568,153 16.5 %361,476 10.5 %344,263 10.0 %
     City National Bank514,359 15.0 %359,005 10.5 %341,909 10.0 %
Tier I Leverage Ratio
     City Holding Company548,269 10.2 %215,174 4.0 %268,967 5.0 %
     City National Bank494,474 9.3 %212,268 4.0 %265,335 5.0 %

December 31, 2019ActualMinimum Required - Basel IIIRequired to be Considered Well Capitalized
Capital AmountRatioCapital AmountRatioCapital AmountRatio
 
CET I Capital
     City Holding Company$532,640 16.0 %$232,358 7.0 %$215,761 6.5 %
     City National Bank459,006 13.9 %230,808 7.0 %214,322 6.5 %
Tier I Capital
     City Holding Company536,640 16.2 %282,150 8.5 %265,552 8.0 %
     City National Bank459,006 13.9 %280,267 8.5 %263,781 8.0 %
Total Capital
     City Holding Company548,291 16.5 %348,538 10.5 %331,941 10.0 %
     City National Bank470,656 14.3 %346,213 10.5 %329,726 10.0 %
Tier I Leverage Ratio
     City Holding Company536,640 11.0 %195,558 4.0 %244,448 5.0 %
     City National Bank459,006 9.5 %193,074 4.0 %241,342 5.0 %

As of September 30, 2020, management believes that City Holding Company and its banking subsidiary, City National, were “well capitalized.”  City Holding is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve, while City National is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).  Regulatory agencies can initiate certain mandatory actions if either City Holding or City National fails to meet the minimum capital requirements, as shown above.  As of September 30, 2020, management believes that City Holding and City National have met all capital adequacy requirements.

In November 2019, the federal banking regulators published final rules implementing a simplified measure of capital adequacy for certain banking organizations that have less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets. Under the final rules, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, depository institutions and depository institution holding companies that have less
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than $10 billion in total consolidated assets and meet other qualifying criteria, including a leverage ratio of greater than 9%, off–balance–sheet exposures of 25% or less of total consolidated assets and trading assets plus trading liabilities of 5% or less of total consolidated assets, are deemed “qualifying community banking organizations” and are eligible to opt into the “community bank leverage ratio framework.” A qualifying community banking organization that elects to use the community bank leverage ratio framework and that maintains a leverage ratio of greater than 9% is considered to have satisfied the generally applicable risk–based and leverage capital requirements under the Basel III Rules and, if applicable, is considered to have met the “well capitalized” ratio requirements for purposes of its primary federal regulator’s prompt corrective action rules, discussed below. The final rules include a two–quarter grace period during which a qualifying community banking organization that temporarily fails to meet any of the qualifying criteria, including the greater–than–9% leverage capital ratio requirement, is generally still deemed “well capitalized” so long as the banking organization maintains a leverage capital ratio greater than 8%. A banking organization that fails to maintain a leverage capital ratio greater than 8% is not permitted to use the grace period and must comply with the generally applicable requirements under the Basel III Rules and file the appropriate regulatory reports. The Company and its subsidiary bank do not have any immediate plans to elect to use the community bank leverage ratio framework but may make such an election in the future.

Item 3 - Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information called for by this item is provided under the caption “Risk Management” under Item 2 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
 
Item 4 - Controls and Procedures

Pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company carried out an evaluation, with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to the Company required to be included in the Company’s periodic SEC filings.  There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Part II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.Legal Proceedings

The Company is engaged in various legal actions that it deems to be in the ordinary course of business. As these legal actions are resolved, the Company could realize positive and/or negative impact to its financial performance in the period in which these legal actions are ultimately resolved. There can be no assurance that current actions will have immaterial results, either positive or negative, or that no material actions may be presented in the future.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Other than the additional risk factor below, there have been no material changes to the factors disclosed in Item 1A. Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted our business and financial results. The ultimate impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic is creating extensive disruptions to the global economy and to the lives of individuals throughout the world. Governments, businesses, and the public are taking unprecedented actions to contain the spread of COVID-19 and to mitigate its effects, including quarantines, travel bans, stay-at-home orders, closures of businesses and schools, fiscal stimulus, and legislation designed to deliver monetary aid and other relief. While the scope, duration, and full effects of COVID-19 are rapidly evolving and not fully known, the pandemic and related efforts to contain it have disrupted global economic activity, adversely affected the functioning of financial markets, impacted interest rates, increased economic and market uncertainty, and disrupted trade and supply chains. If these effects continue for a prolonged period or result in sustained economic stress or recession, many of the risk factors identified in our Form 10-K could be exacerbated and such effects could have a material adverse impact on us in a number of ways related to credit, collateral, customer demand, funding, operations, interest rate risk, human capital and self-insurance.
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Any resulting financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time but may materially affect the business and the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Company is currently evaluating and quantifying the impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s ability to pursue available remedies in the event of a loan default for loans under the Paycheck Protection Program, ("PPP"), and the risk of holding the PPP loans at unfavorable interest rates and on terms that are less favorable than those with customers to whom the Company would have otherwise lent.

The CARES Act was enacted on March 27, 2020. Among many other components, the CARES Act provides for payment forbearance on mortgages or loans to borrowers experiencing a hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company has offered deferral and forbearance plans and made PPP loans with a maturity of two years to small businesses consistent with the CARES Act that are fully guaranteed by the SBA. The PPP loans will be fully forgiven if the funds are used by the borrowers for payroll costs, mortgage interests, rent and utilities and loan payments will also be deferred until the SBA has determined whether the loan is eligible to be partially or fully forgivable. In addition, no collateral or personal guarantees are required for PPP loans. These PPP loans are typically larger in amount than loans to individuals and, therefore, have the potential for larger losses on a single loan basis. The borrowers may not be able to repay the loans if the SBA determines that they are only partially or not forgivable at all. The borrowers, despite having a PPP loan, may not be able to maintain the level of employees and salary levels required for forgiveness due to the current economic conditions and thereby create the risk that the PPP loan will not be forgiven in full. Also, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may not recover when the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, and the federal government may not timely pay the amounts that it would owe the Company pursuant to the terms of the loans, the guarantees and the PPP. Further, the Company may lend to borrowers under the PPP with creditworthiness or credit supports that are less than normal practice and may be subject to the risk of PPP fraud cases. Additionally, every PPP borrower is in a challenging financial position that may negatively impact its ability to repay if the loans are not subject to forgiveness. If the Company’s borrowers under the PPP loan fail to qualify for loan forgiveness or are unable to repay their loans, the Company is at heightened risk of holding these loans that are at unfavorable interest rates and underwriting standards as compared to the loans to customers to whom the Company would have otherwise lent. As a result, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

On February 27, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the Company to buy back up to 1,000,000 of its common shares (the "Program") in open market transactions, in block trades or otherwise at prices that are accretive to the earnings per share of continuing shareholders. The Program, which has no time limit on the duration, permits management to commence or suspend purchases at any time or from time-to-time based upon market and business conditions and without prior notice. The following table sets forth information regarding the Company's common stock repurchases transacted during the quarter ended September 30, 2020:

Total NumberMaximum Number
of Shares Purchasedof Shares that May
as Part of PubliclyYet Be Purchased
Total Number ofAverage PriceAnnounced PlansUnder the Plans
PeriodShares PurchasedPaid per Shareor Programsor Programs
July 1 - July 31, 202048,053$62.49 569,864430,136
August 1 - August 31, 202017,87764.50587,741412,259
September 1 - September 30, 2020164,93158.08752,672247,328

Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

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Item 5.Other Information

None.

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Item 6.Exhibits

The exhibits required to be filed or furnished with this Form 10-Q are attached hereto or incorporated herein by reference as shown in the following "Exhibit Index."

Exhibit Index

The following exhibits are filed herewith or are incorporated herein by reference.

Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated November 14, 2011, by and among Virginia Savings Bancorp, Inc., Virginia Savings Bank, F.S.B., City Holding Company and City National Bank of West Virginia (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 8-K dated November 14, 2011, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 14, 2011).
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 2, 2012, by and among Community Financial Corporation, Community Bank, City Holding Company and City National Bank of West Virginia (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 8-K dated August 7, 2012, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 7, 2012).
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated July 11, 2018, by and among Poage Bankshares, Inc., Town Square Bank, City Holding Company and City National Bank of West Virginia (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 8-K dated July 11, 2018, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 12, 2018).
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated July 11, 2018, by and among Farmers Deposit Bancorp, Inc., Farmers Deposit Bank, City Holding Company and City National Bank of West Virginia (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 8-K dated July 11, 2018, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 12, 2018).
3(a)
Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, Amendment No. 1 to City Holding Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-4, Registration No. 2-86250, filed November 4, 1983 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
3(b)
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated March 6, 1984 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 8-K Report dated March 7, 1984, and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 22, 1984).
3(c)
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated March 4, 1986 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1986, filed March 31, 1987 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
3(d)
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated September 29, 1987 (attached to and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Registration Statement on Form S-4, Registration No. 33-23295, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 3, 1988).
3(e)
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated May 6, 1991 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1991, filed March 17, 1992 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
3(f)
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated May 7, 1991 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1991, filed March 17, 1992 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
3(g)
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated August 1, 1994 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-Q Quarterly Report for the quarter ended September 30, 1994, filed November 14, 1994 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
3(h)
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated December 9, 1998 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 10-K Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 1998, filed March 31, 1999 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated June 13, 2001 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A, filed June 22, 2001 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
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Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated May 10, 2006 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, filed August 9, 2006 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of City Holding Company, dated April 19, 2017 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 10-Q Quarterly Report for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, filed May 5, 2017 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
Amended and Restated Bylaws of City Holding Company, revised February 24, 2010 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 1, 2010 with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
Rights Agreement dated as of June 13, 2001 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company's Form 8–A, filed June 22, 2001, with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
Amendment No. 1 to the Rights Agreement dated as of November 30, 2005 (attached to, and incorporated by reference from, City Holding Company’s Amendment No. 1 on Form 8-A, filed December 21, 2005, with the Securities and Exchange Commission).
 Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Charles R. Hageboeck
 Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for David L. Bumgarner
 Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for Charles R. Hageboeck
 Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for David L. Bumgarner
 101Interactive Data File - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
 101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema*
 101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase*
 101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase*
 101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase*
 101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase*
104Cover Page Interative Data file (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
*

Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, these interactive data files are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 or Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and otherwise are not subject to liability.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

City Holding Company 
(Registrant)
 
/s/ Charles R. Hageboeck 
Charles R. Hageboeck
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
 
/s/ David L. Bumgarner 
David L. Bumgarner
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

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Date: November 5, 2020
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