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Published: 2023-07-26 19:16:15 ET
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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549 

FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒
Quarterly Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
OR
☐
Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Commission File Number: 001-35580

ServiceNow_logo.jpg
SERVICENOW, INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) 
Delaware20-2056195
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
ServiceNow, Inc.
2225 Lawson Lane
Santa Clara, California 95054
(Address, including zip code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

(408) 501-8550
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) 

Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and formal fiscal year, if changed since last report.)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading SymbolName of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.001 per shareNOWThe New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days: Yes ☒ No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No  ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer
☒
Accelerated Filer
☐
Non-Accelerated Filer
☐
Smaller Reporting Company
☐
Emerging Growth Company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of June 30, 2023, there were approximately 204 million shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.


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PART I

ITEM 1.     FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SERVICENOW, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in millions)

June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Assets(unaudited)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$1,663 $1,470 
Short-term investments3,084 2,810 
Accounts receivable, net1,093 1,725 
Current portion of deferred commissions401 369 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets362 280 
Total current assets6,603 6,654 
Deferred commissions, less current portion777 742 
Long-term investments2,740 2,117 
Property and equipment, net1,148 1,053 
Operating lease right-of-use assets656 682 
Intangible assets, net191 232 
Goodwill821 824 
Deferred tax assets1,551 636 
Other assets436 359 
Total assets$14,923 $13,299 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable$171 $274 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities893 975 
Current portion of deferred revenue4,613 4,660 
Current portion of operating lease liabilities90 96 
Total current liabilities5,767 6,005 
Deferred revenue, less current portion45 70 
Operating lease liabilities, less current portion635 650 
Long-term debt, net1,487 1,486 
Other long-term liabilities63 56 
Total liabilities7,997 8,267 
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock— — 
Additional paid-in capital5,485 4,796 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(91)(102)
Retained earnings1,532 338 
Total stockholders’ equity6,926 5,032 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$14,923 $13,299 


See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
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SERVICENOW, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in millions, except number of shares which are reflected in thousands and per share data)
(unaudited) 
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
Revenues:
Subscription$2,075 $1,658 $4,099 $3,289 
Professional services and other75 94 147 185 
Total revenues2,150 1,752 4,246 3,474 
Cost of revenues(1):
Subscription389 287 743 562 
Professional services and other82 102 166 196 
Total cost of revenues471 389 909 758 
Gross profit1,679 1,363 3,337 2,716 
Operating expenses(1):
Sales and marketing832 722 1,655 1,395 
Research and development521 444 1,013 858 
General and administrative209 175 408 354 
Total operating expenses1,562 1,341 3,076 2,607 
Income from operations117 22 261 109 
Interest income74 12 134 17 
Other expense, net(17)(5)(33)(12)
Income before income taxes174 29 362 114 
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes(870)9 (832)19 
Net income$1,044 $20 $1,194 $95 
Net income per share - basic$5.12 $0.10 $5.86 $0.47 
Net income per share - diluted$5.08 $0.10 $5.83 $0.47 
Weighted-average shares used to compute net income per share - basic204,021 200,955 203,705 200,517 
Weighted-average shares used to compute net income per share - diluted205,351 203,018 204,690 203,228 
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments$— $(62)$13 $(74)
Unrealized loss on investments, net of tax(21)(22)(2)(60)
Other comprehensive (loss) income(21)(84)11 (134)
Comprehensive income (loss)$1,023 $(64)$1,205 $(39)
(1)Includes stock-based compensation as follows:
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
Cost of revenues:
Subscription$50 $39 $96 $75 
Professional services and other15 18 29 34 
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing120 113 246 218 
Research and development145 126 280 241 
General and administrative67 56 127 109 
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
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SERVICENOW, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in millions, except number of shares which are reflected in thousands)
(unaudited)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Retained EarningsAccumulated
Other
Comprehensive Loss		Total
Stockholders’
Equity		Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Retained EarningsAccumulated
Other
Comprehensive Loss		Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance at beginning of the period203,740 $— $5,182 $488 $(70)$5,600 200,457 $— $3,925 $88 $(16)$3,997 
Common stock issued under employee stock plans527 — — — — — 554 — 1 — — 1 
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards— — (94)— — (94)— — (91)— — (91)
Stock-based compensation— — 397 — — 397 — — 351 — — 351 
Settlement of 2022 Warrants— — — — — — 603 — — — — — 
Settlement of 2022 Notes conversion feature— — — — — — — — (212)— — (212)
Benefit from exercise of 2022 Note Hedge— — — — — — — — 212 — — 212 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax— — — — (21)(21)— — — — (84)(84)
Net income— — — 1,044 — 1,044 — — — 20 — 20 
Balance at end of the period204,267 $— $5,485 $1,532 $(91)$6,926 201,614 $— $4,186 $108 $(100)$4,194 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2023Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Retained Earnings Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive Loss 		Total
Stockholders’
Equity		Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital		Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balance at beginning of the period202,882 $— $4,796 $338 $(102)$5,032 199,608 $— $3,665 $(4)$34 $3,695 
Cumulative-effect adjustment from adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-06— — — — — — — — (19)17 — (2)
Common stock issued under employee stock plans1,385 — 117 — — 117 1,403 — 106 — — 106 
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards— — (206)— — (206)— — (241)— — (241)
Stock-based compensation— — 778 — — 778 — — 675 — — 675 
Settlement of 2022 Warrants— — — — — — 603 — — — — — 
Settlement of 2022 Notes conversion feature— — — — — — — — (233)— — (233)
Benefit from exercise of 2022 Note Hedge— — — — — — — — 233 — — 233 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax— — — — 11 11 — — — — (134)(134)
Net income— — — 1,194 — 1,194 — — — 95 — 95 
Balance at end of the period204,267 $— $5,485 $1,532 $(91)$6,926 201,614 $— $4,186 $108 $(100)$4,194 

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
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SERVICENOW, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions)
(unaudited)
 Six Months Ended June 30,
20232022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$1,194 $95 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization262 206 
Amortization of deferred commissions218 169 
Stock-based compensation778 677 
Deferred income taxes(904)(3)
Other(2)19 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of business combinations:
Accounts receivable635 511 
Deferred commissions(280)(237)
Prepaid expenses and other assets(136)(72)
Accounts payable(90)140 
Deferred revenue(89)(44)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities(104)(165)
Net cash provided by operating activities$1,482 $1,296 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment(297)(244)
Business combinations, net of cash acquired— (57)
Purchases of investments(2,821)(1,774)
Purchases of non-marketable investments(46)(136)
Sales and maturities of investments1,953 1,131 
Other 13 — 
Net cash used in investing activities$(1,198)$(1,080)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayments of convertible senior notes attributable to principal— (94)
Proceeds from employee stock plans117 106 
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards(206)(241)
Net cash used in financing activities$(89)$(229)
Foreign currency effect on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash— (49)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash195 (62)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period1,475 1,732 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$1,670 $1,670 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period:
Cash and cash equivalents$1,663 $1,664 
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets7 6 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows$1,670 $1,670 
Supplemental disclosures of other cash flow information:
Interest paid$12 $11 
Income taxes paid, net of refunds63 21 
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Settlement of 2022 Notes conversion feature— 233 
Benefit from exercise of 2022 Note Hedge— 233 
Property and equipment included in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities38 59 

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
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SERVICENOW, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)
 
Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to “ServiceNow,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to ServiceNow, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

(1) Description of the Business

ServiceNow was founded on a simple premise: a better technology platform will help work flow better. We help global enterprises across industries, universities and governments to digitize their workflows. We organize our workflow applications along four primary areas: Technology, Customer and Industry, Employee and Creator. The products under each of our workflows help customers connect, automate and empower work across systems and silos to enable great outcomes for businesses and great experiences for people. The Now Platform integrates with our customers’ cloud platforms and systems of choice, allowing our customers to deliver workflows across their current and future preferred systems of record and collaboration platforms.

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and condensed footnotes have been prepared in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by United States (“U.S.”) generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements due to the permitted exclusion of certain disclosures for interim reporting. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring items) considered necessary under GAAP for fair statement of results for the interim periods presented have been included. As a result of displaying amounts in millions, rounding differences may exist in the condensed consolidated financial statements and footnote tables. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023 or for other interim periods or future years. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 is derived from audited consolidated financial statements; however, it does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP, and include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such management estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, standalone selling price for each distinct performance obligation included in customer contracts with multiple performance obligations, the period of benefit for deferred commissions, valuation of intangible assets, the useful life of property and equipment and identifiable intangible assets, stock-based compensation expense and income taxes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Significant Accounting Policies

There were no significant changes to our significant accounting policies disclosed in “Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023.
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Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

Credit risk arising from accounts receivable is mitigated to a certain extent due to our large number of customers and their dispersion across various industries and geographies. As of June 30, 2023, we had one customer, a U.S. federal channel partner and systems integrator, that represented 14% of our accounts receivable balance. Based on our periodic credit evaluations, there have been no historical collection concerns with this customer. As of December 31, 2022, there were no customers that represented more than 10% of our accounts receivable balance. There were no customers that individually exceeded 10% of our total revenues in any of the periods presented. For purposes of assessing concentration of credit risk and significant customers, a group of customers under common control or customers that are affiliates of each other are regarded as a single customer.

Prior Period Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications did not result in a restatement of prior period condensed consolidated financial statements.

(3) Investments
 
Marketable Debt Securities

The following is a summary of our available-for-sale debt securities recorded within short-term and long-term investments on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in millions):
 June 30, 2023
 Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities:
Commercial paper$456 $— $(1)$455 
Corporate notes and bonds3,328 2 (39)3,291 
Certificates of deposit123 — — 123 
U.S. government and agency securities1,889 — (19)1,870 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities102 — (17)85 
Total available-for-sale securities$5,898 $2 $(76)$5,824 

December 31, 2022
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Estimated
Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities:
Commercial paper$558 $— $(2)$556 
Corporate notes and bonds3,414 — (52)3,362 
Certificates of deposit162 — — 162 
U.S. government and agency securities768 — (2)766 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities98 — (17)81 
Total available-for-sale securities$5,000 $— $(73)$4,927 
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As of June 30, 2023, the contractual maturities of our available-for-sale debt securities, excluding those securities classified within cash and cash equivalents on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities that do not have a single maturity, did not exceed 36 months. The fair values of available-for-sale securities, by remaining contractual maturity, are as follows (in millions):
June 30, 2023
Due within 1 year$3,084 
Due in 1 year through 5 years2,655 
Instruments not due in single maturity85 
Total$5,824 

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the fair value of available-for-sale securities in a continuous unrealized loss position totaled $5,231 million and $4,232 million, respectively, the majority of which has been in a continuous unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months.

The decline in fair value below amortized cost basis was not considered other than temporary as it is more likely than not we will hold the securities until maturity or a recovery of the cost basis, and credit-related impairment losses were not material as of June 30, 2023.

Non-Marketable Equity Investments

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the total amount of non-marketable equity investments in privately held companies included in other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets was $279 million and $252 million, respectively. These balances include a $100 million investment in the common and preferred shares of Celonis SE, a privately held company that develops and sells process mining software. Our non-marketable equity investments are accounted for using the measurement alternative, which measures the investments at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from qualifying observable price changes resulting from the issuance of similar or identical securities in an orderly transaction by the same issuer. Determining whether an observed transaction is similar to a security within our portfolio requires judgment based on the rights and preferences of the securities. Recording upward and downward adjustments to the carrying value of our non-marketable equity investments as a result of observable price changes requires quantitative assessments of the fair value of our non-marketable equity investments using various valuation methodologies and involves the use of estimates. We classify these fair value measurements as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

(4)  Fair Value Measurements 

The following table presents our fair value hierarchy for our assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2023 (in millions): 
Level 1Level 2Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds$691 $— $691 
Commercial paper— 30 30 
Corporate notes and bonds— 1 1 
Deposits585 — 585 
U.S. government and agency securities— 33 33 
Marketable securities:
Commercial paper— 455 455 
Corporate notes and bonds— 3,291 3,291 
Certificates of deposit— 123 123 
U.S. government and agency securities— 1,870 1,870 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities— 85 85 
Total$1,276 $5,888 $7,164 
 
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The following table presents our fair value hierarchy for our assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 (in millions): 
Level 1Level 2Total
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds$738 $— $738 
Commercial paper— 36 36 
Corporate notes and bonds— 10 10 
Certificates of deposit— 2 2 
Deposits124 — 124 
U.S. government and agency securities— 8 8 
Marketable securities:
Commercial paper— 556 556 
Corporate notes and bonds— 3,362 3,362 
Certificates of deposit— 162 162 
U.S. government and agency securities— 766 766 
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities— 81 81 
Total$862 $4,983 $5,845 
 
We determine the fair value of our security holdings based on pricing from our service providers and market prices from industry-standard independent data providers. Such market prices may be quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1 inputs), pricing determined using inputs other than quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly (Level 2 inputs) or using unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity (Level 3 inputs). Our non-marketable equity investments are not included in the table above and are discussed in Note 3. See Note 8 for the fair value measurement of our derivative contracts and Note 10 for the fair value measurement of our long-term debt, which are also not included in the table above. Our marketable equity investments are classified within Level 1 and are immaterial as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

(5) Business Combinations

During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we completed an acquisition for total consideration of $57 million primarily to enhance our products with the acquired technology and engineering workforce. The acquisition was not material to our condensed consolidated financial statements.

(6) Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consist of the following (in millions):
 June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Developed technology$436 $434 
Patents72 72 
Other11 15 
Intangible assets, gross519 521 
Less: accumulated amortization(328)(289)
Intangible assets, net$191 $232 

The weighted-average useful life of the acquired developed technology for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was approximately five years. Amortization expense for intangible assets for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $22 million and $20 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $42 million and $40 million, respectively.

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The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets held at June 30, 2023 (in millions):
Years Ending December 31,
Remainder of 2023$38 
202471 
202551 
202620 
20276 
Thereafter5 
Total future amortization expense$191 

(7) Property and Equipment
 
Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in millions):
 June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Computer equipment$1,799 $1,606 
Computer software91 82 
Leasehold and other improvements226 226 
Furniture and fixtures79 81 
Construction in progress70 53 
Property and equipment, gross2,265 2,048 
Less: Accumulated depreciation(1,117)(995)
Property and equipment, net$1,148 $1,053 

Construction in progress consists of costs primarily related to leasehold and other improvements. Depreciation expense for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $88 million and $61 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $169 million and $119 million, respectively.

(8) Derivative Contracts

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had foreign currency forward contracts with total notional values of $3,275 million and $1,360 million, respectively, which are not designated as hedging instruments. Our foreign currency forward contracts are classified within Level 2 as the valuation inputs are based on quoted prices and market observable data of similar instruments in active markets, such as currency spot and forward rates. Outstanding foreign currency forward contracts are recorded at gross fair value as prepaid expenses and other current assets as well as accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The gross fair value of these foreign currency forward contracts was immaterial as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The gains (losses) recognized for these foreign currency forward contracts were immaterial for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

(9) Deferred Revenue and Performance Obligations

Revenues recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 from amounts included in deferred revenue as of March 31, 2023 and 2022 were $1.9 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively.

Revenues recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 from amounts included in deferred revenue as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $3.2 billion and $2.5 billion, respectively.

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Remaining Performance Obligations

Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations (“RPO”) represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes deferred revenue and non-cancellable amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenues in future periods. RPO excludes contracts that are billed in arrears, such as certain time and materials contracts, as we apply the “right to invoice” practical expedient under relevant accounting guidance.

As of June 30, 2023, the total non-cancellable RPO under our contracts with customers was $14.2 billion and we expect to recognize revenues on approximately 51% of these RPO over the following 12 months. The majority of the non-current RPO will be recognized over the next 13 to 36 months.

(10) Debt

For the periods ended June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the carrying value of our outstanding debt was $1,487 million and $1,486 million, respectively, net of unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of $13 million and $14 million, respectively.

We consider the fair value of the 2030 Notes at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 to be a Level 2 measurement. The estimated fair value of the 2030 Notes based on the closing trading price per $100, was $1,187 million and $1,144 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

2030 Notes

In August 2020, we issued 1.40% fixed rate ten-year notes with an aggregate principal amount of $1.5 billion due on September 1, 2030 (the “2030 Notes”). The 2030 Notes were issued at 99.63% of principal and we incurred approximately $13 million for debt issuance costs. The effective interest rate for the 2030 Notes was 1.53% and included interest payable, amortization of debt issuance cost and amortization of debt discount, as applicable. Interest is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on March 1, 2021, and the entire outstanding principal amount is due at maturity on September 1, 2030. The 2030 Notes are unsecured obligations and the indentures governing the 2030 Notes contain customary events of default and covenants that, among others and subject to exceptions, restrict our ability to incur or guarantee debt secured by liens on specified assets or enter into sale and lease-back transactions with respect to specified properties.

2022 Notes, Note Hedge and Warrants

In May and June 2017, we issued an aggregate of $782.5 million of 0% convertible senior notes (the “2022 Notes”), which were converted prior to or settled on June 1, 2022, in accordance with their terms.

Convertible DateInitial Conversion Price per ShareInitial Conversion Rate per $1,000 Par ValueInitial Number of Shares (in millions)
2022 NotesFebruary 1, 2022$134.75 7.42 shares6 

To minimize the impact of potential economic dilution upon conversion of the 2022 Notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions (the “2022 Note Hedge”) with certain investment banks, with respect to our common stock concurrently with the issuance of the 2022 Notes. The 2022 Note Hedge offset the dilution and cash payments in excess of the principal amount of the converted 2022 Notes and expired upon the maturity date of the 2022 Notes, which was on June 1, 2022.
PurchaseInitial SharesShares as of June 30, 2023
(in millions)
2022 Note Hedge$128 6 — 

Separately, we entered into warrant transactions with certain investment banks, whereby we sold warrants to acquire 6 million shares of our common stock with aggregate proceeds of $54 million (the “2022 Warrants”). The 2022 Warrants were separate transactions and were not remeasured through earnings each reporting period. The 2022 Warrants were not part of the 2022 Notes or 2022 Note Hedge.

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During the quarter ended June 30, 2022, we entered into unwind agreements to settle the remaining portion of the 2022 Warrants by delivering an aggregate of 0.6 million shares of our common stock. Accordingly, the 2022 Warrants were no longer outstanding as of June 30, 2022.

(11) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following table shows the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, in the stockholders’ equity section of our condensed consolidated balance sheets (in millions):
 June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Foreign currency translation adjustment$(12)$(25)
Net unrealized loss on investments(79)(77)
        Accumulated other comprehensive loss$(91)$(102)

Reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive loss into net income were not material for all periods presented.

(12) Stockholders' Equity

Common Stock

We are authorized to issue a total of 600 million shares of common stock as of June 30, 2023. Holders of our common stock are not entitled to receive dividends unless declared by our board of directors. As of June 30, 2023, we had 204.3 million shares of common stock outstanding and had reserved shares of common stock for future issuance as follows (in thousands): 
 June 30, 2023
Stock plans:
Options outstanding1,168 
RSUs(1)
7,751 
Shares of common stock available for future grants:
Amended and Restated 2021 Equity Incentive Plan(2)
11,985 
Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan(2)
8,693 
Total shares of common stock reserved for future issuance29,597 
(1)Represents the number of shares issuable upon settlement of outstanding restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based RSUs (“PRSUs”), as discussed in Note 13.
(2)Refer to Note 13 for a description of these plans.

We issued a total of 1.4 million shares for each of the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 from stock option exercises, vesting of RSUs, net of employee payroll taxes, and purchases from the employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”).

In May 2023, our board of directors authorized a program to repurchase up to $1.5 billion of our common stock (the “Share Repurchase Program”). Under this new program, we may repurchase our common stock from time to time through open market purchases, in privately negotiated transactions, or by other means, including through the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, in accordance with applicable securities laws and other restrictions. The Share Repurchase Program does not have a fixed expiration date, may be suspended or discontinued at any time, and does not obligate us to acquire any amount of common stock. The timing, manner, price, and amount of any repurchases will be determined by us at our discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including business, economic and market conditions, prevailing stock prices, corporate and regulatory requirements, and other considerations. As of June 30, 2023, we have not repurchased shares under the Share Repurchase Program.

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(13)  Equity Awards

We currently have three equity incentive plans: 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”), amended and restated 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Restated 2021 Plan”) and 2022 New-Hire Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”). The 2012 Plan was terminated in connection with the approval of the 2021 Plan on June 7, 2021 but continues to govern the terms of outstanding equity awards that were granted prior to the termination of the 2012 Plan. As of June 7, 2021, we no longer grant equity awards pursuant to the 2012 Plan. The Restated 2021 Plan was approved by the shareholders on June 1, 2023 to increase shares available for future grants by approximately 10 million shares. Effective on June 1, 2023, no further awards will be made under the 2022 Plan.

The Restated 2021 Plan and the 2012 Plan provide for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSUs, performance-based stock awards and other forms of equity compensation (collectively, “equity awards”). The 2022 Plan permits the grant of any of the foregoing awards with the exception of incentive stock options. In addition, the 2022 Plan, the Restated 2021 Plan and the 2012 Plan provide for the grant of performance cash awards. Incentive stock options may be granted only to employees. All other equity awards may be granted to employees, including officers, as well as directors and consultants.

Our Amended and Restated 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2012 ESPP”) authorizes the issuance of shares of common stock pursuant to purchase rights granted to our employees. The price at which common stock is purchased under the 2012 ESPP is equal to 85% of the fair market value of our common stock on the first or last day of the offering period, whichever is lower. Offering periods are six months long and begin on February 1 and August 1 of each year. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance will not be increased without shareholder approval.

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was as follows:
Number of
Shares		Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price Per Share		Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term		Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
(in thousands)(in years)(in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 20221,237 $590.36 
Exercised(14)$65.85 $6 
Forfeited(55)$627.21 
Outstanding at June 30, 20231,168 $595.01 7.9$73 
Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2023931 $576.37 7.7$71 
Vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2023149 $183.25 5.1$56 

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the estimated fair value of our common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options.

The total fair value of stock options vested during the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $4 million. No stock options were granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to unvested stock options was approximately $46 million. The weighted-average remaining vesting period of unvested stock options at June 30, 2023 was approximately one year.

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RSUs

A summary of RSU activity for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was as follows:
Number of
Shares		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Per Share
(in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 20225,737 $505.79 
Granted3,788 $467.78 
Vested(1,514)$459.92 
Forfeited(260)$506.61 
Outstanding at June 30, 20237,751 $496.60 
Expected to vest as of June 30, 20236,695 
    
RSUs outstanding as of June 30, 2023 were comprised of 7.2 million RSUs with only service conditions and 0.6 million RSUs with both service and performance conditions, including certain RSUs with additional market conditions. The total intrinsic value of the RSUs vested was $699 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. As of June 30, 2023, the aggregate intrinsic value of RSUs outstanding was $4.4 billion and RSUs expected to vest was $3.8 billion. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of RSUs granted was $467.78 per share for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

PRSUs with service, performance and market vesting criteria are considered as eligible to vest when approved by the compensation committee of our board of directors in January of the year following the grant. The ultimate number of shares eligible to vest for PRSUs range from 0% to 200% of the target number of shares depending on achievement relative to the performance metrics and, for certain PRSUs, depend on our total shareholder return relative to that of the S&P 500 index over the applicable measurement period. The eligible shares subject to PRSUs granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023 will vest in February of the following year and semi-annually for the remaining two years contingent on each holder’s continuous status as a service provider on the applicable vesting dates. The number of PRSUs granted included in the table above reflects the shares that could be eligible to vest at 100% of target for PRSUs and includes adjustments for over or under achievement for PRSUs granted in the prior year. We recognized $70 million and $65 million of stock-based compensation, net of actual and estimated forfeitures, associated with PRSUs on a graded vesting basis during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, total unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to unvested RSUs was approximately $2.9 billion, and the weighted-average remaining vesting period was approximately three years.

(14) Net Income Per Share
 
Basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, adjusted for the effects of dilutive shares of common stock, which are comprised of outstanding stock options, RSUs, ESPP obligations, the 2022 Notes and the 2022 Warrants. Stock awards with performance or market conditions are included in dilutive shares to the extent all conditions are met. The potentially dilutive shares of common stock are computed using the treasury stock method or the as-if converted method, as applicable. The effects of outstanding stock options, RSUs, ESPP obligations, 2022 Notes and 2022 Warrants are excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share in periods in which the effect would be antidilutive.

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The following tables present the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders (in millions, except for number of shares reflected in thousands and per share data):
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
Numerator:
Net income$1,044 $20 $1,194 $95 
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic204,021 200,955 203,705 200,517 
Weighted-average effect of potentially dilutive securities:
Common stock options119 137 115 159 
RSUs1,197 1,251 870 1,678 
ESPP obligations14 — — — 
2022 Notes settlements— 443 — 565 
Settlement of 2022 Warrants— 232 — 309 
Weighted-average shares outstanding - diluted205,351 203,018 204,690 203,228 
Net income per share - basic$5.12 $0.10 $5.86 $0.47 
Net income per share - diluted$5.08 $0.10 $5.83 $0.47 

Potentially dilutive securities that are not included in the calculation of diluted net income per share because doing so would be antidilutive are as follows (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
 2023202220232022
Common stock options967 1,022 967 1,022 
RSUs2,479 3,875 2,735 3,457 
ESPP obligations— 159 188 159 
Total potentially dilutive securities3,446 5,056 3,890 4,638 

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(15)   (Benefit from) Provision for Income Taxes

We compute our provision for income taxes by applying the estimated annual effective tax rate to year-to-date income from recurring operations and adjust the provision for discrete tax items recorded in the period.

The income tax benefit was $870 million and $832 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. The income tax benefit was primarily attributable to the release of the valuation allowance of certain U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. We regularly assess the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. In making that assessment, we consider both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets to determine, based on the weight of available evidence, whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of June 30, 2023, we achieved cumulative U.S. income during the prior twelve quarters when considering pre-tax income adjusted for permanent differences and other comprehensive losses. Based on all available positive and negative evidence, having demonstrated sustained profitability which is objective and verifiable, and taking into account anticipated future earnings, we concluded it is more likely than not that our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets will be realizable, with the exception of California. We continue to maintain a valuation allowance of $177 million against our California deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty regarding realizability of these deferred tax assets as they have not met the “more likely than not” realization criteria, particularly as we expect research and development tax credit generation to exceed our ability to use the credits in future years. When a change in valuation allowance is recognized during an interim period, the change in valuation allowance resulting from current year income is included in the annual effective tax rate and the release of valuation allowance supported by projections of future taxable income is recorded as a discrete tax benefit in the interim period. We released $910 million of our valuation allowance as a discrete tax benefit and $55 million as part of the effective tax rate during the three months ended June 30, 2023. The remaining $86 million is expected to be released during the remaining two quarters of 2023. We will continue to monitor the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis.

Our income tax provision was $9 million and $19 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. The income tax provision was primarily attributable to the mix of earnings and losses in countries with differing statutory tax rates and the valuation allowance in the United States.

We are subject to taxation in the United States and foreign jurisdictions. As of June 30, 2023, our tax years 2004 to 2022 remain subject to examination in most jurisdictions.

Due to differing interpretations of tax laws and regulations, tax authorities may dispute our tax filing positions. We periodically evaluate our exposures associated with our tax filing positions and believe that adequate amounts have been reserved for adjustments that may result from tax examinations.

(16) Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

For some of our offices and data centers, we have entered into non-cancellable operating lease agreements with various expiration dates through 2035 Certain lease agreements include options to renew or terminate the lease, which are not reasonably certain to be exercised and therefore are not factored into our determination of lease payments.

Total operating lease costs were $32 million and $63 million, excluding short-term lease costs, variable lease costs and sublease income, each of which were immaterial, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

Total operating lease costs were $28 million and $56 million, excluding short-term lease costs, variable lease costs and sublease income, each of which were immaterial, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, total cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities was $40 million and $38 million, respectively. Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining operating right-of-use assets totaled $24 million and $68 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, the weighted-average remaining lease term is approximately nine years, and the weighted-average discount rate is 4%.

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Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2023 are presented in the table below (in millions):
Remainder of 2023$54 
202499 
2025104 
202684 
202774 
Thereafter450 
Total operating lease payments865 
Less: imputed interest(140)
Present value of operating lease liabilities$725 

In addition to the amounts above, as of June 30, 2023, we have operating leases, primarily for offices, that have not yet commenced with undiscounted cash flows of $69 million. These operating leases are expected to commence in 2023 with lease terms of twelve years.

Other Commitments

Other contractual commitments consist of data center and IT operations and sales and marketing activities related to our daily business operations. There were no material contractual obligations that were entered into during the six months ended June 30, 2023 that were outside the ordinary course of business. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we entered into a non-cancellable, $500 million agreement with Microsoft to purchase cloud services over five years, as we accelerate Azure adoption for mutual customers.

In addition to the amounts above, the repayment of our 2030 Notes with an aggregate principal amount of $1.5 billion is due on September 1, 2030. Refer to Note 10 for further information regarding our 2030 Notes.

Further, $39 million of unrecognized tax benefits have been recorded as liabilities as of June 30, 2023.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are party to litigation and other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. While the results of any litigation or other legal proceedings are uncertain, management does not believe the ultimate resolution of any pending legal matters is likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows, except for those matters for which we have recorded a loss contingency. We accrue for loss contingencies when it is both probable that we will incur the loss and when we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss or range of loss.

Generally, our subscription agreements require us to defend our customers for third-party intellectual property infringement and other claims. Any adverse determination related to intellectual property claims or other litigation could prevent us from offering our services and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Indemnification Provisions

Our agreements include provisions indemnifying customers against intellectual property and other third-party claims. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors, executive officers and certain other officers that will require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise as a result of their affiliation with us. We have not incurred any costs as a result of such indemnification obligations and have not recorded any liabilities related to such obligations in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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(17)  Information about Geographic Areas and Products

Revenues by geographic area, based on the location of our users, were as follows for the periods presented (in millions):
 Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
North America(1)
$1,369 $1,139 $2,713 $2,255 
EMEA(2)
547 433 1,079 867 
Asia Pacific and other234 180 454 352 
Total revenues$2,150 $1,752 $4,246 $3,474 
    
Property and equipment, net by geographic area were as follows (in millions):
 June 30, 2023December 31, 2022
North America(3)
$740 $664 
EMEA(2)
240 221 
Asia Pacific and other168 168 
Total property and equipment, net$1,148 $1,053 

(1)Revenues attributed to the United States were 94% of North America revenues for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.
(2)Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”).
(3)Property and equipment, net attributed to the United States were approximately 83% and 85% of property and equipment, net attributable to North America as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
.
Subscription revenues consist of the following (in millions):
Three Months Ended June 30,Six Months Ended June 30,
2023202220232022
Digital workflow products$1,836 $1,463 $3,626 $2,903 
ITOM products239 195 473 386 
Total subscription revenues$2,075 $1,658 $4,099 $3,289 

Our digital workflow products are generally priced on a per user basis and include the Now Platform, IT Service Management, Strategic Portfolio Management (formerly known as IT Business Management), IT Asset Management and Enterprise Asset Management, Security Operations, Integrated Risk Management (formerly, Governance, Risk and Compliance), ESG Management, HR Service Delivery, Workplace Service Delivery, Legal Service Delivery, Customer Service Management, Field Service Management, Industry Solutions, App Engine, Automation Engine, Platform Privacy and Security, Source-to-Pay Operations (formerly known as Procurement Operations Management), Supplier Lifecycle Operations, Accounts Payable Operations and Impact. Our IT Operations Management (“ITOM”) products are generally priced on a subscription unit basis, which allows us to measure customers’ management of various IT resources, and decreasingly on a per node (physical or virtual server) basis.

(18) Subsequent Events

In July 2023, we acquired all outstanding shares of G2K Group GmbH, an artificial intelligence powered platform, for total consideration of approximately $500 million in cash. The acquisition is intended to enhance our Now Platform with the acquired smart Internet of Things (“IoT”) technology, enabling businesses to intelligently action digital and in-store data with enterprise-grade workflows. The consideration is paid in two installments, the first installment made at the close of the transaction in July 2023 and the second installment to be paid in February 2024. We are currently in the process of finalizing the accounting for this transaction and expect to complete the preliminary purchase price allocation in the third quarter of 2023.

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ITEM 2.     MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows should be read in conjunction with the (1) unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and (2) the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), on January 31, 2023. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “estimate,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to those identified herein, and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023 and in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our other SEC filings. We disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Investors and others should note that we announce material financial information to our investors using our investor relations website (https://www.servicenow.com/company/investor-relations.html), SEC filings, press releases, public conference calls and webcasts. We use these channels, as well as social media, to communicate with our investors and the public about our Company, our services and other issues. It is possible that the information we post on social media could be deemed to be material information. Therefore, we encourage investors, the media and others interested in our Company to review the information we post on the social media channels listed on our investor relations website.

Our free cash flow measure included in the section entitled “Key Business Metrics—Free Cash Flow,” is not in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). This non-GAAP financial measure is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP. This measure may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies, limiting its usefulness for comparison purposes. We encourage investors to carefully consider our results under GAAP, as well as our supplemental non-GAAP results, to more fully understand our business.

Overview

ServiceNow was founded on a simple premise: a better technology platform will help work flow better. Our purpose is to make the world work better for everyone. We help global enterprises across industries, universities and governments to digitize their workflows. The Now Platform, seamlessly connects workflows across siloed organizations and systems in a way that unlocks productivity, improves experiences for both employees and customers and delivers real business outcomes. We organize our workflow applications along four primary areas: Technology, Customer and Industry, Employee and Creator. The Now Platform enables our customers’ digital transformation from non-integrated enterprise technology solutions with manual and disconnected processes and activities, to integrated enterprise technology solutions with automation and connected processes and activities. The transformation to digital operations, enabled by the Now Platform, increases our customers’ resiliency and security and delivers great experiences and additional value to their employees and consumers.

We are closely monitoring the unfolding events of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. While the Russia-Ukraine conflict is still evolving and the outcome remains highly uncertain, we do not believe the Russia-Ukraine conflict will have a material impact on our business and results of operations. However, if the Russia-Ukraine conflict continues or worsens, leading to greater global economic disruptions and uncertainty, our business and results of operations could be materially impacted. Our customers in Russia represented an immaterial portion of our net assets as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and of our total consolidated revenues for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

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Additionally, other recent macroeconomic events, including rising interest rates, global inflation and bank failures, have led to further economic uncertainty in the global economy. To mitigate risk, our cash and cash equivalents are distributed across several large financial institutions and are not concentrated in one financial institution. We have not experienced any impact to our liquidity or to our current and projected business operations and financial condition due to recent bank failures. In addition, we have policy restrictions in place on the types of securities that can be purchased as part of our available-for-sale securities portfolio. These restrictions take industry and company concentration limits into consideration among other things. Furthermore, the majority of our non-marketable equity investments do not have material relationships with any one financial institution and therefore, we believe that our exposure to loss is immaterial. We will continue to monitor the direct and indirect impact of macroeconomic events on our business and financial results.

See the “Risk Factors” section in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023 and in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further discussion of the possible impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the macroeconomic conditions on our business.

Key Business Metrics

Remaining performance obligations. Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations (“RPO”) represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes deferred revenue and non-cancellable amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. RPO excludes contracts that are billed in arrears, such as certain time and materials contracts, as we apply the “right to invoice” practical expedient under relevant accounting guidance. Current remaining performance obligations (“cRPO”) represents RPO that will be recognized as revenue in the next 12 months.

As of June 30, 2023, our RPO was $14.2 billion, of which 51% represented cRPO. RPO and cRPO increased by 24% and 25%, respectively, compared to June 30, 2022. Factors that may cause our RPO to vary from period to period include the following:

•Foreign currency exchange rates. While a majority of our contracts have historically been in U.S. Dollars, an increasing percentage of our contracts in recent periods has been in foreign currencies, particularly the Euro and British Pound Sterling. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates as of the balance sheet date will cause variability in our RPO.

•Mix of offerings. In a minority of cases, we allow our customers to host our software by themselves or through a third-party service provider. In self-hosted offerings, we recognize a portion of the revenue upfront upon the delivery of the software and as a result, such revenue is excluded from RPO.
 
•Subscription start date. From time to time, we enter into contracts with a subscription start date in the future and these amounts are included in RPO if such contracts are signed by the balance sheet date.
 
•Timing of contract renewals. While customers typically renew their contracts at the end of the contract term, from time to time, customers may do so either before or after the scheduled expiration date. For example, in cases where we are successful in selling additional products or services to an existing customer, a customer may decide to renew its existing contract early to ensure that all its contracts expire on the same date. In other cases, prolonged negotiations or other factors may result in a contract not being renewed until after it has expired.

•Contract duration. While we typically enter into multi-year subscription services, the duration of our contracts varies. Further, we continue to see an increase in the number of 12-month agreements entered into with the U.S. federal government throughout the year, with the highest number of agreements entered into in the quarter ended September 30, driven primarily by timing of their annual budget expenditures. We sometimes also enter into contracts with durations that have a 12-month or shorter term to enable the contracts to co-terminate with the existing contract. The contract duration will cause variability in our RPO.
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Number of customers with ACV greater than $1 million. We count the total number of customers with annual contract value (“ACV”) greater than $1 million as of the end of the period. We had 1,724 and 1,466 customers with ACV greater than $1 million as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For purposes of customer count, a customer is defined as an entity that has a unique Dunn & Bradstreet Global Ultimate (“GULT”) Data Universal Numbering System (“DUNS”) number and an active subscription contract as of the measurement date. The DUNS number is a global standard for business identification and tracking. We make exceptions for holding companies, government entities and other organizations for which the GULT, in our judgment, does not accurately represent the ServiceNow customer. For example, while all U.S. government agencies roll up to “Government of the United States” under the GULT, we count each government agency that we contract with as a separate customer. Our customer count is subject to adjustments for acquisitions, spin-offs and other market activity; accordingly, we restate previously disclosed number of customers with ACV greater than $1 million calculations to allow for comparability. ACV is calculated based on the foreign exchange rate in effect at the time the contract was signed. Foreign exchange rate fluctuations could cause some variability in the number of customers with ACV greater than $1 million. We believe information regarding the total number of customers with ACV greater than $1 million provides useful information to investors because it is an indicator of our growing customer base and demonstrates the value customers are receiving from the Now Platform.

Free cash flow. We define free cash flow, a non-GAAP financial measure, as GAAP net cash provided by operating activities reduced by purchases of property and equipment. Purchases of property and equipment are included in cash used in investing activities under GAAP. We believe information regarding free cash flow provides useful information to investors because it is an indicator of the strength and performance of our business operations. However, our calculation of free cash flow may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies. A calculation of free cash flow is provided below:
Six Months Ended June 30,% Change
20232022
(dollars in millions)
Free cash flow:
Net cash provided by operating activities$1,482 $1,296 14 %
Purchases of property and equipment(297)(244)22 %
Free cash flow$1,185 $1,052 13 %

We have historically seen higher collections in the quarter ended March 31 due to seasonality in timing of entering into customer contracts, which is significantly higher in the quarter ended December 31. Additionally, we have historically seen higher disbursements in the quarters ended March 31 and September 30 due to payouts under our annual commission plans, purchases under our employee stock purchase plan, payouts under our bonus plans and coupon payments related to our 2030 Notes.

Renewal rate. We calculate our renewal rate by subtracting our attrition rate from 100%. Our attrition rate for a period is equal to the ACV from customers lost during the period, divided by the sum of (i) the total ACV from all customers that renewed during the period, excluding changes in price or users, and (ii) the total ACV from all customers lost during the period. Accordingly, our renewal rate is calculated based on ACV and is not based on the number of customers that have renewed. Further, our renewal rate does not reflect increased or decreased purchases from our customers to the extent such customers are not lost customers or lapsed renewals. A lost customer is a customer that did not renew an expiring contract and that, in our judgment, will not be renewed. Typically, a customer that reduces its subscription upon renewal is not considered a lost customer. However, in instances where the subscription decrease represents the majority of the customer’s ACV, we may deem the renewal as a lost customer. For our renewal rate calculation, we define a customer as an entity with a separate production instance of our service and an active subscription contract as of the measurement date, instead of an entity with a unique GULT or DUNS number. We adjust our renewal rate for acquisitions, consolidations and other customer events that cause the merging of two or more accounts occurring at the time of renewal. Our renewal rate was 99% for each of the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and 98% for each of the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. As our renewal rate is impacted by the timing of renewals, which could occur in advance of, or subsequent to the original contract end date, period-to-period comparison of renewal rates may not be meaningful.

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Components of Results of Operations
 
Revenues

Subscription revenues. Subscription revenues are primarily comprised of fees that give customers access to the ordered subscription service for both self-hosted offerings and cloud-based subscription offerings, and related standard and enhanced support and updates, if any, to the subscription service during the subscription term. For our cloud-based offerings, we recognize revenue ratably over the subscription term. For self-hosted offerings, a substantial portion of the sales price is recognized upon delivery of the software, which may cause greater variability in our subscription revenues and subscription gross margin. Pricing includes multiple instances, hosting and support services, data backup and disaster recovery services, as well as future updates, when and if available, offered during the subscription term. We typically invoice our customers for subscription fees in annual increments upon execution of the initial contract or subsequent renewal. Our contracts are generally non-cancellable during the subscription term, though a customer can terminate for breach if we materially fail to perform.

Professional services and other revenues. Our arrangements for professional services are primarily on a time-and-materials basis, and we generally invoice our customers monthly in arrears for the professional services based on actual hours and expenses incurred. Some of our professional services arrangements are on a fixed fee basis. Professional services revenues are recognized as services are delivered. Other revenues primarily consist of fees from customer training delivered on-site or through publicly available classes. Typical payment terms require our customers to pay us within 30 days of invoice.

We sell our subscription services primarily through our direct sales organization. We also sell services through managed service providers and resale partners. We also generate revenues from certain professional services and from training of customers and partner personnel, through both our direct team and indirect channel sales. Revenues from our direct sales organization represented 79% of our total revenues for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. For purposes of calculating revenues from our direct sales organization, revenues from systems integrators and managed services providers are included as part of the direct sales organization.

Seasonality. We have historically experienced seasonality in terms of when we enter into customer agreements. We sign a significantly higher percentage of agreements with new customers, as well as expansion with existing customers, in the fourth quarter of each year. The increase in customer agreements for the fourth quarter is primarily a result of both large enterprise account buying patterns typical in the software industry, which are driven primarily by the expiration of annual authorized budgeted expenditures, and the terms of our commission plans, which incentivize our direct sales organization to meet their annual quotas by December 31. Furthermore, we usually sign a significant portion of these agreements during the last month, and often the last two weeks, of each quarter. This seasonality of entering into customer agreements is sometimes not immediately apparent in our revenues, due to the fact that we recognize subscription revenues from our cloud offering contracts over the term of the subscription agreement, which is generally 12 to 36 months, leading to a higher RPO in the fourth quarter. Although these seasonal factors are common in the technology industry, historical patterns should not be considered a reliable indicator of our future sales activity or performance.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of subscription revenues. Cost of subscription revenues consists primarily of expenses related to hosting our services and providing support to our customers. These expenses are comprised of data center capacity costs, which include colocation costs associated with our data centers as well as interconnectivity between data centers, depreciation related to our infrastructure hardware equipment dedicated for customer use, amortization of intangible assets, expenses associated with software, public cloud service costs, IT services and dedicated customer support, personnel-related costs directly associated with data center operations and customer support, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation and allocated overhead.

Cost of professional services and other revenues. Cost of professional services and other revenues consists primarily of personnel-related costs directly associated with our professional services and training departments, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation, the costs of contracted third-party partners, travel expenses and allocated overhead.

Professional services are performed directly by our services team, as well as by contracted third-party partners. Fees paid by us to third-party partners are primarily recognized as cost of revenues as the professional services are delivered. Cost of revenues associated with our professional services engagements contracted with third-party partners as a percentage of professional services and other revenues was 9% and 10% for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and 13% and 12% for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
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Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses directly associated with our sales and marketing staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation. Sales and marketing expenses also include the amortization of commissions paid to our sales employees, including related payroll taxes and fringe benefits. In addition, sales and marketing expenses include branding expenses, marketing program expenses, which include events such as Knowledge, costs associated with purchasing advertising and marketing data, software and subscription services dedicated for sales and marketing use and allocated overhead.

Research and Development
 
Research and development (“R&D”) expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses directly associated with our research and development staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation and allocated overhead. Research and development expenses also include data center capacity costs, costs associated with outside services contracted for research and development purposes and depreciation of infrastructure hardware equipment that is used solely for research and development purposes.
 
General and Administrative
 
General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for our executive, finance, legal, human resources, facilities and administrative personnel, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, stock-based compensation, external legal, accounting and other professional services fees, other corporate expenses, amortization of intangible assets and allocated overhead.
 
(Benefit from) provision for Income Taxes

(Benefit from) provision for income taxes consists of federal, state and foreign income taxes. Our income tax benefit is primarily attributable to the release of the valuation allowance against certain U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets, excluding California. We continue to maintain a valuation allowance against our California deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty regarding realizability of these deferred tax assets as they have not met the “more likely than not” realization criteria, particularly as we expect R&D tax credit generation to exceed our ability to use the credits in future years.

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022
 
Revenues
 Three Months Ended June 30,% ChangeSix Months Ended June 30,% Change
2023202220232022
 (dollars in millions) (dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Subscription$2,075 $1,658 25%$4,099 $3,289 25%
Professional services and other75 94 (20%)147 185 (21%)
Total revenues$2,150 $1,752 23%$4,246 $3,474 22%
Percentage of revenues:
Subscription97%95%97%95%
Professional services and other3%5%3%5%
Total100%100%100%100%

Subscription revenues increased by $417 million and $810 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily driven by increased purchases by new and existing customers. Included in subscription revenues is $48 million and $49 million of revenues recognized upfront from the delivery of software associated with self-hosted offerings during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $143 million and $126 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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We expect subscription revenues for the year ending December 31, 2023 to increase in absolute dollars and increase slightly as a percentage of revenue as we continue to add new customers and existing customers increase their usage of our products compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Our expectations for revenues, cost of revenues and operating expenses for the remainder of 2023 are based on the 30-day average of foreign exchange rates for June 30, 2023.

Subscription revenues consist of the following:
Three Months Ended June 30,% ChangeSix Months Ended June 30,% Change
2023202220232022
(dollars in millions)(dollars in millions)
Digital workflow products$1,836 $1,463 25%$3,626 $2,903 25%
ITOM products239 195 23%473 386 23%
Total subscription revenues$2,075 $1,658 25%$4,099 $3,289 25%

Our digital workflow products are generally priced on a per user basis and include the Now Platform, IT Service Management, Strategic Portfolio Management (formerly known as IT Business Management), IT Asset Management and Enterprise Asset Management, Security Operations, Integrated Risk Management (formerly, Governance, Risk and Compliance), ESG Management, HR Service Delivery, Workplace Service Delivery, Legal Service Delivery, Customer Service Management, Field Service Management, Industry Solutions, App Engine, Automation Engine, Platform Privacy and Security, Source-to-Pay Operations (formerly known as Procurement Operations Management), Supplier Lifecycle Operations, Accounts Payable Operations and Impact. Our IT Operations Management (“ITOM”) products are generally priced on a subscription unit basis, which allows us to measure customers’ management of various IT resources, and decreasingly on a per node (physical or virtual server) basis.

Professional services and other revenues decreased by $19 million and $38 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, due to a decrease in services and trainings provided to new and existing customers.

We expect professional services and other revenues for the year ending December 31, 2023 to decrease in absolute dollars and to decrease slightly as a percentage of revenue compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. We continue to be focused on deploying our internal professional services organization as a strategic resource and working with our partner ecosystem to contract directly with customers for implementation services delivery.

Cost of Revenues and Gross Profit Percentage
 Three Months Ended June 30,% ChangeSix Months Ended June 30,% Change
2023202220232022
 (dollars in millions) (dollars in millions)
Cost of revenues:
Subscription$389 $287 36%$743 $562 32%
Professional services and other82 102 (20%)166 196 (15%)
Total cost of revenues$471 $389 21%$909 $758 20%
Gross profit (loss) percentage:
Subscription81%83%82%83%
Professional services and other(9%)(9%)(13%)(6%)
Total gross profit percentage78%78%79%78%
Gross profit$1,679 $1,363 $3,337 $2,716 

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Cost of subscription revenues increased by $102 million and $181 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to increased headcount and increased costs to support the growth of our subscription offerings including costs to support customers in regulated markets. Personnel-related costs including stock-based compensation and overhead expenses increased by $57 million and $105 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. Depreciation expense related to infrastructure hardware equipment dedicated for customer use increased by $25 million and $45 million and maintenance costs to support the expansion of our data center capacity, including public cloud service costs, increased by $14 million and $22 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

We expect our cost of subscription revenues for the year ending December 31, 2023 to increase in absolute dollars as we provide subscription services to more customers and increase usage within our customer instances and to increase slightly as a percentage of revenue compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. We will continue to incur incremental costs to attract customers in regulated markets by adopting public cloud offerings as well as increased support for customers impacted by new and evolving data residency requirements. To the extent future acquisitions are consummated, our cost of subscription revenues may increase due to additional non-cash charges associated with the amortization of intangible assets acquired. Our subscription gross profit percentage was 81% and 82% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and 83% for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. We expect our subscription gross profit percentage to decrease slightly for the year ending December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Cost of professional services and other revenues decreased by $20 million and $30 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in personnel-related costs including stock-based compensation.

Our professional services and other gross loss percentage was 9% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. Professional services and other gross loss percentage increased to 13% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to 6% for the six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily driven by professional services and other revenue declining at a faster rate than personnel-related costs. We expect our professional services and other gross loss percentage to increase slightly for the year ending December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Sales and Marketing
 Three Months Ended June 30,% ChangeSix Months Ended June 30,% Change
2023202220232022
 (dollars in millions) (dollars in millions)
Sales and marketing$832 $722 15%$1,655 $1,395 19%
Percentage of revenues39%41%39%40%

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $110 million and $260 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to increased headcount resulting in an increase in personnel-related costs including stock-based compensation and overhead expenses of $77 million and $182 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. Amortization expenses associated with deferred commissions increased by $25 million and $50 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, due to an increase in contracts with new customers, expansion and renewal contracts. Other sales and marketing program expenses, which includes branding, costs associated with purchasing advertising, marketing events and market data, increased by $8 million and $28 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to increased program costs and travel for our annual Sales Kickoff.

We expect sales and marketing expenses for the year ending December 31, 2023 to increase in absolute dollars and to decrease slightly as a percentage of revenue compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, as we continue to see leverage from increased sales productivity and marketing efficiencies offset by growth in our international operations in 2023.

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Research and Development
 Three Months Ended June 30,% ChangeSix Months Ended June 30,% Change
2023202220232022
 (dollars in millions) (dollars in millions)
Research and development$521 $444 17%$1,013 $858 18%
Percentage of revenues24%25%24%25%

R&D expenses increased by $77 million and $155 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to increased headcount, resulting in an increase in personnel-related costs including stock-based compensation and overhead expenses of $73 million and $148 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

We expect R&D expenses for the year ending December 31, 2023 to increase in absolute dollars but remain relatively flat as a percentage of revenue compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 as we continue to improve the existing functionality of our services, develop new applications to fill market needs and enhance our core platform.

General and Administrative
 Three Months Ended June 30,% ChangeSix Months Ended June 30,% Change
2023202220232022
 (dollars in millions) (dollars in millions)
General and administrative$209 $175 19%$408 $354 15%
Percentage of revenues10%10%10%10%
 
G&A expenses increased by $34 million and $54 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to increased headcount, resulting in an increase in personnel-related costs including stock-based compensation and overhead expenses of $23 million and $40 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. Non personnel-related costs and outside services increased by $11 million and $12 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year.

We expect G&A expenses for the year ending December 31, 2023 to increase in absolute dollars but remain relatively flat as a percentage of revenue compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, as we continue to see leverage from continued G&A productivity.

Stock-based Compensation
 Three Months Ended June 30,% ChangeSix Months Ended June 30,% Change
2023202220232022
 (dollars in millions) (dollars in millions)
Cost of revenues:
Subscription$50 $39 28 %$96 $75 28 %
Professional services and other15 18 (17 %)29 34 (15 %)
Operating expenses:
Sales and marketing120 113 6 %246 218 13 %
Research and development145 126 15 %280 241 16 %
General and administrative67 56 20 %127 109 17 %
Total stock-based compensation$397 $352 13 %$778 $677 15 %
Percentage of revenues18%20%18%19%

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Stock-based compensation increased by $45 million and $101 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily due to additional grants to current and new employees.

Stock-based compensation is inherently difficult to forecast due to fluctuations in our stock price. Based upon our stock price as of June 30, 2023, we expect stock-based compensation to continue to increase in absolute dollars for the year ending December 31, 2023 as we continue to issue stock-based awards to our employees, but decrease slightly as a percentage of revenue compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. We expect stock-based compensation as a percentage of revenue to decline over time as we continue to grow.

Foreign Currency Exchange

Our international operations have provided and will continue to provide a significant portion of our total revenues. Revenues outside North America represented 36% of total revenues for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 35% for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 .

We primarily transact in certain foreign currencies for sales outside of the United States. For the three months ended June 30, 2023, the general weakening of the U.S. Dollar relative to primarily the Euro had an immaterial impact on our subscription revenues. The general strengthening of the U.S. Dollar relative to certain major foreign currencies (primarily the Euro and British Pound Sterling) had an unfavorable impact on our revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2023. For entities reporting in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, if we had translated our results for the six months ended June 30, 2023 at the exchange rates in effect for the six months ended June 30, 2022 rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the period, our reported subscription revenues would have been $43 million higher. The impact from the foreign currency movements from the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 to the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 was not material for professional services and other revenues.

In addition, because we primarily transact in several foreign currencies for cost of revenues and operating expenses outside of the United States, the general strengthening of the U.S. Dollar relative to these major foreign currencies had a favorable impact on our cost of revenues, sales and marketing and R&D expenses for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. For entities reporting in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, if we had translated our results for the six months ended June 30, 2023 at the exchange rates in effect for the six months ended June 30, 2022 rather than the actual exchange rates in effect during the period, our reported cost of revenues, sales and marketing and R&D expenses would have been $11 million, $17 million, and $10 million higher for the six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. The impact from the foreign currency movements from the three months ended June 30, 2022 to the three months ended June 30, 2023 was not material to cost of revenues, sales and marketing, R&D and G&A expenses. The impact from the foreign currency movements from the six months ended June 30, 2022 to the six months ended June 30, 2023 was not material to G&A expenses.

Interest Income
Three Months Ended June 30,% ChangeSix Months Ended June 30,% Change
2023202220232022
(dollars in millions)(dollars in millions)
Interest income$74 $12 NM$134 $17 NM
Percentage of revenues3 %1%3 %— %
NM - Not meaningful

Interest income increased by $62 million and $117 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily driven by an increase in investment income from our managed portfolio resulting from the increase in interest rates.

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Other expense, net
 Three Months Ended June 30,% ChangeSix Months Ended June 30,% Change
2023202220232022
 (dollars in millions) (dollars in millions)
Interest expense$(6)$(6)—%$(12)$(12)—%
Other(11)1 NM(21)— NM
 Other expense, net$(17)$(5)240%$(33)$(12)175%
Percentage of revenues(1%)—%(1%)—%
 NM - Not meaningful

Other expense, net increased by $12 million and $21 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, primarily driven by higher foreign exchange loss, unrealized loss on marketable equity securities and impairment of certain non-marketable equity investments.

To mitigate our risks associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, we enter into foreign currency forward contracts with maturities of 12 months or less to hedge a portion of our net outstanding monetary assets and liabilities. These hedging contracts may reduce, but cannot entirely eliminate, the impact of adverse currency exchange rate movements. The gains (losses) recognized for these foreign currency forward contracts in other expense, net were immaterial for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

(Benefit from) provision for Income Taxes
 Three Months Ended June 30,% ChangeSix Months Ended June 30,% Change
2023202220232022
 (dollars in millions) (dollars in millions)
Income before income taxes$174 $29 NM$362 $114 218%
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes$(870)$9 NM$(832)$19 NM
Effective tax rate(500%)31%(230%)17%
NM - Not meaningful

The income tax benefit was $870 million and $832 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively. The income tax benefit was primarily attributable to the release of the valuation allowance of certain U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. We regularly assess the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. In making that assessment, we consider both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets to determine, based on the weight of available evidence, whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of June 30, 2023, we achieved cumulative U.S. income during the prior twelve quarters when considering pre-tax income adjusted for permanent differences and other comprehensive losses. Based on all available positive and negative evidence, having demonstrated sustained profitability which is objective and verifiable, and taking into account anticipated future earnings, we concluded it is more likely than not that our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets will be realizable, with the exception of California. We continue to maintain a valuation allowance of $177 million against our California deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty regarding realizability of these deferred tax assets as they have not met the “more likely than not” realization criteria, particularly as we expect R&D tax credit generation to exceed our ability to use the credits in future years. When a change in valuation allowance is recognized during an interim period, the change in valuation allowance resulting from current year income is included in the annual effective tax rate and the release of valuation allowance supported by projections of future taxable income is recorded as a discrete tax benefit in the interim period. We released $910 million of our valuation allowance as a discrete tax benefit and $55 million as part of the effective tax rate during the three months ended June 30, 2023. The remaining $86 million is expected to be released during the remaining two quarters of 2023. We will continue to monitor the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis.

Our income tax provision was $9 million and $19 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. The income tax provision was primarily attributable to the mix of earnings and losses in countries with differing statutory tax rates and the valuation allowance in the United States.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We generate cash inflows from operations primarily from selling subscription services which are generally paid in advance of provisioning services, and cash outflows to develop new services and core technologies that further enhance the Now Platform, engage our customer and enhance their experience, and enable and transform our business operations. Subscription services arrangements typically have a three-year duration, and we have experienced a renewal rate of 98% over the last three years. Cash outflows from operations are principally comprised of the salaries, bonuses, commissions and benefits for our workforce; licenses and services arrangements that are integral to our business operations and data centers; and operating lease arrangements that underlie our facilities. We have generated positive operating cash flows for more than ten years as we continue to grow our business in pursuit of our business strategy, and we expect to grow our business and generate positive cash flows from operations during 2023. When assessing sources of liquidity, we also include cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments totaling $7.5 billion as of June 30, 2023.

Our working capital requirements are principally comprised of non-contract workforce salaries, bonuses, commissions and benefits and, to a lesser extent, cancellable and non-cancellable licenses and services arrangements that are integral to our business operations and operating lease obligations. Operating lease obligations totaling $865 million are principally associated with leased facilities and have varying maturities with $450 million due over the next five years.

To grow our business, we also invest in capital and other resources to expand our data centers and enable our workforce, and we acquire technology and businesses to supplement our technology portfolio. Our capital expenditures are typically under cancellable arrangements primarily used to support the installed base and growth of our hosted business. We have also issued long-term debt to finance our business. In August 2020, we issued 1.40% fixed rate ten-year notes with an aggregate principal amount of $1.5 billion due on September 1, 2030 (the “2030 Notes”).

Our free cash flows, together with our other sources of liquidity, are available to service our liabilities as well as our cancellable and non-cancellable arrangements. We anticipate cash flows generated from operations, cash, cash equivalents and investments will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for at least the next 12 months. As we look beyond the next 12 months, we seek to continue to grow free cash flows necessary to fund our operations and grow our business. If we require additional capital resources, we may seek to finance our operations from the current funds available or additional equity or debt financing.
 Six Months Ended June 30,
20232022
 (dollars in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities$1,482 $1,296 
Net cash used in investing activities$(1,198)$(1,080)
Net cash used in financing activities$(89)$(229)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$195 $(62)

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $1,482 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $1,296 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The net increase in operating cash flows was primarily due to higher collections driven by revenue growth.

Investing Activities
 
Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $1,198 million compared to $1,080 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The net increase in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a $225 million increase in net purchases of investments and a $53 million increase in purchases of property and equipment, partially offset by a $90 million decrease in purchases of non-marketable investments and a $57 million decrease in business combinations.

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Financing Activities
 
Net cash used in financing activities was $89 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to net cash used in financing activities of $229 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease in cash used in financing activities is primarily due to a $94 million decrease related to repayments of convertible senior notes attributable to principal, a $35 million decrease in taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards, and an $11 million increase in proceeds from employee stock plans.


Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023.


ITEM 3.     QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes in our market risk compared to the disclosures in Part II, Item 7A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023.

ITEM 4.     CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Regulations under the Exchange Act require public companies, including our Company, to maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” which are defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) to mean a company’s controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required or necessary disclosures. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded, based on the evaluation of the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures by our management as of June 30, 2023, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level for this purpose.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II

ITEM 1.     LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we are party to litigation and other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. While the results of any litigation or other legal proceedings are uncertain, we are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves risks. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described under the section “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023 and below all of the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making an investment decision. The section “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on January 31, 2023 identifies the risks and uncertainties, though they are not the only ones we face, that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our business could be harmed by any of these risks or additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial. Our stock price could decline due to any of these risks.

Risks Related to Our Ability to Grow Our Business

Laws, regulations and customer expectations regarding the use, storage and movement of data may restrict our ability to continue to optimize our platform and adversely affect our business.

Governments have adopted, and may likely continue to adopt, laws and regulations affecting the use, storage and movement of data, including laws related to data privacy, the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence (“AI”), and data sovereignty or residency requirements. As a cloud-based service provider, we optimize performance of our products and services by utilizing data centers located in, and support provided from, different jurisdictions. As we continue to innovate and improve the offerings on our platform, we leverage machine learning and AI to create more efficient and effective workflows for our customers. Changing laws, regulations and standards applying to the collection, storage, use, sharing, transfer or other control or processing of data, including personal data such as employee or marketing data, could affect our ability to efficiently and cost-effectively offer our services, to develop our products and services to maximize their utility, as well as our customers’ ability to use data or share data with service providers. Such changes may restrict our ability to use, store or otherwise process data of our customers in connection with providing and supporting our services. In some cases, this could impact our ability to offer our services in certain locations or our customers’ ability to deploy our services globally. In addition, we may become subject to new or heightened legal, ethical or other challenges arising out of the perceived or actual impact of AI on human rights, intellectual property, privacy and employment, among other issues, and we may experience brand or reputational harm, legal liability or increased costs associated with those issues.

Existing and upcoming laws and regulations globally, including European and state specific privacy laws in the United States (“U.S.”), global trends to regulate the use of AI and machine learning, the ruling of the European Court of Justice in Schrems v. Facebook Ireland and interpretations of that ruling by regulators and customers, recommendations issued by the European Data Protection Board, Standard Contractual Clauses issued by the European Commission, and other global privacy, data residency, sovereignty and transfer laws, regulations and standards (including self-regulatory standards) may cause us to incur substantial operational costs or require us to modify our data handling practices and/or policies, may limit the development, use and adoption of our services, and could reduce overall demand for our services. While a new Privacy Shield has been proposed to permit the transfer of data between the U.S. and the European Union, the timing and precise requirements of the Privacy Shield are uncertain, as is the possibility that any agreement would be challenged in court. Laws or regulations related to the use of AI and machine learning technology may impact our ability to use certain data for developing our products and may also become an impediment to the adoption of our products for customers regulated by such laws and regulations. In 2022, we began offering an EU-centric services delivery model, by which customers may elect to receive support from EU‑based ServiceNow teams, with an EU, cloud‑hosted digital workflow solution. This offering required a significant investment in financial and human resources, and we may see similar requests for local solutions in other territories. In addition, actual or perceived non-compliance with those laws and regulations could result in proceedings or investigations against us by regulatory authorities or others, lead to significant fines, damages, orders or reputational harm and may otherwise adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results.

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Changes in our developed or acquired products and how such products utilize data could also alter or increase our compliance requirements. As a result, our innovation and business drivers in developing or acquiring new and emerging technologies and the demand for our products could be impacted.


ITEM 2.     UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3.     DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 4.     MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.     OTHER INFORMATION

None.
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ITEM 6.     EXHIBITS
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
Number
Description of DocumentIncorporated by ReferenceFiled
Herewith
FormFile No.ExhibitFiling Date
8-K001-355803.16/9/2021
8-K001-355803.26/9/2021
X
X
X
X
X
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.X
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.X
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.X
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.X
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.X
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.X
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)X

* Indicates a management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement.
** The certifications on Exhibit 32 hereto are deemed not “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such certifications will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

SERVICENOW, INC.
Date: July 26, 2023By:/s/ William R. McDermott
William R. McDermott
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: July 26, 2023By:/s/ Gina Mastantuono
Gina Mastantuono
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
Date: July 26, 2023By:/s/ Kevin McBride
Kevin McBride
Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
 
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