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Published: 2023-05-09 00:00:00 ET
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
_________________________________
FORM 10-Q
_________________________________
(Mark One)
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from          to            
Commission File Number: 001-38347
__________________________________________________________________
Nine Energy Service, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
__________________________________________________________________
Delaware80-0759121
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
2001 Kirby Drive, Suite 200
Houston, TX 77019
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(281) 730-5100
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per shareNINENew York Stock Exchange
      
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☐ Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☒ Smaller reporting company☒
   Emerging growth company☒
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐  No  x
The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding at May 5, 2023 was 34,716,769.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
  
   
   
   
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   



CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. All statements other than statements of historical fact, including those regarding our strategy, future operations, financial position, our ability to continue as a going concern, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects, plans, and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the words “could,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “may,” “continue,” “predict,” “potential,” “project,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words.
All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q; we disclaim any obligation to update these statements unless required by law, and we caution you not to place undue reliance on them. Although we believe that our plans, intentions, and expectations reflected in or suggested by the forward-looking statements we make in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are reasonable, we can give no assurance that these plans, intentions, or expectations will be achieved.
We disclose important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our expectations under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. These factors, some of which are beyond our control, include the following:
•Our business is cyclical and depends on capital spending and well completions by the onshore oil and natural gas industry, and the level of such activity is volatile and strongly influenced by current and expected oil and natural gas prices. If the prices of oil and natural gas decline, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. Significant factors that are likely to affect near-term commodity prices include actions by the members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (“OPEC”) and other oil exporting nations; U.S. energy, monetary, and trade policies; the pace of economic growth in the U.S. and throughout the world; and geopolitical and economic developments in the U.S. and globally, including conflicts, instability, acts of war, and terrorism.
•Inflation may adversely affect our financial position and operating results; in particular, cost inflation with labor or materials could offset any price increases for our products and services.
•If we are unable to attract and retain key employees, technical personnel, and other skilled and qualified workers, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could suffer.
•We may be unable to maintain existing prices or implement price increases on our products and services, and intense competition in the markets for our dissolvable plug products may lead to pricing pressures, reduced sales, or reduced market share.
•Our substantial debt obligations could have significant adverse consequences on our business and future prospects, and restrictions in our debt agreements could limit our growth and our ability to engage in certain activities.
•Our current and potential competitors may have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial or technical resources, and greater name recognition than we do.
•Our operations are subject to conditions inherent in the oilfield services industry, such as equipment defects, liabilities arising from accidents or damage involving our fleet of trucks or other equipment, explosions and uncontrollable flows of gas or well fluids, and loss of well control.
•If we are unable to accurately predict customer demand, including that of our international customers, or if customers cancel their orders on short notice, we may hold excess or obsolete inventory, which would reduce gross margins. Conversely, insufficient inventory would result in lost revenue opportunities and potentially loss of market share and damaged customer relationships.
•We are dependent on customers in a single industry. The loss of one or more significant customers, including certain of our customers outside of the U.S., could adversely affect our financial condition, prospects, and results of operations. Sales to customers outside of the U.S. also exposes us to risks inherent in doing business internationally, including political, social, and economic instability and disruptions, export controls, economic sanctions, embargoes or trade restrictions, and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
•We may be subject to claims for personal injury and property damage or other litigation, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, prospects, and results of operations.


•We are subject to federal, state, and local laws and regulations regarding issues of health, safety, and protection of the environment. Under these laws and regulations, we may become liable for penalties, damages, or costs of remediation or other corrective measures. Any changes in laws or government regulations could increase our costs of doing business.
•Our success may be affected by the use and protection of our proprietary technology as well as our ability to enter into license agreements. There are limitations to our intellectual property rights and, thus, our right to exclude others from the use of our proprietary technology.
•Our success may be affected by our ability to implement new technologies and services.
•Significant ownership of our common stock by certain stockholders could adversely affect our other stockholders.
•Our future financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted by asset impairment charges.
•Increased attention to climate change and conservation measures may reduce oil and natural gas demand, and we face various risks associated with increased activism and related litigation against oil and natural gas exploration and development activities.
•Seasonal and adverse weather conditions adversely affect demand for our products and services.
Additional risks or uncertainties that are not currently known to us, that we currently deem to be immaterial, or that could apply to any company could also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, or future results.
These cautionary statements qualify all forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf.


PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
 March 31,
2023		December 31,
2022
Assets  
Current assets  
Cash and cash equivalents$21,374 $17,445 
Accounts receivable, net98,498 105,277 
Income taxes receivable— 741 
Inventories, net67,030 62,045 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets9,293 11,217 
Total current assets196,195 196,725 
Property and equipment, net87,650 89,717 
Operating lease right of use assets, net39,520 36,336 
Finance lease right of use assets, net157 547 
Intangible assets, net99,049 101,945 
Other long-term assets4,123 1,564 
Total assets$426,694 $426,834 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Current liabilities
Accounts payable$37,489 $42,211 
Accrued expenses25,268 28,391 
Income taxes payable124 — 
Current portion of long-term debt1,305 2,267 
Current portion of operating lease obligations8,702 7,956 
Current portion of finance lease obligations82 178 
Total current liabilities72,970 81,003 
Long-term liabilities
Long-term debt331,533 338,031 
Long-term operating lease obligations31,672 29,370 
Other long-term liabilities1,860 1,937 
Total liabilities438,035 450,341 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)
Stockholders’ equity (deficit)
Common stock (120,000,000 shares authorized at $0.01 par value; 34,720,752 and 33,221,266 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)
347 332 
Additional paid-in capital793,434 775,006 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(4,996)(4,828)
Accumulated deficit(800,126)(794,017)
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)(11,341)(23,507)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)$426,694 $426,834 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
1

NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Revenues
Service$125,620 $88,222 
Product37,788 28,713 
163,408 116,935 
Cost and expenses
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)
Service98,167 72,735 
Product28,951 21,583 
General and administrative expenses19,714 11,836 
Depreciation7,420 6,504 
Amortization of intangibles2,896 3,904 
(Gain) loss on revaluation of contingent liability(292)5 
Gain on sale of property and equipment(330)(714)
Income from operations6,882 1,082 
Interest expense12,454 8,077 
Interest income(185)(12)
Other income(162)(196)
Loss before income taxes(5,225)(6,787)
Provision for income taxes884 112 
Net loss$(6,109)$(6,899)
Loss per share
Basic$(0.19)$(0.23)
Diluted$(0.19)$(0.23)
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic32,304,361 30,491,976 
Diluted32,304,361 30,491,976 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of $0 tax in each period
$(168)$8 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(168)8 
Total comprehensive loss$(6,277)$(6,891)
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
2

NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(In thousands, except share amounts)
(Unaudited)
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in Capital		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Retained
Earnings
(Accumulated Deficit)		Total
Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
SharesAmounts
Balance, December 31, 202233,221,266 $332 $775,006 $(4,828)$(794,017)$(23,507)
Issuance of common stock associated with the 2028 Units offering1,500,000 15 17,939 — — 17,954 
Issuance of common stock under stock compensation plan, net of forfeitures(514)— — — — — 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 489 — — 489 
Other comprehensive loss—— — (168)— (168)
Net loss—— — — (6,109)(6,109)
Balance, March 31, 202334,720,752 $347 $793,434 $(4,996)$(800,126)$(11,341)

Common StockAdditional
Paid-in Capital		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)		Retained
Earnings
(Accumulated Deficit)		Total
Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
SharesAmounts
Balance, December 31, 202132,826,325 $328 $773,350 $(4,535)$(808,410)$(39,267)
Issuance of common stock under stock compensation plan, net of forfeitures(1,317)— — — — — 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 927 — — 927 
Vesting of restricted stock and stock units(3,895)— (135)— — (135)
Other comprehensive income—— — 8 — 8 
Net loss—— — — (6,899)(6,899)
Balance, March 31, 202232,821,113 $328 $774,142 $(4,527)$(815,309)$(45,366)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Cash flows from operating activities  
Net loss$(6,109)$(6,899)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Depreciation7,420 6,504 
Amortization of intangibles2,896 3,904 
Amortization of operating leases2,596 1,991 
Amortization of deferred financing costs2,408 643 
Provision for (recovery of) doubtful accounts175 (172)
Provision for inventory obsolescence319 1,077 
Stock-based compensation expense489 927 
Gain on sale of property and equipment(330)(714)
(Gain) loss on revaluation of contingent liability(292)5 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable, net6,589 (15,541)
Inventories, net(5,421)(4,838)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets1,222 (2,528)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses(6,357)10,951 
Income taxes receivable/payable867 285 
Other assets and liabilities(2,507)(2,054)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities3,965 (6,459)
Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from sales of property and equipment219 2,041 
Proceeds from property and equipment casualty losses840 175 
Purchases of property and equipment(6,343)(876)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(5,284)1,340 
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from ABL Credit Facility40,000 5,000 
Proceeds from Units offering, net of discount279,750 — 
Redemption of 2023 Notes(307,339)— 
Payments of short-term debt(962)(363)
Cost of debt issuance(5,915)— 
Payments on Magnum Promissory Notes— (562)
Payments on finance leases(124)(329)
Payments of contingent liability(66)(44)
Vesting of restricted stock and stock units— (135)
Net cash provided by financing activities5,344 3,567 
Impact of foreign currency exchange on cash(96)(16)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents3,929 (1,568)
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents beginning of period17,445 21,509 
Cash and cash equivalents end of period$21,374 $19,941 
4

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest$7,502 $381 
Cash paid (refunded) for income taxes$19 $(173)
Cash paid for operating leases$2,555 $1,991 
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations$5,320 $347 
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease obligations$28 $183 
Capital expenditures in accounts payable and accrued expenses$2,073 $1,436 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

NINE ENERGY SERVICE, INC.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
1. Company and Organization
Background
Nine Energy Service, Inc. (the “Company” or “Nine”), a Delaware corporation, is an oilfield services business that provides services integral to the completion of unconventional wells through a full range of tools and methodologies. The Company is headquartered in Houston, Texas.
The Company’s chief operating decision maker, which is its Chief Executive Officer, and its board of directors allocate resources and assess performance based on financial information presented at a consolidated level. Accordingly, the Company determined that it operates as one reportable segment, known as Completion Solutions.
Risks and Uncertainties
The Company’s business depends, to a significant extent, on the level of unconventional resource development activity and corresponding capital spending of oil and natural gas companies. These activity and spending levels are strongly influenced by current and expected oil and natural gas prices. Following an extreme decline in activity levels and pricing in 2020, the Company has been focused on strategically implementing price increases and gaining market share. In 2022, oil and natural gas prices improved, and activity levels increased, compared to 2021, resulting in higher demand for the Company’s products and services, and the Company implemented price increases in most service lines. In the first quarter of 2023, commodity prices were down, especially natural gas prices, resulting in a decline in U.S. exploration and production activity compared to the fourth quarter of 2022. Going forward, the Company’s earnings will be affected by its customers’ activity plans (which are strongly influenced by commodity prices), the Company’s ability to implement further price increases, the impact of wage and labor inflation, and labor shortage and supply chain constraints. Additionally, activity levels could be affected as oilfield service providers continue to raise prices and customers are impacted by cost inflation to drill, complete, and produce oil and natural gas wells.
2. Basis of Presentation
Condensed Consolidated Financial Information
In the opinion of the Company, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of its financial position as of March 31, 2023, and its results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), in a manner consistent with the accounting policies described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, unless otherwise disclosed herein, and should be read in conjunction therewith. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.
Principles of Consolidation
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Nine and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future. Such estimates include fair value assumptions used in analyzing long-lived assets for possible impairment, useful lives used in depreciation and amortization expense, recognition of provisions for contingencies, and stock-based compensation fair value. It is at least reasonably possible that the estimates used will change within the next year.
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3. New Accounting Standards
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 requires a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 replace the current incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information. ASU 2016-13 was effective for SEC filers, excluding smaller reporting companies, for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As an emerging growth company, the Company was permitted to adopt the new standard for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 in the first quarter of 2023, and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.
4. Revenues
Disaggregation of Revenues
Disaggregated revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
(in thousands)
Cement$62,462 $45,238 
Tools37,788 28,713 
Coiled tubing33,528 21,581 
Wireline29,630 21,403 
Total revenues$163,408 $116,935 
The Company recognizes revenues from the sales of products at a point in time and revenues from the sales of services over time.
Performance Obligations
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of remaining performance obligations was not material.
Contract Balances
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amount of contract assets and contract liabilities was not material.
5. Inventories
Inventories, consisting primarily of finished goods and raw materials, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined on an average cost basis. The Company reviews its inventory balances and writes down its inventory for estimated obsolescence or excess inventory equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. The reserve for obsolescence was $6.8 million and $6.7 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Inventories, net as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were comprised of the following: 
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 (in thousands)
Raw materials$37,821 $39,249 
Work in progress117 161 
Finished goods35,910 29,345 
Inventories73,848 68,755 
Reserve for obsolescence(6,818)(6,710)
Inventories, net$67,030 $62,045 
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6. Intangible Assets
The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of intangible assets as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:
March 31, 2023
Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying AmountWeighted Average Amortization Period
(in thousands, except weighted average amortization period information)
Customer relationships$63,270 $(50,539)$12,731 4.6
Non-compete agreements6,500 (6,266)234 0.6
Technology125,110 (39,026)86,084 10.5
Total$194,880 $(95,831)$99,049 
December 31, 2022
Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying AmountWeighted Average Amortization Period
(in thousands, except weighted average amortization period information)
Customer relationships$63,270 $(49,845)$13,425 4.8
Non-compete agreements6,500 (6,166)334 0.8
Technology125,110 (36,924)88,186 10.7
Total$194,880 $(92,935)$101,945 
Amortization of intangibles expense was $2.9 million and $3.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Future estimated amortization of intangibles (in thousands) is as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
Remainder of 2023$8,620 
202411,183 
202511,183 
202611,082 
202710,315 
20288,000 
Thereafter38,666 
Total$99,049 
7. Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Accrued interest$7,527 $5,012 
Accrued compensation and benefits7,907 10,283 
Accrued bonus2,338 3,979 
Accrued legal fees and settlements130 145 
Other accrued expenses7,366 8,972 
Accrued expenses$25,268 $28,391 
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8. Debt Obligations
The Company’s debt obligations as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows: 
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 (in thousands)
2028 Notes$300,000 $— 
2023 Notes— 307,339 
ABL Credit Facility72,000 32,000 
Other short-term debt (1)
1,305 2,267 
Total debt before deferred financing costs$373,305 $341,606 
Deferred financing costs(40,467)(1,308)
Total debt$332,838 $340,298 
Less: Current portion of long-term debt(1,305)(2,267)
Long-term debt$331,533 $338,031 
(1)The weighted average interest rate of short-term debt at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was 6.0%.
Units Offering and 2028 Notes
Units
On January 30, 2023, the Company completed its public offering of 300,000 units with an aggregate stated amount of $300.0 million (the “Units”). Each Unit consists of $1,000 principal amount of the Company’s 13.000% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (collectively, the “2028 Notes”) and five shares of common stock (the “Common Stock”) of the Company. The Company received proceeds of $279.8 million from the Units offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commission, which was used to fund a portion of the redemption price of the 2023 Notes (as defined and described below). These proceeds were allocated to the 2028 Notes and the Common Stock based on their relative fair value at the time of issuance.
Each Unit will be separated into its constituent securities (the 2028 Notes and shares of the Company’s common stock) automatically on October 27, 2023, or, if earlier, on the date, if any, on which a change of control or event of default (each as defined in the indenture governing the 2028 Notes) occurs. A holder of Units may elect to separate its Units into its constituent securities, in whole but not in part, on or after March 31, 2023. Prior to such date, the Units could not be separated at the option of the holder. Once a Unit has been separated into its constituent securities at the option of a holder, it cannot be recreated.
Prior to separating the Units into its constituent securities, a holder thereof will not be able to participate in any redemption or repurchase of the 2028 Notes, and holders of the 2028 Notes must have separated their Units prior to the date of any redemption of any offer to repurchase commencement date in order to participate in such redemption or repurchase.
Holders of Units are entitled to the rights of a holder of the Company’s common stock, including, without limitation, the right to vote and consent to or receive notice as a stockholder.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded approximately $41.4 million of deferred financing costs in connection with the Units offering. These costs are direct deductions from the carrying amount of the 2028 Notes and are being amortized through interest expense through the maturity date of the 2028 Notes using the effective interest method. The unamortized portion of these deferred financing costs was $40.5 million at March 31, 2023.
2028 Notes
On January 30, 2023, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an indenture, dated as of January 30, 2023 (the “2028 Notes Indenture”), with U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as the trustee and as notes collateral agent, pursuant to which the 2028 Notes, which form a part of the Units, were issued. The 2028 Notes will mature on February 1, 2028 and bear interest at an annual rate of 13.000% payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on each of February 1 and August 1, commencing August 1, 2023. The 2028 Notes are senior secured obligations of the Company and are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by each of the Company’s current domestic subsidiaries and by certain future subsidiaries, subject to agreed guaranty and security principles and certain exclusions.
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Prior to February 1, 2026, the Company may, on any one or more occasions, redeem all or a part of the 2028 Notes at a redemption price equal to 100.0% of the principal amount of the 2028 Notes redeemed, plus a “make-whole” premium, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption. In addition, prior to February 1, 2026, the Company may, from time to time, redeem up to 35.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes with an amount of cash not greater than the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 113.0% of the principal amount of the 2028 Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption, provided that at least 65.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes issued under the 2028 Notes Indenture remains outstanding immediately after such redemption and the redemption occurs within 180 days of the closing date of such equity offering. Also, prior to February 1, 2026, the Company may redeem during each 12-month period beginning on January 30, 2023, up to 10% of the principal amount of the 2028 Notes on a redemption price equal to 103.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of redemption.
On and after February 1, 2026, the Company may redeem the 2028 Notes, in whole or in part, at the redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount of the 2028 Notes to be redeemed) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding the date of redemption, if redeemed during the periods indicated:
Redemption Price
February 1, 2026 to January 31, 2027106.500 %
February 1, 2027 to October 31, 2027103.250 %
November 1, 2027 and thereafter100.000 %
On each May 15 and November 14, commencing November 14, 2023 (each, an “Excess Cash Flow Offer Date”), the Company is required to make an offer (an “Excess Cash Flow Offer”) to all holders of the 2028 Notes and, if required by the terms of any Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness (as defined in the 2028 Notes Indenture), to any holders of any Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness to purchase, prepay or redeem, together on a pro-rata basis, the maximum principal amount of the 2028 Notes and any such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness (plus all accrued interest (including additional interest, if any) on the 2028 Notes and any such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness and the amount of all fees and expenses, including premiums, incurred in connection therewith) that may be purchased, prepaid or redeemed using an amount of cash equal to the Excess Cash Flow Amount (as defined in the 2028 Notes Indenture and which is 75.0% of Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the 2028 Notes Indenture), as determined immediately prior to the Excess Cash Flow Offer Date), if any, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the 2028 Notes Indenture. The offer price in any such offer will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2028 Notes and any such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness (or, in respect of any such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness, such lesser price, if any, as may be provided for by the terms of such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness), plus accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of purchase, prepayment or redemption, subject to the rights of holders of the 2028 Notes or any such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness on the relevant record date to receive interest due on an interest payment date that is on or prior to the date of purchase, prepayment or redemption, and will be payable in cash.
If the Company experiences certain changes of control, each holder of 2028 Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of its 2028 Notes for cash at a price equal to 101.0% of the principal amount of such 2028 Notes, plus any accrued but unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase.
The 2028 Notes Indenture contains covenants that, among other things and subject to certain exceptions and qualifications, limit the Company’s ability and the ability of its restricted subsidiaries to (i) incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness; (ii) pay dividends or make other distributions of capital stock; (iii) prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt; (iv) issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities, (v) make loans and investments; (vi) sell assets; (vii) incur liens; (viii) enter into transactions with affiliates; (ix) enter into agreements restricting its subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; or (x) consolidate, merge, or sell all or substantially all of its assets. The Company was in compliance with the provision of the 2028 Notes Indenture at March 31, 2023.
Upon an event of default, the trustee of the 2028 Notes or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of then outstanding 2028 Notes may declare the 2028 Notes immediately due and payable, except that a default resulting from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency with respect to the Company, any significant subsidiary or any group of restricted subsidiaries that, taken together, would constitute a significant subsidiary, will automatically cause all outstanding 2028 Notes to become due and payable.
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2023 Notes
On October 25, 2018, the Company issued $400.0 million principal amount of 8.750% Senior Notes due 2023 (the “2023 Notes”). The 2023 Notes were issued under an indenture, dated as of October 25, 2018, by and among the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company and Wells Fargo, National Association, as trustee. The 2023 Notes bore interest at an annual rate of 8.750% payable on May 1 and November 1 of each year, commencing May 1, 2019. The 2023 Notes were senior unsecured obligations of the Company and were fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by each of the Company’s current domestic subsidiaries and by certain future subsidiaries.
On February 1, 2023, with proceeds received from its public offering of Units and borrowings under its ABL Credit Facility (as defined and described below), the Company redeemed all of the outstanding 2023 Notes at a redemption price of 100.0% of outstanding principal amount thereof ($307.3 million), plus accrued and unpaid interest ($6.7 million). The Company also wrote off unamortized deferred financing costs in the amount of $1.2 million associated with the 2023 Notes in conjunction with the redemption.
ABL Credit Facility
On October 25, 2018, the Company entered into a credit agreement dated as of October 25, 2018 (the “2018 ABL Credit Agreement”), by and among the Company, Nine Energy Canada, Inc., JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and as an issuing lender, and certain other financial institutions party thereto as lenders and issuing lenders. The 2018 ABL Credit Agreement permitted aggregate borrowings of up to $200.0 million, subject to a borrowing base, including a Canadian tranche with a sub-limit of up to $25.0 million and a sub-limit of $50.0 million for letters of credit (the “ABL Credit Facility”). Pursuant to the 2018 ABL Credit Agreement, the ABL Credit Facility was set to mature on October 25, 2023 or, if earlier, on the date that was 180 days before the scheduled maturity date of the 2023 Notes if they had not been redeemed or repurchased by such date.
Pursuant to the 2018 ABL Credit Agreement, loans to the Company and its domestic related subsidiaries (the “U.S. Credit Parties”) under the ABL Credit Facility were base rate loans or London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) loans; and loans to Nine Energy Canada Inc., a corporation organized under the laws of Alberta, Canada, and its restricted subsidiaries (the “Canadian Credit Parties”) under the Canadian tranche may be Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (“CDOR”) loans or Canadian prime rate loans. The applicable margin for base rate loans and Canadian prime rate loans varied from 0.75% to 1.25%, and the applicable margin for LIBOR loans or CDOR loans varied from 1.75% to 2.25%, in each case depending on the Company’s leverage ratio. In addition, a commitment fee of 0.50% per annum was charged on the average daily unused portion of the revolving commitments.
On January 17, 2023, the Company entered into the First Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “ABL Facility Amendment”) with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lender parties thereto, which amends certain terms of the 2018 ABL Credit Agreement (as amended the “ABL Credit Agreement”). The ABL Facility Amendment became effective on January 30, 2023.
Pursuant to the ABL Facility Amendment, the maturity date of the ABL Credit Facility was extended from October 25, 2023 to January 29, 2027. In addition, the ABL Facility Amendment, among other changes, revised the terms of the ABL Credit Facility as follows: (a) decreased the size of the ABL Credit Facility from $200.0 million to $150.0 million, subject to the borrowing base (the “Loan Limit”), (b) changed the interest rate benchmark from LIBOR to Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate with a 10 basis point spread adjustment and increased pricing from the existing range of 1.75% to 2.25% to a range of 2.00% to 2.50%, in each case depending on the Company’s leverage ratio, (c) modified the financial covenant, enhanced reporting and cash dominion triggers in the ABL Credit Facility from the existing minimum availability threshold of the greater of $18.75 million and 12.5% of the Loan Limit to a minimum availability threshold of (i) $12.5 million from January 30, 2023 until May 31, 2023 and (ii) the greater of $17.5 million and 12.5% of the Loan Limit thereafter, (d) decreased the Canadian tranche sub-limit from $25.0 million to $5.0 million, (e) decreased the letter of credit sub-limit from $50.0 million to $10.0 million and (f) made satisfaction of the Payment Conditions (as defined in the ABL Facility Amendment) a condition to an Excess Cash Flow Offer in addition to a condition to voluntary payments of the 2028 Notes. The Payment Conditions in summary are (A) no default or event of default on a pro forma basis and (B) immediately after and at all times during the 30 days prior, on a pro forma basis, (1) (x) availability under the ABL Credit Facility shall not be less than the greater of 15% of the Loan Limit and $22.5 million and (y) the fixed charge coverage ratio shall be at least 1.00 to 1.00 or (2) availability under the ABL Credit Facility shall not be less than the greater of 20% of the Loan Limit and $30.0 million.
The ABL Credit Agreement contains various affirmative and negative covenants, including financial reporting requirements and limitations on indebtedness, liens, mergers, consolidations, liquidations and dissolutions, sales of assets, dividends and other restricted payments, investments (including acquisitions), and transactions with affiliates. In addition, the
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ABL Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant requiring a minimum fixed charge ratio of 1.00 to 1.00 that is tested quarterly when (a) the availability under the ABL Credit Facility drops below (i) at any time on or before May 31, 2023, $12.5 million and (ii) at any time thereafter, the greater of $17.5 million and 12.5% of the Loan Limit or (b) a default has occurred. This financial covenant applies until the availability exceeds the applicable threshold for 30 consecutive days and no default is ongoing. The Company was in compliance with all covenants under the ABL Credit Agreement at March 31, 2023.
Pursuant to the ABL Credit Agreement, all of the obligations under the ABL Credit Facility are secured by security interests (subject to permitted liens) in substantially all of the personal property of U.S. Credit Parties, excluding certain assets. The obligations under the Canadian tranche are further secured by security interests (subject to permitted liens) in substantially all of the personal property of Canadian Credit Parties, excluding certain assets.
Both the ABL Credit Facility and the Units collateralization were completed within 30 days after closing in accordance with the terms of the ABL Facility Amendment and the Units offering.
At March 31, 2023, the Company had $72.0 million outstanding borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility, and its availability under the ABL Credit Facility was approximately $26.0 million, net of outstanding letters of credit of $1.3 million.
Magnum Promissory Notes
On October 25, 2018, pursuant to the terms of a Securities Purchase Agreement, dated October 15, 2018 (as amended on June 7, 2019, the “Magnum Purchase Agreement”), the Company acquired all of the equity interests of Magnum Oil Tools International, LTD, Magnum Oil Tools GP, LLC, and Magnum Oil Tools Canada Ltd. (such entities collectively, “Magnum”). The Magnum Purchase Agreement included the potential for additional future payments in cash of (i) up to 60% of net income (before interest, taxes, and certain gains or losses) for the “E-Set” tools business in 2019 through 2026 and (ii) up to $25.0 million based on sales of certain dissolvable plug products in 2019 (the “Magnum Earnout”).
On June 30, 2020, pursuant to an amendment to the Magnum Purchase Agreement to terminate the remaining Magnum Earnout and all obligations related thereto, the Company issued promissory notes with an aggregated principal amount of $2.3 million (the “Magnum Promissory Notes”) to the sellers of Magnum. The Magnum Promissory Notes bore interest at a rate of 6.0% per annum. The principal amount of the Magnum Promissory Notes was paid in equal quarterly installments which began January 1, 2021. The remaining outstanding balance was paid on October 1, 2022.
Other Short-Term Debt
In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company renewed certain insurance policies, and it financed the premium for its excess policy for $4.1 million. At March 31, 2023, the balance on this premium was $1.3 million.
Fair Value of Debt Instruments
The estimated fair value of the Company’s debt obligations as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:
 March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 (in thousands)
2028 Notes$273,000 $— 
2023 Notes$— $300,700 
ABL Credit Facility$72,000 $32,000 
Other short-term debt$1,305 $2,267 
The fair value of the 2028 Notes, 2023 Notes, ABL Credit Facility, and other short-term debt is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the 2028 Notes and the 2023 Notes is established based on observable inputs in less active markets. The fair value of the ABL Credit Facility and other short-term debt approximates their carrying value.
9. Related Party Transactions
The Company leases office space, yard facilities, and equipment and purchases building maintenance and repair services from entities owned by David Crombie, an executive officer of the Company. Total lease expense and building maintenance and repair expense associated with these entities was $0.4 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company also purchased $0.8 million and $0.7 million of products and services during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from an entity in which Mr. Crombie is a limited partner. There were outstanding
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payables due to this entity relating to equipment purchases of $0.5 million and $0.1 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
In addition, the Company leases office space in Corpus Christi, Texas and previously leased office space in Midland, Texas from an entity (the “Leasing Entity”) affiliated with Warren Lynn Frazier, a beneficial owner of more than 5% of the Company’s stock. From the third quarter of 2020 through mid-2022, another entity affiliated with Mr. Frazier sub-leased a portion of such space in Corpus Christi, Texas from the Company. Total rental expense associated with these office spaces, net of sub-leasing income, was $0.3 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. There were net outstanding payables due to the Leasing Entity of $0.1 million at December 31, 2022.
The Company provides products and rentals to National Energy Reunited Corp. (“NESR”), where one of the Company’s directors serves as a director. The Company billed NESR $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Total outstanding receivables due to the Company from NESR was $0.4 million and $0.2 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Ann G. Fox, President and Chief Executive Officer and a director of the Company, is a director of Devon Energy Corporation (“Devon”). The Company generated revenue from Devon of $0.3 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were outstanding receivables due from Devon of $0.3 million and $0.5 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
10. Commitments and Contingencies
Litigation
From time to time, the Company has various claims, lawsuits, and administrative proceedings that are pending or threatened with respect to personal injury, workers’ compensation, contractual matters, and other matters. Although no assurance can be given with respect to the outcome of these claims, lawsuits, or proceedings or the effect such outcomes may have, the Company believes any ultimate liability resulting from the outcome of such claims, lawsuits, or administrative proceedings, to the extent not otherwise provided for or covered by insurance, will not have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results, or financial condition.
Self-insurance
The Company uses a combination of third-party insurance and self-insurance for health insurance claims. The self-insured liability represents an estimate of the undiscounted ultimate cost of uninsured claims incurred as of the balance sheet date. The estimate is based on an analysis of trailing months of incurred medical claims to project the amount of incurred but not reported claims liability. The estimated liability for self-insured medical claims was $1.4 million and $1.2 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included under the caption “Accrued expenses” in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Although the Company does not expect the amounts ultimately paid to differ significantly from the estimates, the self-insurance liability could be affected if future claims experience differs significantly from historical trends and actuarial assumptions.
Contingent Liabilities
On October 1, 2018, pursuant to the terms and conditions of a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Frac Tech Purchase Agreement”), the Company acquired Frac Technology AS, a Norwegian private limited company (“Frac Tech”) focused on the development of downhole technology, including a casing flotation tool and a number of patented downhole completion tools. The Frac Tech Purchase Agreement, as amended, includes, among other things, the potential for additional future payments, based on certain Frac Tech revenue metrics through December 31, 2025 (the “Frac Tech Earnout”).
The Company’s contingent liability (Level 3) associated with the Frac Tech Earnout (in thousands) at March 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:
Balance at December 31, 2022$1,169 
Revaluation adjustments(292)
Payments(66)
Balance at March 31, 2023$811 
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Balance at December 31, 2021$910 
Revaluation adjustments5 
Payments(44)
Balance at March 31, 2022$871 
All contingent liabilities that relate to contingent consideration are reported at fair value, based on a Monte Carlo simulation model. Significant inputs used in the fair value measurement include estimated gross margin related to forecasted sales of the plugs, term of the agreement, and a risk adjusted discount factor. Contingent liabilities include $0.3 million and $0.4 million reported in “Accrued expenses” at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and $0.5 million and $0.8 million reported in “Other long-term liabilities” at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The impact of the revaluation adjustments is included in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Loss).
11. Taxes
The Company’s provision (benefit) for income taxes included in its Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Loss) was as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
(in thousands, except percentages)
Provision for income taxes$884 $112 
Effective tax rate(16.9)%(1.7)%
The Company’s provision (benefit) for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily attributed to state and non-U.S. income taxes. At March 31, 2023, the Company continues to record a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax asset positions in the U.S. and Canada.
12. Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during each period and the exercise of potentially dilutive stock options assumed to be purchased from the proceeds using the average market price of the Company’s stock for each of the periods presented as well as the potentially dilutive restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance stock units.
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share was computed as follows: 
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2023Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Net LossAverage Shares OutstandingLoss Per ShareNet LossAverage Shares OutstandingLoss Per Share
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Basic$(6,109)32,304,361 $(0.19)$(6,899)30,491,976 $(0.23)
Assumed exercise of stock options— — — — — — 
Unvested restricted stock and stock units— — — — — — 
Diluted$(6,109)32,304,361 $(0.19)$(6,899)30,491,976 $(0.23)

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The diluted earnings (loss) per share calculation excludes all stock options, unvested restricted stock, unvested restricted stock units, and unvested performance stock units for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive given the Company was in a net loss position. The average number of securities that were excluded from diluted earnings (loss) per share that would potentially dilute earnings (loss) per share for the periods in which the Company experienced a net loss were as follows:
20232022
Three months ended March 31,1,665,440698,218
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2023, included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the consolidated financial statements and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” including “Critical Accounting Estimates,” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
This section contains forward-looking statements based on our current expectations, estimates, and projections about our operations and the industry in which we operate. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed in any forward-looking statement because of various risks and uncertainties, including those described in the sections titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
OVERVIEW
Company Description
Nine Energy Service, Inc. (either individually or together with its subsidiaries, as the context requires, the “Company,” “Nine,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) is a leading completion services provider that targets unconventional oil and gas resource development within North America and abroad. We partner with our exploration and production (“E&P”) customers across all major onshore basins in the U.S., as well as within Canada and abroad, to design and deploy downhole solutions and technology to prepare horizontal, multistage wells for production. We focus on providing our customers with cost-effective and comprehensive completion solutions designed to maximize their production levels and operating efficiencies. We believe our success is a product of our culture, which is driven by our intense focus on performance and wellsite execution as well as our commitment to forward-leaning technologies that aid us in the development of smarter, customized applications that drive efficiencies and reduce emissions.
We provide (i) cementing services, which consist of blending high-grade cement and water with various solid and liquid additives to create a cement slurry that is pumped between the casing and the wellbore of the well, (ii) an innovative portfolio of completion tools, including technologies used for completing the toe stage of a horizontal well, liner installations used in refrac operations, casing flotation devices, and fully-composite, dissolvable, and extended range frac plugs to isolate stages during plug-and-perf operations, (iii) wireline services, including electric wireline units, the majority of which consist of plug-and-perf completions, which is a multistage well completion technique for cased-hole wells that consists of deploying perforating guns and isolation tools to a specified depth, and (iv) coiled tubing services, which perform wellbore intervention operations utilizing a continuous steel pipe that is transported to the wellsite wound on a large spool, providing a cost-effective solution for well work due to the ability to deploy efficiently and safely into a live well.
Recent Events
On January 30, 2023, we completed our public offering of 300,000 units with an aggregate stated amount of $300.0 million (the “Units”). Each Unit consists of $1,000 principal amount of our 13.000% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (collectively, the “2028 Notes”) and five shares of our common stock. We received proceeds of $279.8 million from the Units offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commission, which was deposited with the trustee of the 8.750% Senior Notes due 2023 (the “2023 Notes”), along with $40.0 million of cash received from borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility (as defined and described below in “Liquidity and Capital Resources”). On January 30, 2023, we instructed the trustee of the 2023 Notes to apply such deposits toward the payment of the 2023 Notes on February 1, 2023, and we elected to discharge the indenture governing the 2023 Notes, thereby releasing us from our remaining obligations under such indenture as of January 30, 2023.
On February 1, 2023, all of the outstanding 2023 Notes were redeemed at a redemption price of 100.0% of the principal amount thereof ($307.3 million), plus accrued and unpaid interest ($6.7 million). We also wrote off the unamortized deferred financing costs associated with the 2023 Notes in conjunction with the redemption.
For additional information on our Units offering, the ABL Credit Facility, which was amended in connection with such offering, and the redemption of the 2023 Notes (such transactions together, the “refinancing”), see Note 8 – Debt Obligations included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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How We Generate Revenue and the Costs of Conducting Our Business
We generate our revenues by providing completion services to E&P customers across all major onshore basins in the U.S., as well as within Canada and abroad. We primarily earn our revenues pursuant to work orders entered into with our customers on a job-by-job basis. We typically enter into a Master Service Agreement (“MSA”) with each customer that provides a framework of general terms and conditions of our services that will govern any future transactions or jobs awarded to us. Each specific job is obtained through competitive bidding or as a result of negotiations with customers. The rate we charge is determined by location, complexity of the job, operating conditions, duration of the contract, and market conditions. In addition to MSAs, we have entered into a select number of longer-term contracts with certain customers relating to our wireline and cementing services, and we may enter into similar contracts from time to time to the extent beneficial to the operation of our business. These longer-term contracts address pricing and other details concerning our services, but each job is performed on a standalone basis.
The principal expenses involved in conducting our business include labor costs, materials and freight, the costs of maintaining our equipment, and fuel costs. Our direct labor costs vary with the amount of equipment deployed and the utilization of that equipment. Another key component of labor costs relates to the ongoing training of our field service employees, which improves safety rates and reduces employee attrition.
How We Evaluate Our Operations
We evaluate our performance based on a number of financial and non-financial measures, including the following:
•Revenue: We compare actual revenue achieved each month to the most recent projection for that month and to the annual plan for the month established at the beginning of the year. We monitor our revenue to analyze trends in the performance of our operations compared to historical revenue drivers or market metrics. We are particularly interested in identifying positive or negative trends and investigating to understand the root causes.
•Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss): Adjusted gross profit (loss) is a key metric that we use to evaluate operating performance. We define adjusted gross profit (loss) as revenues less direct and indirect costs of revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization). Costs of revenues include direct and indirect labor costs, costs of materials, maintenance of equipment, fuel and transportation freight costs, contract services, crew cost, and other miscellaneous expenses. For additional information, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below.
•Adjusted EBITDA: We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA (which is net income (loss) before interest, taxes, and depreciation and amortization) further adjusted for (i) goodwill, intangible asset, and/or property and equipment impairment charges, (ii) transaction and integration costs related to acquisitions, (iii) Units offering and other refinancing fees and expenses, (iv) loss or gain on revaluation of contingent liabilities, (v) loss or gain on extinguishment of debt, (vi) loss or gain on the sale of subsidiaries, (vii) restructuring charges, (viii) stock-based compensation and cash award expense, (ix) loss or gain on sale of property and equipment, and (x) other expenses or charges to exclude certain items which we believe are not reflective of ongoing performance of our business, such as legal expenses and settlement costs related to litigation outside the ordinary course of business. For additional information, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below.
•Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”): We define ROIC as after-tax net operating profit (loss), divided by average total capital. We define after-tax net operating profit (loss) as net income (loss) plus (i) goodwill, intangible asset, and/or property and equipment impairment charges, (ii) transaction and integration costs related to acquisitions, (iii) Units offering and other refinancing fees and expenses, (iv) interest expense (income), (v) restructuring charges, (vi) loss (gain) on the sale of subsidiaries, (vii) loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt, and (viii) the provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes. We define total capital as book value of equity (deficit) plus the book value of debt less balance sheet cash and cash equivalents. We compute the average of the current and prior period-end total capital for use in this analysis. For additional information, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below.
•Safety: We measure safety by tracking the total recordable incident rate (“TRIR”), which is reviewed on a monthly basis. TRIR is a measure of the rate of recordable workplace injuries, defined below, normalized and stated on the basis of 100 workers for an annual period. The factor is derived by multiplying the number of recordable injuries in a calendar year by 200,000 (i.e., the total hours for 100 employees working 2,000 hours per year) and dividing this value by the total hours actually worked in the year. A recordable injury includes occupational death, nonfatal occupational illness, and other occupational injuries that involve loss of
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consciousness, restriction of work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment other than first aid.
Industry Trends and Outlook
Our business depends, to a significant extent, on the level of unconventional resource development activity and corresponding capital spending of oil and natural gas companies. These activity and spending levels are strongly influenced by current and expected oil and natural gas prices. In 2020, oil and natural gas prices as well as E&P capital spending reached historic lows. In the first quarter of 2021, oil and natural gas prices began to rebound and steadily increased throughout 2021 and remained supportive into 2022, with oil prices reaching a 13-year high in March 2022, primarily as a result of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine igniting fears of shortages. Due to the rise in interest rates, economic uncertainty and recessionary fears, oil prices began to decline in late 2022 and have continued to be volatile into 2023. Additionally, due to the unseasonably warm winter, natural gas prices declined by approximately 69% from mid-December 2022 to the end of the first quarter of 2023. Because of the decline in commodity prices, activity levels have declined thus far in 2023, with U.S. rig counts experiencing the first quarterly decline since 2020. The Baker Hughes rig count was down by 24 rigs from the end of the fourth quarter of 2022 to the end of the first quarter of 2023, and U.S. completions in the first quarter of 2023 were down 3% compared to the fourth quarter of 2022 according to the Energy Information Administration. Activity levels in 2023 could continue to decline, especially in natural gas producing regions, such as the Haynesville, Marcellus, and Utica if commodity prices remain low.
While there is uncertainty and recessionary fears in the global market affecting commodity prices, we remain optimistic on the long-term outlook for the energy sector. OPEC, with its most recent production cut announcement, as well as public U.S. producers remaining committed to capital discipline, rather than increasing drilling, could help prevent any potential supply surplus. Additionally, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine provides additional uncertainty with global supply.
With the decline in commodity price and overall activity levels, especially in the natural gas producing regions, we are no longer implementing price increases and have received pricing pressure from select customers across service lines. Our revenue will be impacted by activity levels within the U.S., and depending on the rate and quantity of any further rig and frac crew declines in 2023, we could potentially expect further pricing pressure in 2023; however, the magnitude and timing of potential price decreases will depend on a number of factors.
Significant factors that are likely to affect commodity prices moving forward include actions of the members of OPEC and other oil exporting nations that relate to or impact oil production or supply; the effect of energy, monetary, and trade policies of the U.S.; the pace of economic growth in the U.S. and throughout the world, including the potential for macro weakness; geopolitical and economic developments in the U.S. and globally, including conflicts, instability, acts of war or terrorism in oil producing countries or regions, particularly Russia, the Middle East, South America and Africa; changes to energy regulations and policies, including those of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other governmental bodies; and overall North American oil and natural gas supply and demand fundamentals, including the pace at which export capacity grows. Furthermore, although as noted above, our customers’ activity and spending levels, and thus demand for our services and products, are strongly influenced by current and expected oil and natural gas prices, even with price improvements in oil and natural gas, operator activity may not materially increase, as operators remain focused on operating within their capital plans and uncertainty remains around supply and demand fundamentals.

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Results of Operations
Results for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
 Three Months Ended March 31, 
 20232022Change
 (in thousands)
Revenues$163,408 $116,935 $46,473 
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)127,118 94,318 32,800 
Adjusted gross profit$36,290 $22,617 $13,673 
General and administrative expenses$19,714 $11,836 $7,878 
Depreciation7,420 6,504 916 
Amortization of intangibles2,896 3,904 (1,008)
(Gain) loss on revaluation of contingent liability(292)5 (297)
Gain on sale of property and equipment(330)(714)384 
Income from operations6,882 1,082 5,800 
Non-operating expense12,107 7,869 4,238 
Loss before income taxes(5,225)(6,787)1,562 
Provision for income taxes884 112 772 
Net loss$(6,109)$(6,899)$790 
Revenues
Revenues increased $46.5 million, or 40%, to $163.4 million for the first quarter of 2023. The increase was prevalent across all lines of service and was due to activity and pricing improvements as the average U.S. rig count increased 20% in comparison to the first quarter of 2022. More specifically, cementing revenue (including pump downs) increased by $17.2 million, or 38%, as total cement job count increased 2% in comparison to the first quarter of 2022. In addition, coiled tubing revenue increased $12.0 million, or 55%, as total days worked increased by 56%, tools revenue increased $9.1 million, or 32%, as completion tools stages increased by 36%, and wireline revenue increased $8.2 million, or 38%, as total completed wireline stages increased by 11%, each in comparison to the first quarter of 2022.
Cost of Revenues (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization)
Cost of revenues increased $32.8 million, or 35%, to $127.1 million for the first quarter of 2023. The increase in comparison to the first quarter of 2022 was prevalent across all lines of service and was related to increased activity, noted above, coupled with cost inflation associated with both labor and materials as well as headcount increases. More specifically, the increase was related to a $14.7 million increase in materials installed and consumed while performing services, a $12.4 million increase in employee costs, and a $5.7 million increase in other costs such as repairs and maintenance, travel, and vehicle expenses, in comparison to the first quarter of 2022.
Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss)
Adjusted gross profit increased $13.7 million to $36.3 million for the first quarter of 2023 due to the factors described above under “Revenues” and “Cost of Revenues.”
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses increased $7.9 million to $19.7 million for the first quarter of 2023. The increase was primarily related to $6.4 million in costs associated with the Units offering in the first quarter of 2023 that did not occur in the first quarter of 2022. The increase was also partially attributed to a $1.7 million increase in employee costs due to increases in headcount and compensation between periods.
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Depreciation
Depreciation expense increased $0.9 million to $7.4 million for the first quarter of 2023. The increase in comparison to the first quarter of 2022 was primarily related to an increase in capital expenditures across certain lines of service over the last twelve months.
Amortization of Intangibles
Amortization of intangibles, which was primarily comprised of technology and customer relationships, decreased $1.0 million to $2.9 million for the first quarter of 2023. The decrease in comparison to the first quarter of 2022 was related to certain intangible assets being fully amortized in the last twelve months.
(Gain) Loss on Revaluation of Contingent Liability
We recorded a $0.3 million gain on revaluation of contingent liability for the first quarter of 2023 associated with a decrease in the fair value of the earnout associated with our acquisition of Frac Technology AS during the period.
(Gain) Loss on Sale of Property and Equipment
Gain on sale of property and equipment decreased $0.4 million to $0.3 million for the first quarter of 2023. The overall decrease was attributed to lower gains on equipment sales between periods.
Non-Operating (Income) Expenses
Non-operating expenses increased $4.2 million to $12.1 million for the first quarter of 2023. The increase in comparison to the first quarter of 2022 was primarily related to an increased interest rate in conjunction with the 2028 Notes, which were entered into in the first quarter of 2023 in connection with the Units offering.
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
We recorded an income tax provision of $0.9 million for the first quarter of 2023 compared to an income tax provision of $0.1 million for the first quarter of 2022. The difference between the periods was primarily attributed to our income tax position in state and foreign tax jurisdictions.
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA increased $12.8 million to $25.0 million for the first quarter of 2023. The Adjusted EBITDA increase was primarily due to the changes in revenues and expenses discussed above. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below for further explanation.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure that is used by management and external users of our financial statements, such as industry analysts, investors, lenders, and rating agencies.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA (which is net income (loss) before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) further adjusted for (i) goodwill, intangible asset, and/or property and equipment impairment charges, (ii) transaction and integration costs related to acquisitions, (iii) Units offering and other refinancing fees and expenses, (iv) loss or gain on revaluation of contingent liabilities, (v) loss or gain on extinguishment of debt, (vi) loss or gain on the sale of subsidiaries, (vii) restructuring charges, (viii) stock-based compensation and cash award expense, (ix) loss or gain on sale of property and equipment, and (x) other expenses or charges to exclude certain items which we believe are not reflective of ongoing performance of our business, such as legal expenses and settlement costs related to litigation outside the ordinary course of business.
Management believes Adjusted EBITDA is useful because it allows us to more effectively evaluate our operating performance and compare the results of our operations from period to period without regard to our financing methods or capital structure. We exclude the items listed above from net income (loss) in arriving at this measure because these amounts can vary substantially from company to company within our industry depending upon accounting methods and book values of assets, capital structures, and the method by which the assets were acquired. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to, or more meaningful than, net income (loss) as determined in accordance with accounting principles generally
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accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) or as an indicator of our operating performance. Certain items excluded from Adjusted EBITDA are significant components in understanding and assessing a company’s financial performance, such as a company’s cost of capital and tax structure, as well as the historic costs of depreciable assets, none of which are components of Adjusted EBITDA. Our computation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies.
The following table presents a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure of Adjusted EBITDA to the GAAP financial measure of net income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022: 
Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
(in thousands)
Adjusted EBITDA reconciliation:
Net loss$(6,109)$(6,899)
Interest expense12,454 8,077 
Interest income(185)(12)
Provision for income taxes884 112 
Depreciation7,420 6,504 
Amortization of intangibles2,896 3,904 
EBITDA$17,360 $11,686 
(Gain) loss on revaluation of contingent liability (1)
(292)5 
Certain refinancing costs (2)
6,396 — 
Restructuring charges406 285 
Stock-based compensation and cash award expense1,469 927 
Gain on sale of property and equipment(330)(714)
Legal fees and settlements (3)
— 34 
Adjusted EBITDA$25,009 $12,223 
(1)Amounts relate to the revaluation of a contingent liability associated with a 2018 acquisition. The impact is included in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Loss). For additional information on contingent liabilities, see Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
(2)Amounts represent Units offering and other refinancing fees and expenses, including cash incentive compensation to employees following the successful completion of the Units offering, that were not capitalized.
(3)Amounts represent fees, legal settlements, and/or accruals associated with legal proceedings brought pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act and/or similar state laws.
Return on Invested Capital
ROIC is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure. We define ROIC as after-tax net operating profit (loss), divided by average total capital. We define after-tax net operating profit (loss) as net income (loss) plus (i) goodwill, intangible asset, and/or property and equipment impairment charges, (ii) transaction and integration costs related to acquisitions, (iii) Units offering and other refinancing fees and expenses, (iv) interest expense (income), (v) restructuring charges, (vi) loss (gain) on the sale of subsidiaries, (vii) loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt, and (viii) the provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes. We define total capital as book value of equity (deficit) plus the book value of debt less balance sheet cash and cash equivalents. We compute the average of the current and prior period-end total capital for use in this analysis.
Management believes ROIC is a meaningful measure because it quantifies how well we generate operating income relative to the capital we have invested in our business and illustrates the profitability of a business or project taking into account the capital invested. Management uses ROIC to assist them in capital resource allocation decisions and in evaluating business performance. Although ROIC is commonly used as a measure of capital efficiency, definitions of ROIC differ, and our computation of ROIC may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies.
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The following table provides an explanation of our calculation of ROIC for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
(in thousands)
Net loss$(6,109)$(6,899)
Add back:
Interest expense12,454 8,077 
Interest income(185)(12)
Certain refinancing costs (1)
6,396 — 
Restructuring charges406 285 
After-tax net operating income$12,962 $1,451 
Total capital as of prior period-end:
Total stockholders’ deficit$(23,507)$(39,267)
Total debt341,606 337,436 
Less cash and cash equivalents(17,445)(21,509)
Total capital as of prior period-end$300,654 $276,660 
Total capital as of period-end:
Total stockholders’ deficit$(11,341)$(45,366)
Total debt373,305 341,511 
Less cash and cash equivalents(21,374)(19,941)
Total capital as of period-end$340,590 $276,204 
Average total capital$320,622 $276,432 
ROIC16.2%2.1%
(1)    Amounts represent Units offering and other refinancing fees and expenses, including cash incentive compensation to employees following the successful completion of the Units offering, that were not capitalized.
Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss)
GAAP defines gross profit (loss) as revenues less cost of revenues and includes depreciation and amortization in costs of revenues. We define adjusted gross profit (loss) as revenues less direct and indirect costs of revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization). This measure differs from the GAAP definition of gross profit (loss) because we do not include the impact of depreciation and amortization, which represent non-cash expenses.
Management uses adjusted gross profit (loss) to evaluate operating performance. We prepare adjusted gross profit (loss) to eliminate the impact of depreciation and amortization because we do not consider depreciation and amortization indicative of our core operating performance. Adjusted gross profit (loss) should not be considered as an alternative to gross profit (loss), operating income (loss), or any other measure of financial performance calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted gross profit (loss) may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies because other companies may not calculate adjusted gross profit (loss) or similarly titled measures in the same manner as we do.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of adjusted gross profit (loss) to GAAP gross profit (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
(in thousands)
Calculation of gross profit:
Revenues$163,408 $116,935 
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)127,118 94,318 
Depreciation (related to cost of revenues)6,901 6,049 
Amortization of intangibles2,896 3,904 
Gross profit$26,493 $12,664 
Adjusted gross profit reconciliation:
Gross profit$26,493 $12,664 
Depreciation (related to cost of revenues)6,901 6,049 
Amortization of intangibles2,896 3,904 
Adjusted gross profit$36,290 $22,617 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources and Uses of Liquidity
Historically, we have met our liquidity needs principally from cash on hand, cash flow from operations and, if needed, external borrowings and issuances of debt securities. Our principal uses of cash are to fund capital expenditures, service our outstanding debt, and fund our working capital requirements. Due to our high level of variable costs and the asset-light make-up of our business, we have historically been able to quickly implement cost-cutting measures and will continue to adapt as the market dictates. We have also used cash to make open market repurchases of our debt and may, from time to time, continue to make such repurchases when it is opportunistic to do so to manage our debt maturity profile.
We continually monitor potential capital sources, including equity and debt financing, to meet our investment and target liquidity requirements. Our future success and growth will be highly dependent on our ability to continue to access outside sources of capital.
Although we do not budget for acquisitions, pursuing growth through acquisitions may continue to be a part of our business strategy. Our ability to make significant additional acquisitions for cash will require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing, which we may not be able to obtain on terms acceptable to us or at all.
At March 31, 2023, we had $21.4 million of cash and cash equivalents and $26.0 million of availability under the ABL Credit Facility, which resulted in a total liquidity position of $47.4 million. We expect our liquidity position to be impacted by the 2028 Notes’ semi-annual interest payments ($19.5 million based on amounts outstanding as of March 31, 2023). We believe that, based on our current forecasts, our cash on hand, together with cash flow from operations and borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility, should be sufficient to fund our capital requirements for at least the next twelve months from the issuance date of our condensed consolidated financial statements. However, we can make no assurance regarding our ability to achieve our forecasts, which are materially dependent on our financial performance and the ever-changing market.
Units Offering and 2028 Notes
On January 30, 2023, we completed our public offering of Units and issued 300,000 Units with an aggregate stated amount of $300.0 million. Each Unit consists of $1,000 principal amount of the 2028 Notes and five shares of our common stock. We received proceeds of $279.8 million from the Units offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commission, which was used to fund a portion of the redemption price of the 2023 Notes.
Each Unit will be separated into its constituent securities (the 2028 Notes and the shares of our common stock) automatically on October 27, 2023, or, if earlier, on the date, if any, on which a change of control or event of default (each as defined in the indenture governing the 2028 Notes) occurs.
A holder of Units may elect to separate its Units into its constituent securities, in whole but not in part, on or after
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March 31, 2023. Prior to such date, the Units could not be separated at the option of the holder.
On January 30, 2023, we, and certain of our subsidiaries entered into an indenture, dated as of January 30, 2023 (the “2028 Notes Indenture”), with U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as the trustee and as notes collateral agent, pursuant to which the 2028 Notes, which form a part of the Units, were issued. The 2028 Notes will mature on February 1, 2028 and bear interest at an annual rate of 13.000% payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on each of February 1 and August 1, commencing August 1, 2023. The 2028 Notes are our senior secured obligations and are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by each of our current domestic subsidiaries and by certain future subsidiaries, subject to agreed guaranty and security principles and certain exclusions.
On each May 15 and November 14, commencing November 14, 2023 (each, an “Excess Cash Flow Offer Date”), we are required to make an offer (an “Excess Cash Flow Offer”) to all holders of the 2028 Notes and, if required by the terms of any Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness (as defined in the 2028 Notes Indenture), to any holders of any Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness to purchase, prepay or redeem, together on a pro-rata basis, the maximum principal amount of the 2028 Notes and any such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness (plus all accrued interest (including additional interest, if any) on the 2028 Notes and any such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness and the amount of all fees and expenses, including premiums, incurred in connection therewith) that may be purchased, prepaid or redeemed using an amount of cash equal to the Excess Cash Flow Amount (as defined in the 2028 Notes Indenture and which is 75.0% of Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the 2028 Notes Indenture), as determined immediately prior to the Excess Cash Flow Offer Date), if any, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the 2028 Notes Indenture. The offer price in any such offer will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2028 Notes and any such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness (or, in respect of any such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness, such lesser price, if any, as may be provided for by the terms of such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness), plus accrued and unpaid interest and additional interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of purchase, prepayment or redemption, subject to the rights of holders of the 2028 Notes or any such Pari Passu Notes Lien Indebtedness on the relevant record date to receive interest due on an interest payment date that is on or prior to the date of purchase, prepayment or redemption, and will be payable in cash.
The 2028 Notes Indenture contains covenants that, among other things and subject to certain exceptions and qualifications, limit our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to engage in certain activities. We were in compliance with the provision of the 2028 Notes Indenture at March 31, 2023.
For additional information on the Units and the 2028 Notes, see Note 8 – Debt Obligations included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
2023 Notes
On October 25, 2018, we issued $400.0 million of 2023 Notes under an indenture, dated as of October 25, 2018 (the “2023 Notes Indenture”), by and among us, including certain of our subsidiaries, and Wells Fargo, National Association, as trustee. The 2023 Notes bore interest at an annual rate of 8.750% payable on May 1 and November 1 of each year. The 2023 Notes were senior unsecured obligations and were fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by each of our current domestic subsidiaries and by certain future subsidiaries.
On February 1, 2023, all of the outstanding 2023 Notes were redeemed at a redemption price of 100.0% of the principal amount thereof ($307.3 million), plus accrued and unpaid interest ($6.7 million), and the 2023 Notes Indenture was discharged as of January 30, 2023.
For additional information on the 2023 Notes, see Note 8 – Debt Obligations included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
ABL Credit Facility
On October 25, 2018, we entered into a credit agreement dated as of October 25, 2018 (the “2018 ABL Credit Agreement”) that permitted aggregate borrowings of up to $200.0 million, subject to a borrowing base, including a Canadian tranche with a sub-limit of up to $25.0 million and a sub-limit of $50.0 million for letters of credit (the “ABL Credit Facility”). Pursuant to the 2018 ABL Credit Agreement, the ABL Credit Facility was set to mature on October 25, 2023 or, if earlier, on the date that was 180 days before the scheduled maturity date of the 2023 Notes if they had not been redeemed or repurchased by such date.
On January 17, 2023, we entered into the First Amendment to Credit Agreement (the “ABL Facility Amendment”) with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lender parties thereto, which amended certain terms of the 2018 ABL Credit Agreement (as amended the “ABL Credit Agreement”). The ABL Facility Amendment became effective on
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January 30, 2023.
Pursuant to the ABL Facility Amendment, the maturity date of the ABL Credit Facility was extended from October 25, 2023 to January 29, 2027. In addition, the ABL Facility Amendment, among other changes, revised the terms of the ABL Credit Facility as follows: (a) decreased the size of the ABL Credit Facility from $200.0 million to $150.0 million, subject to the borrowing base (the “Loan Limit”), (b) changed the interest rate benchmark from London Interbank Offered Rate to Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate with a 10 basis point spread adjustment and increased pricing from the existing range of 1.75% to 2.25% to a range of 2.00% to 2.50%, in each case depending on our leverage ratio, (c) modified the financial covenant, enhanced reporting and cash dominion triggers in the ABL Credit Facility from the existing minimum availability threshold of the greater of $18.75 million and 12.5% of the Loan Limit to a minimum availability threshold of (i) $12.5 million from January 30, 2023 until May 31, 2023 and (ii) the greater of $17.5 million and 12.5% of the Loan Limit thereafter, (d) decreased the Canadian tranche sub-limit from $25.0 million to $5.0 million, (e) decreased the letter of credit sub-limit from $50.0 million to $10.0 million and (f) made satisfaction of the Payment Conditions (as defined in the ABL Facility Amendment) a condition to an Excess Cash Flow Offer in addition to a condition to voluntary payments of the 2028 Notes. The Payment Conditions in summary are (A) no default or event of default on a pro forma basis and (B) immediately after and at all times during the 30 days prior, on a pro forma basis, (1) (x) availability under the ABL Credit Facility shall not be less than the greater of 15% of the Loan Limit and $22.5 million and (y) the fixed charge coverage ratio shall be at least 1.00 to 1.00 or (2) availability under the ABL Credit Facility shall not be less than the greater of 20% of the Loan Limit and $30.0 million.
The ABL Credit Agreement contains various affirmative and negative covenants, including financial reporting requirements and limitations on indebtedness, liens, mergers, consolidations, liquidations and dissolutions, sales of assets, dividends and other restricted payments, investments (including acquisitions) and transactions with affiliates. We were in compliance with all covenants under the ABL Credit Agreement as of March 31, 2023.
Pursuant to the ABL Credit Agreement, all obligations under the ABL Credit Facility are secured by security interests (subject to permitted liens) in substantially all of the personal property of our domestic subsidiaries, excluding certain assets. The obligations under the Canadian tranche are further secured by security interests (subject to permitted liens) in substantially all of the personal property of Nine Energy Canada, Inc., a corporation organized under the laws of Alberta, Canada, and its restricted subsidiaries, excluding certain assets.
Both the ABL Credit Facility and the Units collateralization were completed within 30 days after closing in accordance with the terms of the ABL Facility Amendment and the Units offering.
At March 31, 2023, we had $72.0 million of borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility, and our availability under the ABL Credit Facility was approximately $26.0 million, net of outstanding letters of credit of $1.3 million.
Cash Flows
Cash flows provided by (used in) operations by type of activity were as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022: 
Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
(in thousands)
Operating activities$3,965 $(6,459)
Investing activities(5,284)1,340 
Financing activities5,344 3,567 
Impact of foreign exchange rate on cash(96)(16)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents$3,929 $(1,568)
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $4.0 million in the first three months of 2023 compared to $6.5 million in net cash used in the first three months of 2022. The change was primarily attributed to a $8.1 million increase in cash provided by working capital, including an increase in cash collections in comparison to the first three months of 2022. The change was also partially attributed to a $2.4 million increase in cash flow provided by operations, adjusted for any non-cash items, in comparison to the first three months of 2022.
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Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $5.3 million during the first three months of 2023 compared to $1.3 million cash flow provided in the first three months of 2022. The change was attributed to a $5.4 million increase in cash purchases of property and equipment, coupled with a $1.2 million decrease in proceeds from the sale of property and equipment (including insurance), in each case, in comparison to the first three months of 2022.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $5.3 million during the first three months of 2023 compared to $3.6 million in the first three months of 2022. The increase in comparison to the first three months of 2022 was primarily attributed to $279.8 million in proceeds received from the Units offering coupled with an increase of $35.0 million in proceeds received in connection with the ABL Credit Facility. The overall increase was largely offset by the $307.3 million redemption of the 2023 Notes in the first quarter of 2023, coupled with $5.9 million in debt issuance costs associated with the Units offering.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Our critical accounting estimates, which are estimates made in accordance with GAAP that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations, are described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Estimates” in Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates as described therein.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 3 – New Accounting Standards included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a summary of recently issued accounting pronouncements.
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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
As a “smaller reporting company,” as defined under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of March 31, 2023. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2023.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act).
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we have various claims, lawsuits, and administrative proceedings that are pending or threatened with respect to personal injury, workers’ compensation, contractual matters, and other matters. Although no assurance can be given with respect to the outcome of these claims, lawsuits, or proceedings or the effect such outcomes may have, we believe any ultimate liability resulting from the outcome of such claims, lawsuits, or administrative proceedings, to the extent not otherwise provided for or covered by insurance, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, or financial condition.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. For a detailed discussion of known material factors which could materially affect our business, financial condition, or future results, refer to “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I in our Annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
The exhibits required to be filed or furnished by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed below.
Exhibit
Number		Description
3.1
  
3.2
4.1
4.2
10.1
31.1*
  
31.2*
  
32.1**
  
32.2**
101*Interactive Data Files (Formatted as inline XBRL).
104*Cover Page Interactive Data File (Formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
*    Filed herewith.
**    Furnished herewith in accordance with Item 601(b)(32) of Regulation S-K.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. 
   Nine Energy Service, Inc.
      
Date:May 8, 2023 By: /s/ Ann G. Fox
     Ann G. Fox
     President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
     (Principal Executive Officer)
      
Date:May 8, 2023 By: /s/ Guy Sirkes
     Guy Sirkes
     Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
     (Principal Financial Officer)

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