ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
or
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TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number 000-24498
DIAMOND HILL INVESTMENT GROUP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Ohio
65-0190407
(State of incorporation)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
325 John H. McConnell Blvd, Suite 200, Columbus, Ohio43215
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (614) 255-3333
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading Symbol
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common shares, no par value
DHIL
The NASDAQ Stock Market
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐No☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐No☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
☐
Accelerated filer
☒
Non-accelerated filer
☐
Smaller reporting company
☐
Emerging growth company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of
the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.
7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common shares (the only common equity of the registrant) held by non-affiliates on the NASDAQ Global Select Market was $522,594,411, based on the closing price of $173.64 on June 30, 2022. For these purposes only, calculation of holdings by non-affiliates is based upon the assumption, that the registrant’s executive officers and directors are affiliates.
The number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock, as of February 23, 2023, was 3,053,455 shares.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”), the documents incorporated herein by reference and statements, whether oral or written, made from time to time by representatives of Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc., an Ohio corporation organized in 1990 (“DHIL”), and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us”) may contain or incorporate “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Such statements are provided under the “safe harbor” protection of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding anticipated operating results, prospects and levels of assets under management, technological developments, economic trends (including interest rates and market volatility), expected transactions and similar matters. The words “may,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “target,” “goal,” “project,” “estimate,” “guidance,” “forecast,” “outlook,” “would,” “will,” “continue,” “should,” “hope,” “seek,” “plan,” “intend,” and variations of such words and similar expressions identify such forward-looking statements. Similarly, descriptions of the Company’s objectives, strategies, plans, goals, or targets are also forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on our expectations at the time such statements are made, speak only as of the dates they are made and are susceptible to a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors. While the Company believes that the assumptions underlying its forward-looking statements are reasonable, investors are cautioned that any of the assumptions could prove to be inaccurate and, accordingly, the Company's actual results and experiences could differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in its forward-looking statements.
Factors that could cause such actual results or experiences to differ materially from results discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (i) any reduction in the Company's assets under management (“AUM”); (ii) withdrawal, renegotiation, or termination of investment advisory agreements; (iii) damage to the Company's reputation; (iv) failure to comply with investment guidelines or other contractual requirements; (v) challenges from the competition the Company faces in its business; (vi) adverse regulatory and legal developments; (vii) unfavorable changes in tax laws or limitations; (viii) interruptions in or failure to provide critical technological service by the Company or third parties; (ix) adverse civil litigation and government investigations or proceedings; (x) risk of loss on the Company's investments; (xi) lack of sufficient capital on satisfactory terms; (xii) losses or costs not covered by insurance; (xiii) a decline in the performance of the Company's products; (xiv) changes in interest rates and inflation; (xv) changes in national and local economic and political conditions; (xvi) the continuing economic uncertainty in various parts of the world; (xvii) the after-effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the actions taken in connection therewith; (xviii) political uncertainty caused by, among other things, political parties, economic nationalist sentiments, tensions surrounding the current socioeconomic landscape, and other risks identified from time-to-time in other public documents on file with the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including those discussed below in Item 1A.
All future written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to the Company or any person acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to above. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and factors that the Company currently deems immaterial may become material, and it is impossible for the Company to predict these events or how they may affect it. The Company assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this Form 10-K as a result of new information, future events or developments, except as required by federal securities laws, although it may do so from time to time. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements. Readers are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures the Company makes on related subjects in its public announcements and SEC filings. The Company does not endorse any projections regarding future performance that may be made by third parties.
DHIL derives its consolidated revenue and net income from investment advisory and fund administration services provided by its wholly-owned subsidiary, Diamond Hill Capital Management, Inc., an Ohio corporation (“DHCM”). DHCM is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”), and is the investment adviser and administrator for the Diamond Hill Funds (each a “Fund,” and collectively, the “Funds”), a series of open-end mutual funds. DHCM also provides investment advisory and related services to the Diamond Hill Micro Cap Fund, LP (“DHMF”), a private fund, as well as, separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts, model delivery programs and other pooled vehicles, including sub-advised funds.
The Company believes focusing on generating excellent, long-term investment outcomes and building enduring client partnerships will enable it to grow its intrinsic value to achieve a compelling, long-term return for its shareholders.
The Company accomplishes this through its shared investment principles, including: (i) valuation-disciplined active portfolio management, (ii) fundamental bottom-up research, (iii) a long-term, business-owner mindset, and (iv) a client alignment philosophy that ensures clients’ interests come first. Client alignment is emphasized through: (i) a strategic capacity discipline that protects portfolio managers’ abilities to generate excess returns, (ii) personal investment by portfolio managers in the strategies they manage, (iii) portfolio manager compensation being driven by long-term investment results in client portfolios, and (iv) a fee philosophy focused on a fair sharing of the economics among clients, employees, and shareholders. The Company’s core cultural values of curiosity, ownership, trust, and respect create an environment where investment professionals focus on investment results and all teammates focus on the overall client experience.
The Company offers a variety of investment strategies designed for long-term strategic allocations from institutionally-oriented investors in key asset classes, aligning its investment team’s competitive advantages with its clients’ needs.
Assets Under Management
DHCM’s principal source of revenue is investment advisory fee income earned from managing client accounts under investment advisory and sub-advisory agreements. The fees earned depend on the type of investment strategy, account size, and servicing requirements. DHCM’s revenues depend largely on the total value and composition of its AUM. Accordingly, net cash flows from clients, market fluctuations, and the composition of AUM impact the Company's revenues and results of operations. The Company also has certain agreements that allow it to earn performance-based fees if investment returns exceed targeted amounts over a specified measurement period.
Model Delivery Programs - Assets Under Advisement
DHCM provides strategy-specific model portfolios to sponsors of model delivery programs. DHCM is paid for its services by the program sponsors at a pre-determined rate based on assets under advisement (“AUA”) in the model delivery programs. DHCM does not have discretionary investment authority over individual client accounts in the model delivery programs, and therefore, the AUA are not included in the Company’s AUM.
The following tables show AUM by product and investment objective, as well as net client cash flows, and AUA for each of the past five years ended December 31, 2022:
Assets Under Management and Assets Under Advisement As of December 31,
Assets Under Management by Investment Strategy As of December 31,
(in millions)
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
U.S. Equity
Large Cap
$
16,478
$
21,285
$
15,075
$
12,316
$
9,611
Small-Mid Cap
2,646
3,183
2,810
3,243
2,770
Mid Cap
899
1,165
992
569
143
All Cap Select
392
438
446
528
432
Small Cap
306
597
556
795
1,048
Large Cap Concentrated
99
64
27
28
26
Micro Cap
15
16
—
—
—
Total U.S. Equity
20,835
26,748
19,906
17,479
14,030
Alternatives
Long-Short
1,752
1,998
2,056
3,605
3,767
Total Alternatives
1,752
1,998
2,056
3,605
3,767
Global/International Equity
International
52
56
17
13
3
Global(a)
—
—
16
22
15
Total Global/International Equity
52
56
33
35
18
Fixed Income
Short Duration Securitized Bond
1,308
1,613
1,132
809
579
Core Fixed Income
792
622
541
300
55
Long Duration Treasury
33
51
62
52
52
Corporate Credit(b)
—
—
2,020
1,147
757
High Yield(b)
—
—
724
135
54
Total Fixed Income
2,133
2,286
4,479
2,443
1,497
Total-All Strategies
24,772
31,088
26,474
23,562
19,312
(Less: Investments in affiliated funds)(c)
(9)
(60)
(63)
(163)
(204)
Total AUM
24,763
31,028
26,411
23,399
19,108
Total AUA(d)
1,802
2,098
1,099
933
476
Total AUM and AUA
$
26,565
$
33,126
$
27,510
$
24,332
$
19,584
(a) The Diamond Hill Global Fund was liquidated on December 17, 2021.
(b) The Diamond Hill Corporate Credit and the Diamond Hill High Yield investment advisory contracts (the “High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts”) were sold to Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC (“Brandywine Global”) effective July 30, 2021.
(c) Certain of the Funds own shares of the Diamond Hill Short Duration Securitized Bond Fund. The Company reduces the total AUM of each Fund that holds such shares by the AUM of the investments held in this affiliated Fund.
(d) AUA is primarily comprised of Large Cap and All Cap Select strategies.
Change in Assets Under Management For the Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
AUM at beginning of the year
$
31,028
$
26,411
$
23,399
$
19,108
$
22,317
Net cash inflows (outflows)
Diamond Hill Funds
(2,433)
1,994
879
(499)
(978)
Separately managed accounts
(73)
168
(63)
(394)
(99)
Collective investment trusts
486
182
236
26
—
Other pooled vehicles
(221)
(221)
477
190
(25)
(2,241)
2,123
1,529
(677)
(1,102)
Sale of High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts
—
(3,456)
—
—
—
Net market appreciation/(depreciation) and income
(4,024)
5,950
1,483
4,968
(2,107)
Increase (decrease) during the year
(6,265)
4,617
3,012
4,291
(3,209)
AUM at end of the year
24,763
31,028
26,411
23,399
19,108
AUA at end of year
1,802
2,098
1,099
933
476
Total AUM and AUA at end of year
$
26,565
$
33,126
$
27,510
$
24,332
$
19,584
Capacity
The Company’s ability to retain and grow its AUM has been, and will continue to be, primarily driven by delivering attractive long-term investment results, which requires strict adherence to capacity discipline. If the Company determines the size of a strategy could impede its ability to meet investment return goals, the Company will close that strategy to new clients. The Company’s commitment to capacity discipline inherently impacts its ability to grow its AUM. Investment results will always be prioritized over asset accumulation. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s Large Cap and Small-Mid Cap strategies were closed to most new investors. The Company plans to reopen its Large Cap strategy on February 28, 2023.
Today, the Company’s existing capacity is estimated to be $40 billion to $50 billion in domestic equities, $15 billion to $20 billion in international equities, and $50 billion to $65 billion in fixed income. The Company’s firm level capacity increases with the development of new products or strategies.
Growth Strategy
As a deliberately capacity-constrained organization, the Company’s growth centers first and foremost on delivering an investment and client experience that enables investors to experience better outcomes over the long-term. The Company’s client alignment philosophy guides it to develop strategies and offer vehicles that meet clients’ objectives, capitalize on its investment team’s research capabilities, and align with its investment principles.
The Company looks to attract like-minded, long-term focused clients across all of its offerings. In order to ensure efficient business development and relationship management, the Company has dedicated resources toward content-led marketing and sales enablement efforts. The Company believes that the combination of these efforts will lead to a deeper understanding of its investment strategies, and ultimately, longer holding periods for investors.
The Company focuses its efforts primarily on asset allocators with centralized research teams, allowing efficient delivery of services to a larger and more diverse client base. These tend to be highly sophisticated buyers, conducting deep research and pairing the Company’s strategies with complementary strategies to meet holistic client objectives. These asset allocators include centralized research teams at institutional consulting firms, wirehouses, banks, independent broker dealers (IBD) and independent registered investment advisory firms (RIAs). The Company aims to partner with investors who maintain a long-term orientation and align with its investment principles.
The Company offers a variety of investment strategies designed for long-term strategic allocations from institutionally-oriented investors in key asset classes, aligning its investment team’s competitive advantages with its clients’ needs. Below is a summary of AUM by distribution channel for each of the five years ended December 31, 2022:
AUM by Distribution Channel As of December 31,
(in millions)
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
Diamond Hill Funds:
Registered investment adviser
$
3,787
$
4,633
$
4,315
$
3,603
$
3,243
Independent broker-dealer
4,135
5,304
4,274
3,563
2,900
Wirehouse
2,843
4,195
3,529
3,026
2,319
Bank trust
1,718
2,256
2,546
2,907
2,672
Defined contribution
2,085
3,249
2,716
2,723
1,904
Other
177
149
235
326
402
Total Diamond Hill Funds
14,745
19,786
17,615
16,148
13,440
Separately managed accounts:
Institutional consultant
2,432
2,960
2,504
2,397
2,122
Financial intermediary
3,067
3,594
2,371
1,777
1,506
Direct
721
678
736
1,048
682
Total separately managed accounts
6,220
7,232
5,611
5,222
4,310
Collective investment trusts
1,040
603
318
30
1
Other pooled vehicles
2,758
3,407
2,867
1,999
1,357
Total AUM
24,763
31,028
26,411
23,399
19,108
Total AUA
1,802
2,098
1,099
933
476
Total AUM and AUA
$
26,565
$
33,126
$
27,510
$
24,332
$
19,584
Fund Administration Activities
DHCM provides fund administration services to the Funds. Fund administration services are broadly defined to include the following services: portfolio and regulatory compliance; treasury and financial oversight; oversight of back-office service providers, such as the custodian, fund accountant, and transfer agent; and general business management and governance of the Funds.
Competition
Competition in the investment management industry is intense, and DHCM’s competitors include investment management firms, broker-dealers, banks, and insurance companies, some of whom offer various investment alternatives, including passive index strategies. Many of DHCM’s competitors are better known, offer a broader range of investment products, and have more dedicated resources for business development and marketing.
Regulation
DHCM’s firm and business are subject to various federal, state, and non-U.S. laws and regulations. As a matter of public policy, regulatory bodies are charged with safeguarding the integrity of the securities and other financial markets, and with protecting the interests of participants in those markets, including investment advisory clients and shareholders of investment funds. If an adviser fails to comply with these laws and regulations, these regulatory bodies have broad administrative powers, including the power to limit, restrict, or prohibit an investment adviser from carrying on its business. Possible sanctions that regulatory bodies may impose include civil and criminal liability, the suspension of individual employees, limitations on engaging in certain lines of business for specified periods of time, revocation of investment adviser, broker-dealer, and other registrations, censures, and fines.
DHCM is registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act and operates in a highly regulated environment. The Advisers Act imposes numerous obligations on registered investment advisers, including fiduciary duties, recordkeeping requirements, operational requirements, and disclosure obligations. All of the Funds are registered with the SEC under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), and are required to make notice filings with all states where the Funds are offered for sale. Virtually all aspects of DHCM’s investment advisory and fund administration business are subject to various federal and state laws and regulations.
DHCM is a “fiduciary” under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), with respect to benefit plan clients, and therefore, is subject to ERISA regulations. ERISA and applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, impose certain duties on persons who are fiduciaries, prohibit certain transactions involving ERISA plan clients, and provide monetary penalties for violations of these prohibitions. The U.S. Department of Labor, which administers ERISA, has been increasingly active in proposing and adopting regulations affecting the asset management industry.
DHCM’s trading activities for client accounts are regulated by the SEC under the Exchange Act, which includes regulations governing trading on inside information, market manipulation, and a broad number of trading and market regulation requirements in the United States (e.g., volume limitations and reporting obligations).
The preceding descriptions of the regulatory and statutory provisions applicable to DHCM are not exhaustive or complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the respective statutory or regulatory provisions. Failure to comply with these requirements could have a material adverse effect on DHCM’s business.
Contractual Relationships with the Funds
DHCM is highly dependent on its contractual relationships with the Funds. If any of DHCM’s advisory or administration agreements with the Funds were terminated or not renewed, or were amended or modified to reduce fees, DHCM would be materially and adversely affected. DHCM generated approximately 71%, 69%, and 75% of its 2022, 2021, and 2020 revenues, respectively, from its advisory and administration agreements with the Funds. DHCM believes that it has strong relationships with the Funds and their board of trustees, and DHCM has no reason to believe that these advisory or administration contracts will not be renewed in the future. However, there is no assurance that the Funds will choose to continue their relationships with DHCM. Please see Item 1A for risk factors regarding this relationship.
Human Capital
The Company believes its people are its greatest asset, and each role within the firm contributes to our goals of generating excellent, long-term investment outcomes and building enduring client partnerships.
Workforce Data
Attracting, developing, and retaining talented employees is integral to the Company’s human capital strategy and critical to its success. The Company depends on highly skilled personnel, with specialized expertise and extensive experience in the investment management industry. As of December 31, 2022, the Company employed 129 full-time equivalent employees. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s number of full-time equivalent employees was 128.
The Company’s average employee tenure is approximately 7.5 years, and nearly 25% of its employees have more than 10 years of service. The Company’s five-year average employee turnover rate is approximately 8.3%. The Company’s employees are based in 12 states although approximately 78% of its employees reside in Ohio.
Competitive Pay and Benefits
The Company’s competitive compensation and benefits are designed to help attract, retain, and motivate employees who embody its values. The Company aligns its employees’ compensation with client outcomes, individual and team results, and company performance. The Company intentionally designs its benefits to provide support to teammates and their families, which enables its teammates to focus on client outcomes.
Culture
The Company’s culture emphasizes four key values: curiosity, ownership, trust and respect. The way its employees embody the core values creates an exceptional corporate culture. The culture allows the Company to attract and retain employees who share its commitment to client alignment, are motivated by investment excellence, and are committed to delivering superior outcomes.
Employees who are curious focus on continuous self-improvement and have a passion for learning. They are open-minded, seek differing perspectives, and go beyond surface-level assumptions. Employees who think and act like business owners naturally embrace a long-term mindset. They lead by example and accept accountability for ensuring excellent client outcomes. Employees who embrace trust act with integrity, are authentic and honest in interactions with others, and put client interests ahead of all others. Employees who are motivated by giving and receiving respect communicate and provide feedback candidly, transparently, and with positive intent. They are humble in their assumptions and listen to better understand others. They embrace, value, and celebrate diversity, inclusion, and differences in all forms.
The Company’s culture revolves around the fact that Diamond Hill is a fiduciary first and foremost. The primary focus is serving its clients and the Company believes this client-centric approach is difficult for competitors to replicate. The Company’s long-term, valuation-disciplined investment principles are foundational to its culture and have been consistently implemented since the firm’s inception. All members of the investment team believe in, and adhere to, the same investment principles. Our employees invest alongside our clients, and portfolio managers have significant personal investments in the strategy or strategies they manage.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
The Company views diversity, equity, and inclusion (“DEI”) as essential parts of its business and operating model. DEI is embedded in the policies, practices, and strategic initiatives of the Company, and is linked to its core values. The Company believes clients are best served by decision making that engages and encourages varied perspectives.
As of December 31, 2022, females represented 42% of DHIL’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), 66% of the Company’s management team, and approximately 33% of its employees. As of December 31, 2022, racial or ethnic minorities represented approximately 15% of the Company’s workforce.
DEI is a continuous journey, and the Company recognizes that transparency and accountability are critical to driving real change within the firm, in the industry, and within its community. The Company’s DEI initiatives are driven by employees on cross-functional teams who are enthusiastic about leading sustainable efforts under four areas of focus: Workforce Diversity, Inclusive Culture, Vendor & Policy, and Philanthropy & Community. Highlights of the Company’s 2022 DEI initiatives include:
•The Company has distributed and/or committed more than half of its $1M in pledged funds to partners and organizations that align with its DEI efforts.
•The Company became a signatory to the DEI Code for the Investment Profession in the United States and Canada launched in 2022 in conjunction with the CFA Institute.
•The Company website now features a dedicated DEI section including its DEI philosophy, commitments and inaugural annual progress report.
SEC Filings
The Company maintains a website at www.diamond-hill.com. The Company’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports that it files or furnishes from time-to-time pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, are made available free of charge, on or through the Investor Relations section of the Company’s website, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Information contained on the Company’s website is not part of this Form 10-K or any other report or document that it files with, or furnishes to, the SEC. These reports are also available free of charge on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.
The Company’s future results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, and capital resources as well as the market price of its common stock, are subject to various risks, including those risks mentioned below and elsewhere in this Form 10-K as well as those risks that are discussed from time-to-time in the Company’s other filings with the SEC. Investors should carefully consider these risks before making an investment decision regarding the Company’s common shares. There may be additional risks of which the Company is currently unaware, or which the Company currently considers to be immaterial. The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital resources and the value of its common stock. Please see “Forward Looking Statements” within Part I, Item 1, of this Form 10-K.
Business Risks
Poor investment results or adverse ratings of the Company’s products could affect its ability to attract new clients or could reduce its AUM, potentially negatively impacting revenue and net income.
If the Company fails to deliver acceptable investment results for its clients, both in the short and long-term, the Company could experience diminished investor interest and a decreased level of AUM.
Investment strategies are assessed and rated by independent third parties, including rating agencies, industry analysts, and publications. Investors can be influenced by such ratings. If a strategy receives an adverse report, it could negatively impact the Company’s AUM and revenue.
The Company’s success depends on its key personnel, and its financial performance could be negatively affected by the loss of their services.
The Company’s success depends on highly skilled personnel, including portfolio managers, research analysts, and management, many of whom have specialized expertise and extensive experience in the investment management industry. Financial services professionals are in high demand, and the Company faces significant competition for qualified employees. Other than the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, its employees do not have employment contracts and generally can terminate their employment at any time. The Company may not be able to retain or replace key personnel. In order to retain or replace its key personnel, the Company may be required to increase compensation, which would decrease its net income. The loss of key personnel could damage the Company’s reputation and make it more difficult to retain and attract new employees and clients. A loss of client assets resulting from the departure of key personnel may materially decrease the Company’s revenues and net income.
The Company’s investment results and/or growth in its AUM may be constrained if appropriate investment opportunities are not available or if the Company closes certain of its investment strategies to new investors.
The Company’s ability to deliver strong investment results depends in large part on its ability to identify appropriate investment opportunities in which to invest client assets. If the Company is unable to identify sufficient investment opportunities for existing and new client assets on a timely basis, its investment results could be adversely affected. The risk that appropriate investment opportunities may be unavailable is influenced by a number of factors, including general market conditions, and is likely to increase if the Company’s AUM increases rapidly. Our efforts to establish and develop new strategies may face challenges or ultimately be unsuccessful, which could impact our results of operations, our reputation and culture. In addition, if the Company determines that sufficient investment opportunities are not available for an investment strategy, or it believes that it is necessary to continue to produce attractive returns from an investment strategy, the Company will consider closing the investment strategy to new investors. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has two investment strategies closed to new investors. If the Company misjudged the point at which it would be optimal to close an investment strategy, the investment results of the strategy could be negatively impacted.
The Company is subject to substantial competition in all aspects of its business.
The Company’s investment products compete against investment products and services from:
•Private funds, including hedge funds and private equity funds; and
•Brokerage and investment banking firms.
Many of the Company’s competitors have substantially greater resources and may operate in more markets or offer a broader range of products, including passively managed or “index” products. Some of these institutions operate in a different regulatory environment, which may give them certain competitive advantages in the investment products and portfolio structures that they offer. The Company competes with other providers of investment services primarily based upon its philosophy, performance, and client service. Some institutions have a broader array of products and distribution channels, which makes it more difficult for the Company to compete. If current or potential clients decide to use one of the Company’s competitors, it could face a significant decline in market share, AUM, revenues, and net income. If the Company is required to lower its fees to remain competitive, its net income could be significantly reduced because some of the Company’s expenses are fixed, especially over shorter periods of time, and its expenses may not decrease in proportion to the decrease in revenues. Additionally, over the past several years, investors have generally shown a preference for passive investment products over actively managed strategies. If this trend continues, the Company’s AUM may be negatively impacted.
Market and competitive pressures in recent years have created a trend towards lower management fees in the asset management industry and there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain its current fee structure. As a result, a shift in in the Company’s AUM from higher to lower fee generating clients and strategies could result in a decrease in profitability even if its AUM increases or remains unchanged.
The loss of access to, or increased fees required by, third-party distribution sources to market the Company’s portfolios and access its client base could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations.
The Company’s ability to attract additional AUM is dependent on its relationship with third-party financial intermediaries. The Company compensates some of these intermediaries for access to investors and for various marketing services provided. These distribution sources and client bases may not continue to be accessible to the Company for reasonable terms, or at all. If such access is restricted or eliminated, it could have an adverse effect on the Company's results of operations. Fees paid to financial intermediaries for investor access and marketing services have generally increased in recent years. If such fee increases continue, refusal to pay them could restrict the Company's access to those client bases while paying them could adversely affect its profitability.
A significant portion of DHCM's revenues are based on advisory and administration agreements with the Funds that are subject to termination without cause and on short notice.
DHCM is highly dependent on its contractual relationships with the Funds. If DHCM's advisory or administration agreements with the Funds were terminated or not renewed, or were amended or modified to reduce fees, DHCM would be materially and adversely affected. Generally, these agreements are terminable by either party upon 60 days’ prior written notice without penalty. The Funds’ agreements are subject to annual approval by either: (i) the board of trustees of the Funds, or (ii) a vote of the majority of the outstanding voting securities of each Fund. These agreements automatically terminate in the event of their assignment by either DHCM or the Funds. DHCM generated approximately 71%, 69%, and 75% of its 2022, 2021, and 2020 revenues, respectively, from its advisory and administration agreements with the Funds, including 34%, 11%, and 10% from the advisory contracts with the Diamond Hill Large Cap Fund, the Diamond Hill Long-Short Fund, and the Diamond Hill Small-Mid Cap Fund, respectively, during 2022. The loss of any of the Diamond Hill Large Cap Fund, the Diamond Hill Long-Short Fund, or the Diamond Hill Small-Mid Cap Fund contracts would have a material adverse effect on DHCM. DHCM believes that it has strong relationships with the Funds and their boards of trustees, and it has no reason to believe that these advisory or administration contracts will not be renewed in the future. However, there can be no assurance that the Funds will choose to continue their relationships with DHCM.
Negative public opinion of the Company could cause it to lose clients and adversely affect its stock price.
Negative public opinion can result from the Company’s actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including trading practices, corporate governance and acquisitions, DEI issues, social media and other marketing activities, and actions taken by governmental regulators and community organizations in response to any of the foregoing. Negative public opinion could adversely affect the Company’s ability to attract and maintain clients, could expose the Company to potential litigation or regulatory action, and could have a material adverse effect on its stock price or result in heightened volatility.
Operational Risks
Cybersecurity attacks could prevent the Company from managing client portfolios, cause the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or employee information or result in misappropriation of information or funds, each of which could severely harm its business.
As part of its business, the Company collects, processes, and transmits sensitive and confidential information about its clients and employees, as well as proprietary information about its business. The Company has policies and procedures pursuant to which it takes numerous security measures to prevent cyberattacks of various kinds as well as fraudulent and inadvertent activity by persons who have been granted access to such confidential information. Nevertheless, the Company's systems, like all technology systems, remain vulnerable to unauthorized access, which can result in theft or corruption of information. In addition, the Company shares information with third parties upon whom it relies for various functions. The systems of such third parties also are vulnerable to cyber threats. Unauthorized access can come from unrelated third parties through the internet, from access to hardware removed from the Company's premises or those of third parties or from employees acting intentionally or inadvertently.
Cybersecurity incidents can involve, among other things: (i) deliberate attacks designed to corrupt the Company's information systems and make them unusable by the Company to operate its business; (ii) theft of information used by the perpetrators for financial and other gain; or (iii) inadvertent releases of information by employees or third parties with whom the Company does business.
Cyberattacks that corrupt the Company's information systems and make them unusable could impair its ability to trade securities in its clients’ accounts. Corruption of the systems of the Company's third-party vendors could impact the Company to the same extent as corruption of its own systems. If information about the Company's employees is intentionally stolen or inadvertently made public, that information could be used to commit identity theft, obtain credit in an employee’s name, or steal from an employee. If information about the Company's business is obtained by unauthorized persons, whether through intentional attacks or inadvertent releases of information, it could be used to harm its competitive position.
Whether information is corrupted, stolen, or inadvertently disclosed, and regardless of the type and nature of the information (e.g., proprietary information about the Company's business or personal information about clients or employees), the results could be multiple and materially harmful to us, including the following:
•The Company's reputation could be harmed, resulting in the loss of clients, vendors, and employees or making payments or concessions to such persons to maintain its relationships with them;
•The Company's inability to operate its business fully, even if temporarily, and thus, fulfill contracts with clients or vendors, could result in termination of contracts and loss of revenue;
•Harm suffered by clients or vendors whose contracts have been breached, or by clients, vendors, or employees whose information is compromised, could result in costly litigation against us;
•The Company's need to focus attention on remediation of a cyber issue could take its attention away from the operation of its business, resulting in lost revenue;
•The Company could incur costs to repair systems made inoperable by a cyberattack and to make changes to its systems to reduce future cyber threats. Those changes could include, among other things, obtaining additional technologies as well as employing additional personnel and training employees;
•The interruption of the Company’s business or theft of proprietary information could harm its ability to compete; and
•Any losses that the Company may be responsible to bear may not be covered by insurance.
Any of the above potential impacts of a cybersecurity incident could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The Company may not be able to adapt to technological change.
The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve clients while reducing costs. The Company's future success depends, in part, upon its ability to address client needs by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy client demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in its operations. The Company may not be able to implement effectively new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to its clients. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological changes affecting the financial services industry could negatively affect the Company’s growth, revenue, and profit.
Operational risks may disrupt the Company’s business, result in losses, or limit its growth.
The Company is dependent on the capacity and reliability of the communications, information, and technology systems supporting its operations, whether developed, owned, or operated internally by the Company or by third parties. Operational risks, such as trading or operational errors, interruption of the Company’s financial, accounting, trading, compliance, and other data processing systems, the loss of data contained in such systems, or compromised systems due to cyberattack, could result in a disruption of the Company’s business, liability to clients, regulatory intervention, or reputational damage, and thus, adversely affect its business.
Industry, Market, and Economic Risks
The Company's AUM, which impacts revenue, is subject to significant fluctuations.
The majority of the Company’s revenue is calculated as a percentage of AUM or is related to the general performance of the equity securities markets. A decline in securities prices or in the sale of investment products, or an increase in fund redemptions, generally will reduce revenue and net income. Financial market declines will generally negatively impact the level of the Company’s AUM, and consequently, its revenue and net income. A recession or other economic or political events, whether in the United States or globally could also adversely impact the Company’s revenue, if such events led to a decreased demand for products, a higher redemption rate, or a decline in securities prices. Investor interest in the valuation of our fixed income strategies are affected by changes in interest rates and the overall credit environment. In addition, the majority of our existing AUM is managed in primarily long-only, equity investment strategies, which exposes us to greater risk than certain of our competitors who may manage assets in more diverse strategies.
The Company's investment approach may underperform other investment approaches during certain market conditions.
The Company's investment strategies are best suited for investors with long-term investment time horizons. The Company's investment strategies may not perform well during certain periods of time. Additionally, the Company could have common positions and industry concentrations across its strategies at the same time. As such, factors leading to underperformance may impact multiple strategies simultaneously.
The Company's investment income and asset levels may be negatively impacted by fluctuations in its investment portfolio.
The Company currently has a substantial portion of its assets invested in investment strategies that it manages. All of these investments are subject to market risk and the Company’s non-operating investment income could be adversely affected by adverse market performance. Fluctuations in investment income are expected to occur in the future.
Trading in the Company’s common shares is limited, which may adversely affect the time and the price at which shareholders can sell their shares.
Although the Company’s common shares are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, the shares are held by a relatively small number of shareholders, and trading in its common shares is relatively inactive. The spread between the bid and the ask prices is often wide. As a result, shareholders may not be able to sell their shares on short notice, and the sale of a large number of shares at one time could temporarily depress the market price. In addition, certain shareholders, including certain of the Company’s directors and officers, own a significant number of shares. The sale of a large number of shares by any such individual could temporarily depress the market price of its shares.
Regulatory Risks
Changes in tax laws and unanticipated tax obligations could have an adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.
The Company is subject to federal, state, and local income taxes in the United States. Tax authorities may disagree with certain positions that the Company has taken or may implement changes in tax policy, which may result in the assessment of additional taxes on the Company. The Company regularly assesses the appropriateness of its tax positions and reporting. The Company cannot provide assurances, however, that tax authorities will agree with the positions it has taken, or that the Company will accurately predict the outcomes of audits, and the actual outcomes of these audits could be unfavorable.
The Company's business is subject to substantial governmental regulation, which can change frequently and may increase costs of compliance, reduce revenue, result in fines, penalties, and lawsuits for noncompliance, and adversely affect its results of operations and financial condition.
The Company's business is subject to a variety of federal securities laws, including the Advisers Act, the 1940 Act, the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the U.S. PATRIOT Act of 2001, and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010. In addition, the Company is subject to significant regulation and
oversight by the SEC. Changes in legal, regulatory, accounting, tax, and compliance requirements could have a significant effect on the Company’s operations and results, including, but not limited to, increased expenses and reduced investor interest in certain funds and other investment products that the Company offers. The Company continually monitors legislative, tax, regulatory, accounting, and compliance developments that could impact its business. The Company and its directors, officers, and employees could be subject to lawsuits or regulatory proceedings for violations of such laws and regulations, which could result in the payment of fines or penalties and cause reputational harm to the Company, which could negatively affect its financial condition and results of operations, as well as divert management’s attention from its operations.
General Risk Factors
The Company’s insurance policies may not cover all losses and costs to which it may be exposed.
The Company carries insurance in amounts and under terms that it believes are appropriate. The Company’s insurance may not cover all liabilities and losses to which it may be exposed. Certain insurance coverage may not be available or may be prohibitively expensive in future periods. As the Company’s insurance policies come up for renewal, it may need to assume higher deductibles or pay higher premiums, which could have an adverse impact on its results of operations and financial condition.
Natural disasters, global pandemics, and other unpredictable events could adversely affect the Company’s operations.
Natural disasters, outbreaks of epidemics or pandemics, terrorist attacks, extreme weather events or other unpredictable events could adversely affect the Company’s revenues, expenses, and net income by:
•Decreasing investment valuations in, and returns on, the investment portfolios that the Company manages and its corporate investments, thus, causing reductions in revenue;
•Causing disruptions in national or global economies that decrease investor confidence and make investment products generally less attractive;
•Reducing the availability of key personnel necessary to conduct the Company’s business activities;
•Interrupting the Company’s business operations or those of critical service providers;
•Triggering technology delays or failures; and
•Requiring substantial capital expenditures and operating expenses to restore the Company’s operations.
The Company has developed various backup systems and contingency plans but cannot be assured that those preparations will be adequate in all circumstances that could arise, or that material interruptions and disruptions will not occur. The Company also relies to varying degrees on outside vendors for service delivery in addition to technology and disaster contingency support, and there is a risk that these vendors will not be able to perform in an adequate and timely manner. If the Company loses the availability of employees, or if it is unable to respond adequately to such an event in a timely manner, revenues, expenses, and net income could be negatively impacted.
Specifically, the effects of the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) since early 2020 have negatively affected the global economy, the United States economy, and the global financial markets, and may disrupt the Company’s operations, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations. Although the long-term effects of the current pandemic cannot currently be predicted, previous occurrences of other pandemic and epidemic diseases had an adverse effect on the economies of those countries in which they were most prevalent. A recurrence of an outbreak of any kind of epidemic, communicable disease or virus or major public health issue could cause a slowdown in the levels of economic activity generally, which would adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and operations.
The Company leases office space and conducts its general operations at one location, the address of which is 325 John H. McConnell Boulevard, Suite 200, Columbus, Ohio 43215.
The Company does not own any real estate or interests in real estate.
ITEM 3.
Legal Proceedings
There are currently no pending legal proceedings that the Company believes will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial statements.
Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following performance graph compares the total shareholder return of an investment in the Company’s common shares to that of the Russell Microcap® Index, the Russell 2000 Asset Managers & Custodians Index (the “R2000 A&C Index”), and to a peer group index of publicly-traded asset management firms (“Peer Group”) for the five-year period ended on December 31, 2022. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in the Company’s common shares and each index was $100 on December 31, 2017. Total return includes reinvestment of all dividends. The Russell Microcap® Index makes up less than 3% of the U.S. equity market and is a market-value-weighted index of the smallest 1,000 securities in the small-cap Russell 2000® Index plus the next 1,000 smallest securities. The R2000 A&C Index is comprised of the Asset Managers & Custodians subsector of the Russell 2000 Index. Peer Group returns are weighted by the market capitalization of each firm at the beginning of the measurement period. Effective December 31, 2022, the Company has elected to replace the Russell Microcap Index and the Peer Group returns with the R2000 A&C Index as it believes that index provides a broader comparison than the Peer Group. The historical information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of future performance. The Company does not make or endorse any predictions as to future stock performance.
(a) The R2000 A&C Index used to calculate the returns includes the following companies:
Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A.
Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc.
Perella Weinberg Partners
Ares Management Corporation
Federated Hermes, Inc.
PJT Partners, Inc.
Arlington Asset Investment Corp.
Financial Engines, Inc.
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Artisan Partners Asset Management, Inc.
Focus Financial Partners, Inc.
Sculptor Capital Management, Inc.
Ashford Inc.
GAMCO Investors, Inc.
Silvercrest Asset Management Group Inc.
AssetMark Financial Holdings, Inc.
GCM Grosvenor, Inc.
StepStone Group, Inc.
Associated Capital Group, Inc.
Greenhill & Co., Inc.
Victory Capital Holdings, Inc.
B. Riley Financial, Inc.
Hamilton Lane Incorporated
Virtus Investment Partners, Inc.
Blucora, Inc.
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Waddell & Reed Financial, Inc.
BrightSphere Investment Group, Inc.
Medley Management, Inc.
Westwood Holdings Group, Inc.
Brookfield Business Corp.
MMA Capital Holdings, Inc.
WisdomTree, Inc.
Cohen & Steers, Inc.
Morgan Group Holding Co.
Cowen Inc.
Oppenheimer Holdings Inc.
(b) The Peer Group is based upon all publicly-traded asset managers with market cap of less than $5 billion, excluding: (i) firms whose primary business is hedge funds or private equity, and (ii) firms with multiple lines of business. The following companies are included in the Peer Group:
Alliance Bernstein Holding L.P.
Hennessy Advisors, Inc.
Virtus Investment Partners, Inc.
Artisan Partners Asset Management, Inc.
Manning & Napier, Inc.
Wisdomtree Investments, Inc.
Cohen & Steers, Inc.
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Westwood Holdings Group, Inc.
Federated Hermes, Inc.
Teton Advisors, Inc.
GAMCO Investors, Inc.
U.S. Global Investors, Inc.
DHIL’s common shares trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol DHIL. The following table sets forth the high and low daily close prices during each quarter of 2022 and 2021:
2022
2021
High Price
Low Price
Quarterly Dividend Per Share
Special Dividend Per Share
High Price
Low Price
Quarterly Dividend Per Share
Special Dividend Per Share
Quarter ended:
March 31
$
206.90
$
174.42
$
1.50
—
$
175.00
$
141.51
1.00
—
June 30
$
192.73
$
166.54
$
1.50
—
$
178.79
$
158.59
1.00
—
September 30
$
196.00
$
163.40
$
1.50
—
$
184.60
$
161.00
1.00
—
December 31
$
195.99
$
161.51
$
1.50
$
4.00
$
231.22
$
178.75
1.00
$
19.00
Due to the relatively low trading volume of DHIL’s shares, bid/ask spreads can be wide at times, and therefore, quoted prices may not be indicative of the price a shareholder may receive in an actual transaction. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately 2,472,866 and 2,635,186, of DHIL’s common shares were traded, respectively.
In addition to the regular quarterly dividends, the Board will decide whether to approve and pay an additional special dividend in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. Although DHIL currently expects to pay regular quarterly dividends, depending
on the circumstances and the Board’s judgment, DHIL may not pay such dividends as described.
The approximate number of record holders of DHIL’s common shares as of February 23, 2023 was 75. The approximate number of beneficial holders of DHIL’s common stock held by brokers, banks, and other intermediaries was greater than 8,000 as of February 23, 2023.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
The following table sets forth information regarding repurchases of DHIL’s common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2022:
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased(a)
Average Price Paid Per Share
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased
as part of Publicly
Announced Programs(b)
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Programs(b)
October 1, 2022 through October 31, 2022
19,929
$
165.25
14,739
$
15,994,565
November 1, 2022 through November 30, 2022
937
174.71
937
15,830,865
December 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022
2,600
$
175.00
2,600
15,375,875
Total
23,466
18,276
$
15,375,875
(a)The Company regularly withholds shares for tax payments due upon the vesting of employee restricted stock. During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, the Company withheld 5,190 shares of common stock for employee tax withholding obligations at an average price paid per share of $165.00.
(b)On February 25, 2022, the Board authorized management to repurchase up to $50.0 million of Company common shares (the “2022 Repurchase Program”). The 2022 Repurchase Program will expire upon the earlier of (i) February 25, 2024, or (ii) the completion of all authorized purchases under the program.
In connection with the 2022 Repurchase Program, the Company has entered into a Rule 10b5-1 repurchase plan. This plan is intended to qualify for the safe harbor under Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act. A Rule 10b5-1 plan allows a company to purchase its stock at times when it would not ordinarily be in the market because of its trading policies or the possession of material nonpublic information. Because repurchases under the 10b5-1 plan are subject to specified parameters and certain price, timing, and volume restraints specified in the plan, there is no guarantee as to the exact number of shares that will be repurchased or that there will be any repurchases at all pursuant to the plan. Purchases may be made in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. Purchases in the open market will be made in compliance with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act.
Sale of Unregistered Securities
During the quarter ended December 31, 2022, DHIL did not sell any shares of its common stock that were not registered under the Securities Act.
ITEM 6.
[Reserved]
Not applicable.
ITEM 7.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
In this Item 7, the Company discusses and analyzes its consolidated results of operations for the past three fiscal years and other factors that may affect its future financial performance. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements contained in this Form 10-K.
Certain statements the Company makes under this Item 7 constitute “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in Part I, Item 1. You should also consider the Company’s forward-looking statements in light of the risks discussed Part I, Item 1A, as well as our consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC.
The performance of the U.S. and international equity markets, as well as the U.S. fixed income market, have a direct impact on the Company’s operations and financial position. 2022 was a difficult operating environment for active investment managers.
A difficult market environment driven by high inflation and rising interest rates resulted in both U.S. equity and U.S. fixed income asset classes generating negative returns in 2022 (as represented by the S&P 500 Index and the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index). Across the industry, many investors withdrew their long-term investments leading to a combined $365 billion of outflows from U.S. mutual funds and exchange traded funds (“ETFs”) in 2022. This represents the worst year on record since Morningstar, Inc. began tracking the data in 1993, and was driven heavily by outflows from fixed income funds. In particular, U.S. actively managed taxable bond funds had $379 billion in outflows in 2022, a decline of 11% on an organic growth basis from prior period assets.
Investors contributed $50 billion to U.S. Equity funds in aggregate while also allocating away from growth funds as the Russell 3000 Growth Index underperformed the Russell 3000 Value Index for the first time since 2016. However, actively managed U.S. equity funds had meaningful outflows of $231 billion, compared to inflows of $281 billion for their passive counterparts. Despite these overall flow trends, actively managed U.S. equity funds with a five-star Morningstar RatingTM did have positive flows, a reminder that investors will continue to select the best performing actively managed investment strategies.
Active ETFs accounted for 15% of all ETF inflows in 2022 but represented just 5% of the $6.5 trillion in ETFs at the end of the year. The Company believes the increased inflows are attributable in part to newly launched active ETFs converted from mutual funds and to funds offering investors daily transparency of their portfolio holdings. ETFs do not allow managers to enforce any kind of capacity discipline on their offerings, which the Company believes is critical to protecting its ability to deliver excellent investment outcomes for clients.
The Company continues to pursue ways to partner with clients to deliver its intellectual property directly to them, including through model-delivery. These forms of delivery have an advantage over ETFs by enabling clients to further personalize portfolios to their unique preferences and tax situations. The Company continues to see companies invest in and deploy technology to offer customized portfolios at scale at their firms and believe this will be beneficial for end investors.
It is imperative that the Company provide its clients with excellent investment returns over long periods of time. Investment results are the key driver of long-term success as well as the Company’s ability to grow AUM.
The strategies offered by the Company have delivered what it believes to be strong long-term investment returns compared to its peers in the relevant Morningstar categories. Performance compared to a core benchmark, however, has been challenging over the past decade or more for valuation sensitive investors.
Below is a summary of the performance of the Diamond Hill Funds compared to their respective Morningstar categories and the Company’s investment strategy composite returns compared to their respective benchmarks.
Percentage of Fund assets that outperform is based on the Fund assets as of December 31, 2022. Total fund assets for the 1-, 3-, 5-, 10-, and 15-year periods are $14.8B, $14.7B, $14.7B, $12.8B, and $12.8B respectively which represents between 50% and 60% of total firm assets for each period.
The percentage of the Company’s composites that outperform their benchmark includes all our composites (excluding Long-Duration Treasury) vs primary benchmark for each composite, except for the Long-Short Composite which uses a blended index that is a 60%/40% weighted blend of the Russell 1000 Index and the Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Bills 1-3 Month Index as of December 31, 2022. The percentage of composite assets that outperform is based on total Company composite assets as of December 31, 2022 excluding wrap fee accounts and restricted accounts. Composite net returns are calculated using the highest applicable standard separate account fee schedule. Total composite assets for the 1-, 3-, 5-, 10-, and 15-year periods are $21.2B, $21.0B, $21.0B, $18.2B, and $18.2B respectively which represents between 73% and 85% of total firm assets for each period.
While the Company’s equity-focused strategies use core benchmarks to evaluate investment performance over full market cycles, many clients also compare results to value benchmarks. The following is a summary of the investment returns for each of the Company’s strategies as of December 31, 2022, relative to their respective core and value indices, as applicable.
As of December 31, 2022
U.S. Equity Composites
Inception
1 Year
3 Year
5 Year
10 Year
Since Inception
Diamond Hill Large Cap
6/30/2001
(13.35)
%
6.01
%
7.37
%
11.47
%
8.79
%
Russell 1000 Index
(19.13)
%
7.35
%
9.13
%
12.37
%
7.66
%
Russell 1000 Value Index
(7.54)
%
5.96
%
6.67
%
10.29
%
7.12
%
Diamond Hill Large Cap Concentrated
12/31/2011
(13.12)
%
6.51
%
7.84
%
11.82
%
11.58
%
Russell 1000 Index
(19.13)
%
7.35
%
9.13
%
12.37
%
12.74
%
Russell 1000 Value Index
(7.54)
%
5.96
%
6.67
%
10.29
%
10.93
%
Diamond Hill Mid Cap
12/31/2013
(13.12)
%
3.94
%
4.87
%
NA
6.81
%
Russell Midcap Index
(17.32)
%
5.88
%
7.10
%
NA
8.59
%
Russell Midcap Value Index
(12.03)
%
5.82
%
5.72
%
NA
7.78
%
Diamond Hill Small-Mid Cap
12/31/2005
(13.54)
%
4.79
%
5.16
%
9.83
%
8.14
%
Russell 2500 Index
(18.37)
%
5.00
%
5.89
%
10.03
%
8.15
%
Russell 2500 Value Index
(13.08)
%
5.22
%
4.75
%
8.93
%
7.22
%
Diamond Hill Small Cap
12/31/2000
(14.67)
%
4.25
%
3.28
%
7.81
%
9.32
%
Russell 2000 Index
(20.44)
%
3.10
%
4.13
%
9.01
%
7.47
%
Russell 2000 Value Index
(14.48)
%
4.70
%
4.13
%
8.48
%
8.19
%
Diamond Hill Select
6/30/2000
(17.14)
%
8.24
%
7.89
%
11.89
%
9.69
%
Russell 3000 Index
(19.21)
%
7.07
%
8.79
%
12.13
%
6.58
%
Russell 3000 Value Index
(7.98)
%
5.88
%
6.50
%
10.16
%
7.36
%
Alternative Composites
Diamond Hill Long-Short
6/30/2000
(7.75)
%
3.70
%
5.32
%
7.46
%
7.06
%
60% Russell 1000 Index / 40% BofA ML U.S. T-Bill 0-3 Month Index
There are a variety of key performance indicators that the Company monitors to evaluate its business results. The following table presents the results of certain key performance indicators over the past three fiscal years:
For the Years Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
Ending AUM (in millions)
$
24,763
$
31,028
$
26,411
Average AUM (in millions)
27,599
30,297
21,907
Net cash inflows (outflows) (in millions)
(2,241)
2,123
1,529
Ending AUM and AUA (in millions)
26,565
33,126
27,510
Total revenue (in thousands)
154,496
182,194
126,388
Net operating income
64,331
76,258
45,538
Adjusted net operating income(a)
$
60,352
$
83,680
$
47,975
Average advisory fee rate
0.52
%
0.56
%
0.54
%
Average advisory fee rate, excluding performance fees
0.52
%
0.52
%
0.54
%
Operating profit margin
42
%
42
%
36
%
Adjusted operating profit margin(a)
39
%
46
%
38
%
(a)Adjusted net operating income, and adjusted operating profit margin are non-GAAP financial measures. See the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation” section in Part II, Item 7 in this Form 10-K for the definitions of “GAAP” and “non-GAAP” as well as a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.
Assets Under Management
The Company derives revenue primarily from DHCM's investment advisory and administration fees. Investment advisory and administration fees paid to DHCM are generally based on the value of the investment portfolios it manages and fluctuate with changes in the total value of its AUM. The Company, through DHCM, recognizes revenue when it satisfies its performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a client.
Model Delivery Programs - Assets Under Advisement
DHCM provides strategy-specific model portfolios to sponsors of model delivery programs. DHCM is paid for its services by the program sponsor at a pre-determined rate based on AUA in the model delivery programs. DHCM does not have discretionary investment authority over individual client accounts in model delivery programs, and therefore, the AUA are not included in the Company’s AUM.
The Company’s revenues are highly dependent on both the value and composition of AUM and AUA. The following is a summary of the Company’s AUM by product and investment objective, a roll-forward of the change in AUM, and a summary of AUA for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
Assets Under Management and Assets Under Advisement As of December 31,
Assets Under Management by Investment Strategy As of December 31,
(in millions)
2022
2021
2020
U.S. Equity
Large Cap
$
16,478
$
21,285
$
15,075
Small-Mid Cap
2,646
3,183
2,810
Mid Cap
899
1,165
992
All Cap Select
392
438
446
Small Cap
306
597
556
Large Cap Concentrated
99
64
27
Micro Cap
15
16
—
Total U.S. Equity
20,835
26,748
19,906
Alternatives
Long-Short
1,752
1,998
2,056
Total Alternatives
1,752
1,998
2,056
Global/International Equity
International
52
56
17
Global(a)
—
—
16
Total Global/International Equity
52
56
33
Fixed Income
Short Duration Securitized Bond
1,308
1,613
1,132
Core Fixed Income
792
622
541
Long Duration Treasury
33
51
62
Corporate Credit(b)
—
—
2,020
High Yield(b)
—
—
724
Total Fixed Income
2,133
2,286
4,479
Total-All Strategies
24,772
31,088
26,474
(Less: Investments in affiliated funds)(c)
(9)
(60)
(63)
Total AUM
24,763
31,028
26,411
Total AUA(d)
1,802
2,098
1,099
Total AUM and AUA
26,565
33,126
27,510
(a) The Diamond Hill Global Fund was liquidated on December 17, 2021.
(b) The High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts were sold to Brandywine Global effective July 30, 2021.
(c) Certain of the Funds own shares of the Diamond Hill Short Duration Securitized Bond Fund. The Company reduces the total AUM of each Fund that holds such shares by the AUM of the investments held in this affiliated Fund.
(d) AUA is primarily comprised of Large Cap and All Cap Select strategies.
Change in Assets Under Management For the Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
2022
2021
2020
AUM at beginning of the year
$
31,028
$
26,411
$
23,399
Net cash inflows (outflows)
Diamond Hill Funds
(2,433)
1,994
879
Separately managed accounts
(73)
168
(63)
Collective investment trusts
486
182
236
Other pooled vehicles
(221)
(221)
477
(2,241)
2,123
1,529
Sale of High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts
—
(3,456)
—
Net market appreciation (depreciation) and income
(4,024)
5,950
1,483
Increase (decrease) during the year
(6,265)
4,617
3,012
AUM at end of the year
24,763
31,028
26,411
Total AUA at end of year
1,802
2,098
1,099
Total AUM and AUA at end of year
$
26,565
$
33,126
$
27,510
Average AUM during the year
$
27,599
$
30,297
$
21,907
Net Cash Inflows (Outflows) Further Breakdown For the Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)
2022
2021
2020
Net cash inflows (outflows)
Equity
$
(2,247)
$
958
$
(284)
Fixed Income
6
1,165
1,813
$
(2,241)
$
2,123
$
1,529
2022 Discussion of Net Cash Outflows
Flows out of the Company’s equity strategies were largely driven by its Large Cap strategy, which experienced net outflows of $1.9 billion. The Large Cap strategy was soft closed during 2022. The strategy will be fully reopened on February 28, 2023. The Company’s Small-Mid Cap strategy remains soft closed to new investors. Net outflows from the Company’s other equity strategies totaled approximately $0.3 billion. The Company’s fixed income strategies saw mixed results with net flows of $0.3 billion into its Core Bond strategy offsetting outflows from its Short Duration Securitized Bond Fund of $0.2 billion. The Company has seen growth in its collective investment trust offerings. In addition to new clients, some larger plans moved from the Funds into the collective investment trusts.
2021 Discussion of Net Cash Inflows
Both the Company’s equity and fixed income strategies experienced net inflows during 2021. Flows in the Company’s equity strategies were largely driven by its Large Cap strategy, which experienced net inflows of $2.1 billion. These net inflows were partially offset by net outflows from the Company’s other equity strategies totaling approximately $1.2 billion. The Company's fixed income strategies, including the High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts prior to their sale, had net positive flows of $1.2 billion during 2021.
2020 Discussion of Net Cash Inflows
Flows into equity strategies were mixed in 2020. The Company’s Large Cap and Mid-Cap strategies had combined net inflows of $1.6 billion. However, these net inflows were more than offset by the net outflows in the Long-Short, Small Cap and Small-Mid Cap strategies, which collectively had outflows of $1.8 billion. The Company’s fixed income strategies continued to see strong growth in 2020 as each of the strategies met long-term performance objectives compared to peers and benchmarks. The Company’s focused marketing and branding efforts, along with strong performance, led to combined fixed income net inflows of $1.8 billion, with each of the strategies attracting at least $200 million in net inflows.
The following is a table and discussion of the Company’s consolidated results of operations.
(in thousands, except per share amounts and percentages)
2022
2021
% Change
2021
2020
% Change
Total revenue
$
154,496
$
182,194
(15)%
$
182,194
$
126,388
44%
Net operating income
64,331
76,258
(16)%
76,258
45,538
67%
Adjusted net operating income (a)
60,352
83,680
(28)%
83,680
47,975
74%
Investment income (loss), net
(20,187)
16,381
(223)%
16,381
6,585
149%
Gain on sale of high yield-focused advisory contracts
6,814
9,000
(24)%
9,000
—
NM
Income tax expense
14,088
26,050
(46)%
26,050
13,958
87%
Net income attributable to common shareholders
40,434
74,201
(46)%
74,201
38,661
92%
Earnings per share attributable to common shareholders (diluted)
$
13.01
$
23.34
(44)%
$
23.34
$
12.03
94%
Adjusted earnings per share attributable to common shareholders (diluted)(a)
$
14.40
$
19.48
(26)%
$
19.48
$
10.96
78%
Operating profit margin
42
%
42
%
NM
42
%
36
%
NM
Adjusted operating profit margin (a)
39
%
46
%
NM
46
%
38
%
NM
(a) Adjusted net operating income, adjusted earnings per share attributable to common shareholders (diluted), and adjusted operating profit margin are non-GAAP financial measures. See the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation” section within this Form 10-K.
Summary Discussion of Consolidated Results of Operations - 2022 Compared to 2021
Revenue for 2022 decreased $27.7 million compared to 2021, primarily due to a 9% decrease in average AUM and $1.5 million in performance-based fees earned in 2022 compared to $11.9 million of performance-based fees in 2021. A significant performance-based agreement reached its first five-year measurement term on September 30, 2021. Since the initial five-year measurement period ended, the performance-based fee has been calculated annually based on the client investment results over the recently completed five-year period. The average advisory fee rate (excluding performance-based fees) remained unchanged at 0.52% year over year.
Operating profit margin was 42% for both 2022 and 2021 respectively. Adjusted operating profit margin was 39% for 2022 and 46% for 2021. Adjusted operating profit margin excludes the impact of market movements on the deferred compensation liability and related economic hedges, and the impact of the Diamond Hill International Fund and the Diamond Hill Large Cap Concentrated Fund (together, the “Consolidated Funds”). See the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation" section below in Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K.
The Company expects that its operating margin will fluctuate from period-to-period based on various factors, including revenues, investment results in the strategies the Company manages, employee performance, staffing levels, and gains and losses on investments held in deferred compensation plans.
The Company had $20.2 million in investment losses due to market depreciation for 2022 compared to $16.4 million in investment income due to market appreciation for 2021.
The Company recorded a gain of $6.8 million from the final payment on the sale of its High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts during 2022, and a gain of $9.0 million from the initial payment on the sale of its High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts during 2021.
Income tax expense decreased $12.0 million for 2022, compared to 2021. The decrease in income tax expense was primarily due to a decrease in the Company’s income before taxes, which was partially offset by an increase in its effective tax rate from 25.6% to 27.6% year-over-year. The increase in the Company’s effective tax rate in 2022 was primarily due to the benefit attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests.
The Company generated net income attributable to common shareholders of $40.4 million ($13.01 per diluted share) for 2022, compared to $74.2 million ($23.34 per diluted share) for 2021. The year-over-year decrease in net income attributable to
common shareholders was primarily due to the decline of revenues as a result of decreased AUM and the decrease in performance-based fees, as well as investment losses in 2022 compared to investment gains in 2021 due to the market environment.
Summary Discussion of Consolidated Results of Operations - 2021 Compared to 2020
Revenue for 2021 increased $55.8 million compared to 2020, primarily due to a 38% increase in average AUM and $11.9 million in performance-based fees earned in 2021 compared to $0.5 million of performance-based fees in 2020. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in the average advisory fee rate (excluding performance-based fees) from 0.54% to 0.52% year over year.
Operating profit margin was 42% for 2021 and 36% for 2020. Adjusted operating profit margin was 46% for 2021, and 38% for 2020. Adjusted operating profit margin excludes the impact of market movements on the deferred compensation liability and related economic hedges, and the impact of the Consolidated Funds. See the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation” section below in Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K.
The Company expects that its operating margin will fluctuate from period to period based on various factors, including revenues, investment results, employee performance, staffing levels, gains and losses on investments held in deferred compensation plans, and the development of investment strategies, products, or channels.
The Company recognized $16.4 million in investment income for 2021 compared to $6.6 million for 2020. The year-over-year increase in investment income was due to a higher average investment balance throughout the year and higher returns on the investments.
The Company recorded a gain of $9.0 million related to the sale of its High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts in 2021.
Income tax expense increased $12.1 million for 2021 compared to 2020. The increase in income tax expense was primarily due to an increase in the Company’s income before taxes, which was partially offset by a decrease in its effective tax rate from 26.8% to 25.6% year-over-year. The decrease in the Company’s effective tax rate in 2021 was primarily due to the benefit attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests, and a decrease in excess tax deficits from the vesting of restricted stock, which were partially offset by an increase in state and local taxes from the performance fees year-over-year.
The Company generated net income attributable to common shareholders of $74.2 million ($23.34 per diluted share) for 2021 compared to $38.7 million ($12.03 per diluted share) for 2020, primarily due to increased revenues, an increase in investment income, and the gain on the sale of the High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts in 2021.
Revenue
(in thousands, except percentages)
2022
2021
% Change
2021
2020
% Change
Investment advisory
$
144,326
$
170,138
(15)%
$
170,138
$
119,125
43%
Mutual fund administration, net
10,170
12,056
(16)%
12,056
7,263
66%
Total
$
154,496
$
182,194
(15)%
$
182,194
$
126,388
44%
Revenue - 2022 Compared to 2021
Investment Advisory Fees. Investment advisory fees decreased by $25.8 million, or 15%, from 2021 to 2022. Investment advisory fees are calculated as a percentage of the market value of client accounts at contractual fee rates, which vary by investment product.
The Company recognized $1.5 million of performance-based fees in 2022 compared to $11.9 million of performance-based fees recognized in 2021. A significant performance-based agreement reached the end of its first five-year measurement period on September 30, 2021. Since the initial five-year measurement period ended, the performance-based fee has been calculated annually based on the client investment results over the recently completed five-year period.
The remaining decrease in investment advisory fees was due to a decrease of 9% in average AUM year-over-year. The average advisory fee rate (excluding performance-based fees) was 0.52% for both 2022 and 2021.
Mutual Fund Administration Fees. Mutual fund administration fees decreased $1.9 million, or 16%, from 2021 compared to 2022. Mutual fund administration fees include administration fees received from the Funds, which are calculated as a percentage of the Funds' average AUM. This decrease was primarily due to the impact of a 14% decrease in the Funds' average AUM from 2021 compared to 2022.
Revenue - 2021 Compared to 2020
Investment Advisory Fees. Investment advisory fees increased by $51.0 million, or 43%, from 2020 to 2021. Investment advisory fees are calculated as a percentage of the market value of client accounts at contractual fee rates, which vary by investment product. The increase in investment advisory fees was due to an increase of 38% in average AUM, and $11.9 million in performance-based fees recognized in 2021 as a significant performance-based agreement reached its first five-year measurement term. The Company recognized $0.5 million of performance-based fees in 2020.
These increases were partially offset by a decrease in the average advisory fee rate (excluding performance-based fees) from 0.54% to 0.52% year-over-year. The decrease in average advisory fee rate was driven by an increase in the mix of assets held in lower fee rate strategies during 2021 compared to 2020.
For 2021, the average advisory fee rates for equity and fixed income strategies, excluding performance-based fees, were 0.54% and 0.39%, respectively. For 2020, the average advisory fee rates for equity and fixed income strategies were 0.57% and 0.40%, respectively.
Mutual Fund Administration Fees.Mutual fund administration fees increased $4.8 million, or 66%, from 2020 to 2021. Mutual fund administration fees include administration fees received from the Funds, which are calculated as a percentage of the Funds' average AUM. The increase was primarily due to a 36% increase in the Funds' average AUM from 2020 to 2021, and a reduction in administration fees paid on behalf of the Funds as a percentage of average Fund AUM year over year.
Expenses
(in thousands, except percentages)
2022
2021
% Change
2021
2020
% Change
Compensation and related costs, excluding deferred compensation expense (benefit)
$
70,505
$
73,591
(4)%
$
73,591
$
58,292
26%
Deferred compensation expense (benefit)
(4,402)
7,082
(162)%
7,082
2,219
219%
General and administrative
13,607
14,021
(3)%
14,021
11,003
27%
Sales and marketing
7,160
7,659
(7)%
7,659
6,000
28%
Mutual fund administration
3,295
3,582
(8)%
3,582
3,336
7%
Total
$
90,165
$
105,935
(15)%
$
105,935
$
80,850
31%
Expenses - 2022 Compared to 2021
Compensation and Related Costs, Excluding Deferred Compensation Expense (Benefit). Employee compensation and benefits decreased by $3.1 million, or 4%, from 2021 compared to 2022. This decrease is due to a decrease in accrued incentive compensation of $6.2 million and a decrease in other compensation expense of $0.7 million, which was partially offset by an increase in restricted stock expense of $3.3 million related to restricted stock grants issued in February of 2022 under the Company’s long-term incentive program, and an increase in salary and related benefits of $0.5 million. On average, the Company had 129 full-time equivalent employees in 2022 and 126 in 2021. Incentive compensation expense can fluctuate significantly period over period as the Company evaluates investment performance, individual performance, its own performance, and other factors.
Deferred Compensation Expense (Benefit). Deferred compensation benefit was $4.4 million for 2022 compared to an expense of $7.1 million for 2021.
The gain (loss) on deferred compensation plan investments increases (decreases) deferred compensation expense (benefit) and is included in operating income. Deferred compensation expense (benefit) is offset by an equal amount in investment income (loss) below net operating income on the consolidated statements of income, and thus, has no impact on net income attributable to the Company.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.4 million, or 3%, from 2021 compared to 2022. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $0.7 million in consulting fees and $0.5 million of proxy solicitation fees related to the sale of the High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts in 2021. That decrease was partially offset by a $0.5 million increase in investment research and related conference fees, a $0.1 million increase in insurance expense, and a $0.2 million increase in IT staffing, hardware, and software expenses.
Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $0.5 million, or 7%, from 2021 compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $0.9 million in payments made to third-party intermediaries related to the sale of the Funds on their platforms, and $0.2 million related to its distribution technology platform and related external data costs. The decrease was partially offset by an increase of $0.6 million in sales-related travel expenses.
Mutual Fund Administration. Mutual fund administration expenses decreased by $0.3 million, or 8%, from 2021 compared to 2022. Mutual fund administration expenses consist of both variable and fixed expenses. The variable expenses are based on Fund AUM levels and the number of shareholder accounts. The decrease was due to a reduction in variable expenses as a result of the decrease in the Funds’ average AUM period over period.
Expenses - 2021 Compared to 2020
Compensation and Related Costs, Excluding Deferred Compensation Expense. Employee compensation and benefits increased by $15.3 million, or 26%, from 2020 to 2021. This increase was due to increases in incentive compensation of $9.7 million, salary and related benefits of $3.1 million, restricted stock expense of $1.8 million, and other compensation expense of $0.7 million. On average, the Company had 126 full-time equivalent employees for both 2021 and 2020. Incentive compensation expense can fluctuate significantly period over period as the Company evaluates investment performance, individual performance, its own performance, and other factors.
Deferred Compensation Expense. Deferred compensation expense was $7.1 million for 2021, compared to deferred compensation expense of $2.2 million for 2020, primarily due to an increase in market appreciation on the Company’s deferred compensation investments period over period.
The gain on deferred compensation plan investments increases deferred compensation expense and is included in operating income. Deferred compensation expense is offset by an equal amount in investment income below net operating income on the consolidated statements of income statement, and thus, has no impact on net income attributable to the Company.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by $3.0 million, or 27%, from 2020 to 2021. This increase was partially due to a non-recurring $1.1 million refund related to Ohio commercial activity tax, which was received in 2020 and reduced general and administrative expense. The Ohio commercial activity tax is a gross receipts tax, and therefore, is not included in income taxes. Other increases in 2021 include $0.7 million in consulting fees, $0.5 million of proxy solicitation fees related to the sale of the High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts, a $0.4 million increase in IT staffing, hardware, and software expense, and a $0.3 million increase in depreciation expense.
Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $1.7 million, or 28%, from 2020 to 2021. The increase was primarily due to increases of $0.7 million related to the Company’s distribution technology platform and the related external data costs, $0.5 million for payments made to third-party intermediaries related to the sale of the Funds on their platforms, and a $0.5 million increase in advertising expenses.
Mutual Fund Administration. Mutual fund administration expenses increased by $0.2 million, or 7%, from 2020 to 2021. Mutual fund administration expense consists of both variable and fixed expenses. The variable expenses are based on Fund AUM levels and the number of shareholder accounts. The increase was due to an increase in variable expenses as a result of the increase in the average Fund AUM period over period.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources of Liquidity
The Company’s current financial condition is liquid, with a significant amount of its assets comprised of cash and cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, and other current assets. The Company’s main source of liquidity is cash flows from operating activities, which are generated from investment advisory and mutual fund administration fees. Cash and cash equivalents, investments held directly by DHCM, accounts receivable, and other current assets represented $182.9 million and $214.7 million of total assets as of December 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The Company believes that these sources of liquidity, as well as its continuing cash flows from operating activities, will be sufficient to meet its current and future operating needs for the next 12 months.
The Company anticipates that its main uses of cash will be for operating expenses and seed capital to fund new and existing investment strategies. The Board and management regularly review various factors to determine whether the Company has capital in excess of that required for its business, and the appropriate uses of any such excess capital.
Share Repurchases
On February 25, 2022, the Board approved the 2022 Repurchase Program. The 2022 Repurchase Program authorizes management to repurchase up to $50.0 million of the DHIL’s common shares in the open market and in private transactions in accordance with applicable securities laws. The 2022 Repurchase Program will expire upon the earlier of: (i) February 2024, and (ii) the completion of all authorized purchases under the program. As of December 31, 2022, $15.4 million remained available for repurchases under the 2022 Repurchase Program. Prior to the approval of the 2022 Repurchase Program, the Company repurchased shares under similar repurchase programs.
The authority to repurchase share may be exercised from time to time as market conditions warrant and is subject to regulatory constraints. The timing, amount, and other terms and conditions of any repurchases will be determined by management in its discretion based on a variety of factors, including the market price of such shares, corporate considerations, general market and economic conditions, and applicable legal requirements.
The following table summarizes the Company’s annual share repurchase transactions:
Year
Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price Paid Per Share Purchased
Purchase Price of Shares Purchased
2022
217,009
$
178.45
$
38,726,007
2021
45,727
171.02
7,820,315
2020
157,750
118.21
18,646,982
Total
420,486
$
155.04
$
65,193,304
Dividends
Fiscal 2022 was the 15th consecutive year that the Company paid a dividend.
A summary of cash dividends paid during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is presented below:
Year
Regular Dividend Per Share
Regular Dividend Total
Special Dividend Per Share
Special Dividend Total
Total Dividend Per Share
Total Dividends
2022
$
6.00
$
18,637,238
$
4.00
$
12,059,669
$
10.00
$
30,696,907
2021
$
4.00
12,700,876
19.00
60,260,100
23.00
72,960,976
2020
—
—
$
12.00
37,976,714
$
12.00
37,976,714
Total
$
31,338,114
$
110,296,483
$
141,634,597
On February 23, 2023, the Board approved a regular quarterly dividend for the first quarter of 2023 of $1.50 per share to be paid on March 17, 2023, to shareholders of record as of March 6, 2023. This dividend is expected to reduce shareholders' equity by approximately $4.6 million. Subject to Board approval and compliance with applicable law, the Company expects to pay a regular quarterly dividend of $1.50 per share in 2023.
In addition to the regular quarterly dividends, the Board will decide whether to approve and pay an additional special dividend in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. Although the Company currently expects to continue to pay regular quarterly dividends, depending on the circumstances and the Board’s judgment, the Company may not pay special or quarterly dividends as described.
Working Capital
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had working capital of approximately $144.9 million, compared to $168.5 million as of December 31, 2021. Working capital includes cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, investments, and other current assets of DHCM, net of accounts payable and accrued expenses, accrued incentive compensation, deferred compensation, and other current DHCM liabilities.
The Company had no debt and the Company believes its available working capital is sufficient to cover current expenses and presently anticipated capital expenditures.
Below is a summary of investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
As of December 31,
2022
2021
Corporate Investments:
Diamond Hill Core Bond Fund
$
41,315,982
$
46,755,404
Diamond Hill International Fund
36,084,204
41,673,154
Diamond Hill Large Cap Concentrated Fund
10,571,463
12,098,049
Diamond Hill Micro Cap Fund, LP
9,690,916
10,703,473
Total Corporate Investments
97,662,565
111,230,080
Deferred Compensation Plan Investments in the Funds
30,744,990
37,348,294
Total investments held by DHCM
128,407,555
148,578,374
Redeemable noncontrolling interest in Consolidated Funds
17,268,156
18,077,627
Total investments
$
145,675,711
$
166,656,001
Cash Flow Analysis
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
The Company’s cash flows from operating activities are calculated by adjusting net income to reflect other significant operating sources and uses of cash, certain significant non-cash items (such as share-based compensation), and timing differences in the cash settlement of operating assets and liabilities. The Company expects that cash flows provided by operating activities will continue to serve as its primary source of working capital in the near future.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities totaled $39.5 million. Cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by net income of $36.9 million, and the add backs of net losses on investments of $24.5 million, share-based compensation of $10.7 million, and depreciation of $1.4 million. These cash inflows were partially offset by the net change in securities held by the Consolidated Funds of $14.0 million, the cash impact of timing differences in the settlement of other assets and liabilities of $13.2 million, and the adjustment to net income of $6.8 million for the gain on sale of the High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts. Net cash provided by operating activities of $39.5 million was inclusive of $9.5 million of cash used in operations by the Consolidated Funds.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash provided by operating activities totaled $26.3 million. Cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by net income of $75.6 million, the add back of share-based compensation of $7.4 million, depreciation of $1.3 million, and the cash impact of timing differences in the settlement of assets and liabilities of $12.3 million. These cash inflows were partially offset by net securities purchased by the Diamond Hill International Fund and the Diamond Hill Large Cap Concentrated Fund (together, the “Consolidated Funds”) of $50.4 million, net gains on investments of $10.9 million, and the adjustment to net income of $9.0 million for the gain on sale of the High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts. Net cash provided by operating activities of $26.3 million was inclusive of $50.3 million of cash used in operations by the Consolidated Funds.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash provided by operating activities totaled $59.8 million. Cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by net income of $38.2 million, the add back of share-based compensation of $7.7 million, depreciation of $1.0 million, net securities redeemed by the Consolidated Funds of $3.2 million, and the cash impact of timing differences in the settlement of assets and liabilities of $12.7 million. These cash inflows were partially offset by net gains on investments of $3.0 million. Net cash provided by operating activities of $59.8 million was inclusive of $2.5 million of cash provided by operations by the Consolidated Funds.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
The Company’s cash flows from investing activities consist primarily of capital expenditures and purchases and redemptions in
Cash flows provided by investing activities totaled $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The cash provided was due to proceeds from the sale of Company-sponsored investments totaling $6.9 million and $6.8 million of proceeds received from the final payment for the sale of the High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts. These proceeds were partially offset by purchases of Company-sponsored investments of $7.6 million and property and equipment purchases of $0.1 million.
Cash flows provided by investing activities totaled $27.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The cash provided was due to proceeds from the sale of Company-sponsored investments totaling $40.8 million and $9.0 million of proceeds received from the sale of the High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts. These proceeds were partially offset by purchases of Company-sponsored investments of $21.4 million and property and equipment purchases (primarily capitalized software) of $1.1 million.
Cash flows provided by investing activities totaled $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The cash provided was due to proceeds from the sale of Company-sponsored investments totaling $25.7 million. These proceeds were partially offset by purchases of Company-sponsored investments of $14.9 million and property and equipment purchases (primarily capitalized software) of $2.5 million.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
The Company’s cash flows from financing activities consist primarily of repurchases of its common stock, shares withheld related to employee tax withholding obligations, dividends paid on its common stock, proceeds received under the Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), and distributions to, or contributions from, redeemable noncontrolling interest holders.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in financing activities totaled $62.9 million, consisting of repurchases of DHIL’s common stock of $38.7 million, the payment of dividends of $30.7 million, and the value of shares withheld to cover employee tax withholding obligations of $3.4 million. These cash outflows were partially offset by net subscriptions received in the Consolidated Funds from redeemable non-controlling interest holders of $9.5 million and proceeds received under the ESPP of $0.5 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in financing activities totaled $71.5 million, consisting of the payment of dividends of $73.0 million, repurchases of DHIL’s common stock of $7.8 million, and $1.6 million of shares withheld related to employee tax withholding obligations. These cash outflows were partially offset by net subscriptions received in the Consolidated Funds from redeemable non-controlling interest holders of $10.3 million and proceeds received under the ESPP of $0.6 million.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash used in financing activities totaled $62.9 million, consisting of the payment of dividends of $38.0 million, repurchases of DHIL’s common stock of $18.7 million, $1.9 million of shares withheld related to employee tax withholding obligations, and net redemptions in the Consolidated Funds from redeemable non-controlling interest holders of $4.3 million.
The following table summarizes the condensed cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 that are attributable to the Company and to the Consolidated Funds, and the related eliminations required in preparing the consolidated financial statements.
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Cash flow attributable to Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc.
Cash flow attributable to Consolidated Funds
Eliminations
As reported on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)
$
40,434,107
$
(11,739,448)
$
8,176,103
$
36,870,762
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation
1,377,610
—
—
1,377,610
Share-based compensation
10,660,673
—
—
10,660,673
Gain on sale of High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts
(6,813,579)
—
—
(6,813,579)
Net losses on investments
21,552,322
11,739,448
(8,819,876)
24,471,894
Net change in securities held by Consolidated Funds
—
(14,039,687)
—
(14,039,687)
Other changes in assets and liabilities
(17,563,539)
4,518,501
—
(13,045,038)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
49,647,594
(9,521,186)
(643,773)
39,482,635
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
5,330,622
—
703,249
6,033,871
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
The Company’s material cash commitments consist of its obligations under its deferred compensation plans, lease obligations, and other contractual amounts that will be due for the purchase of goods and services to be used in its operations. Some of these contractual amounts may be cancellable under certain conditions and may involve termination fees. The Company expects to fund these cash commitments with future cash flow from operations.
Its obligations under the deferred compensation plans are disclosed on the consolidated balance sheets with more information included in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements. Its lease obligations are disclosed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements. The Company’s other material cash commitments for goods and services used in operations primarily consist of obligations related to long-term software licensing and maintenance contracts.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation
As supplemental information, the Company is providing certain financial measures that are based on methodologies other than U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“non-GAAP”). Management believes the non-GAAP financial measures below are useful measures of the Company’s core business activities, are important metrics in estimating the value of an asset management business, and help facilitate comparisons to Company operating performance across periods. These non-GAAP financial measures should not be used as a substitute for financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and may be calculated differently by other companies. The following schedules reconcile financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
Year Ended December 31, 2022
(in thousands, except percentages and per share data)
Operating expenses
Net operating income
Non-operating income (loss)
Income tax expense(5)
Net income attributable to common shareholders
Earnings per share attributable to common shareholders (diluted)
Operating profit margin
U.S. GAAP Basis
$
90,165
$
64,331
$
(13,373)
$
14,088
$
40,434
$
13.01
42
%
Non-GAAP Adjustments:
Deferred compensation liability(1)
4,402
(4,402)
4,402
—
—
—
(3)
%
Consolidated Funds(2)
—
423
11,317
2,113
6,063
1.95
—
Gain on sale of high-yield focused advisory contracts(3)
—
—
(6,814)
(1,761)
(5,053)
(1.63)
—
Other investment income(4)
—
—
$
4,468
1,155
3,313
1.07
—
Adjusted Non-GAAP basis
$
94,567
$
60,352
—
$
15,595
$
44,757
$
14.40
39
%
Year Ended December 31, 2021
(in thousands, except percentages and per share data)
Operating expenses
Net operating income
Non-operating income (loss)
Income tax expense(5)
Net income attributable to common shareholders
Earnings per share attributable to common shareholders (diluted)
Operating profit margin
U.S. GAAP Basis
$
105,936
$
76,258
$
25,381
$
26,050
$
74,201
$
23.34
42
%
Non-GAAP Adjustments:
Deferred compensation liability(1)
(7,082)
7,082
(7,082)
—
—
—
4
%
Consolidated Funds(2)
—
340
(6,192)
(1,160)
(3,304)
(1.04)
—
Gain on sale of high-yield focused advisory contracts(3)
(in thousands, except percentages and per share data)
Operating expenses
Net operating income
Non-operating income (loss)
Income tax expense(5)
Net income attributable to common shareholders
Earnings per share attributable to common shareholders (diluted)
Operating profit margin
U.S. GAAP Basis
$
80,850
$
45,538
$
6,585
$
13,958
$
38,661
$
12.03
36
%
Non-GAAP Adjustments:
Deferred compensation liability(1)
(2,219)
2,219
(2,219)
—
—
—
2
%
Consolidated Funds(2)
—
218
(622)
(239)
(661)
(0.21)
—
%
Other investment income(4)
—
—
$
(3,744)
(993)
(2,751)
(0.86)
—
%
Adjusted Non-GAAP basis
$
78,631
$
47,975
—
$
12,726
$
35,249
$
10.96
38
%
(1) This non-GAAP adjustment removes the compensation expense resulting from market valuation changes in the deferred compensation plan liability and the related net gains/losses on investments designated as an economic hedge against the related liability. Amounts deferred under the deferred compensation plans are adjusted for appreciation/depreciation of investments chosen by participants. The Company believes it is useful to offset the non-operating investment income/loss realized on the hedges against the related compensation expense and remove the net impact to help readers understand the Company’s core operating results and to improves comparability from period to period.
(2) This non-GAAP adjustment removes the impact that the Consolidated Funds have on the Company’s GAAP consolidated statements of income. Specifically, the Company adds back the operating expenses and subtracts the investment income of the Consolidated Funds. The adjustment to net operating income represents the operating expenses of the Consolidated Funds, net of the elimination of related management and administrative fees. The adjustment to net income attributable to common shareholders represents the net income of the Consolidated Funds, net of redeemable non-controlling interests. The Company removes the impact of the Consolidated Funds because it believes they impact the reader’s ability to understand its core operating results.
(3) This non-GAAP adjustment removes the impact of the gain on the sale of the High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts. The sale of the High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts was a nonrecurring transaction, thus, the Company believes that removing the impact of the gain helps readers understand the Company’s core operating results and improves comparability period to period.
(4) This non-GAAP adjustment represents the net gains/losses earned on the Company’s non-consolidated investment portfolio that are not designated as economic hedges of the deferred compensation plan liability, non-consolidated seed investments, and other investments. The Company believes adjusting for these non-operating income/loss items helps readers understand the Company’s core operating results and improves comparability to prior years.
(5) The income tax expense impacts were calculated and resulted in an overall non-GAAP effective tax rate of 25.8% for 2022, 26.0% for 2021 and 26.5% for 2020.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. The Company evaluates such estimates, judgments, and assumptions on an ongoing basis, and bases its estimates, judgements, and assumptions on historical experiences, current trends, and various other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. By their nature, these estimates, judgments, and assumptions are subject to uncertainty, and actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
Consolidation. The Company consolidates all subsidiaries and certain investments in which the Company has a controlling interest. The Company is generally deemed to have a controlling interest when it owns the majority of the voting interest of a voting rights entity (“VRE”) or are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”). A VIE is an entity that lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities, or any entity whose equity holders do not have defined power to direct the activities of the entity normally associated with an equity investment. The Company’s analysis to determine whether an entity is a VIE or a VRE involves judgment and considers several factors, including an entity’s legal organization, equity
structure, the rights of the investment holders, the Company’s ownership interest in the entity, and its contractual involvement with the entity. The Company continually reviews and reconsiders its VIE or VRE conclusions upon the occurrence of certain events, such as changes to its ownership interest, or amendments to contract documents.
Provisions for Income Taxes. The objectives of accounting for income taxes are to recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in an entity’s financial statements or tax returns. Judgment is required in assessing the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company’s financial statements or tax returns.
Revenue Recognition on Performance-Based Advisory Contracts. The Company has certain investment advisory contracts in which a portion of the fees are based on investment performance achieved in the respective client portfolio in excess of a specified hurdle rate. These fees are calculated based on client investment results over rolling five-year periods. The Company records performance-based fees at the end of the contract measurement period because the performance-based fees earned are constrained based on movements in the financial markets.
Revenue Recognition when Acting as an Agent vs. Principal. The Funds have selected and contractually engaged certain vendors to fulfill various services to benefit the Funds’ shareholders or to satisfy regulatory requirements of the Funds. These services include, among others, required fund shareholder mailings, registration services, and legal and audit services. DHCM, in fulfilling a portion of its role under the administration agreement with the Funds, acts as agent to pay these obligations of the Funds. Each vendor is independently responsible for fulfillment of the services it has been engaged to provide and negotiates fees and terms with the management and board of trustees of the Funds. The fee that the Funds pay to DHCM is reviewed annually by the Funds’ board of trustees and specifically considers the contractual expenses that DHCM pays on behalf of the Funds. As a result, DHCM is not involved in the delivery or pricing of these services and bears no risk related to these services. Revenue has been recorded net of these Fund expenses, as appropriate for this agency relationship.
ITEM 7A.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The Company’s revenues and net income are based primarily on the value of its AUM. Accordingly, declines in financial market values directly and negatively impact its investment advisory revenues and net income.
The Company invests in its investment strategies, which are market risk sensitive financial instruments. These investments have inherent market risk in the form of price risk; that is, the potential future loss of value that would result from a decline in their fair value. Market prices fluctuate, and the amount realized upon subsequent sale may differ significantly from the reported market value.
The table below summarizes the Company’s market risks as of December 31, 2022, and shows the effects of a hypothetical 10% increase and decrease in investments.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders’ equity and redeemable noncontrolling interest, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 23, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Evaluation of the assets under management data used in the calculation of investment advisory fee revenue for separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts and other pooled vehicles
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes investment advisory revenue for its separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts and other pooled vehicles based on a percentage of its assets under management (AUM). The Company recognized $39.5 million in investment advisory fees related to separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts and other pooled vehicles during the year ended December 31, 2022. AUM is an input to the calculation of the investment advisory fee revenue. Specifically, as it pertains to these accounts, the inputs to the AUM calculation and the calculated AUM value are transmitted through multiple information technology (IT) systems used in the calculation of investment advisory fee revenue.
39
We identified the evaluation of the AUM data used in the calculation of separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts and other pooled vehicles investment advisory fee revenue as a critical audit matter. There is a high degree of auditor judgment required to perform procedures to address the Company’s use of multiple IT systems to maintain the AUM data, including the use of professionals with specialized skills and knowledge to test the AUM data processed through multiple IT systems.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the critical audit matter. This included controls related to the inputs to the AUM calculation, as well as controls that reconcile AUM between IT systems. We involved IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in the testing of application and related general IT controls relevant to the IT systems used to maintain AUM data. We compared AUM used in the calculation of investment advisory fees to the source IT systems for a selection of accounts.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2012.
Common stock, no par value: 7,000,000 shares authorized; 3,010,457 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 (inclusive of 219,459 unvested shares); 3,171,536 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 (inclusive of 201,170 unvested shares)
51,688,631
80,434,049
Preferred stock, undesignated, 1,000,000 shares authorized and unissued
—
—
Deferred equity compensation
(17,011,144)
(15,268,705)
Retained earnings
128,994,758
119,257,558
Total permanent shareholders’ equity
163,672,245
184,422,902
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
$
249,821,410
$
286,153,403
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc., an Ohio corporation (“DHIL”), and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”), derives its consolidated revenues and net income from investment advisory and fund administration services provided by its wholly-owned subsidiary, Diamond Hill Capital Management, Inc., an Ohio corporation (“DHCM”).
DHCM is a registered investment adviser. DHCM is the investment adviser and administrator for the Diamond Hill Funds (the “Funds”), a series of open-end mutual funds. DHCM also provides investment advisory services to Diamond Hill Micro Cap Fund, LP (“DHMF”), a private fund, separately managed accounts, collective investment trusts, other pooled vehicles including sub-advised funds, and model delivery programs.
Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-K. The Company believes that the disclosures contained herein are adequate to make the information presented not misleading.
These consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of the Company, all material adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) necessary to fairly present the Company’s financial position as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Estimates have been prepared based on the most current and best available information, but actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Reclassification
Certain prior period amounts and disclosures may have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s financial presentation.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the operations of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
The Company holds certain investments in the Funds and DHMF for general corporate investment purposes, to provide seed capital for newly formed strategies, or to add capital to existing strategies. The Funds are organized in a series fund structure in which there are multiple mutual funds within one trust (the “Trust”). The Trust is an open-end investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). Each individual Fund represents a separate share class of a legal entity organized under the Trust. DHMF is organized as a Delaware limited partnership and is exempt from registration under the 1940 Act.
The Company consolidates all subsidiaries and certain investments in which the Company has a controlling interest. The Company is generally deemed to have a controlling interest when it owns the majority of the voting interest of a voting rights entity (“VRE”) or are deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”). A VIE is an entity that lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities, or any entity whose equity holders do not have defined power to direct the activities of the entity normally associated with an equity investment. The Company’s analysis to determine whether an entity is a VIE or a VRE involves judgment and considers several factors, including an entity’s legal organization, equity structure, the rights of the investment holders, the Company’s ownership interest in the entity, and its contractual involvement with the entity. The Company continually reviews and reconsiders its VIE or VRE conclusions upon the occurrence of certain events, such as changes to its ownership interest, or amendments to contract documents.
The Company performs its consolidation analysis at the individual Fund level and has concluded that the Funds are VREs because the structure of the Funds is such that the shareholders are deemed to have the power through voting rights to direct the activities that most significantly impact each Fund’s economic performance. To the extent material, these Funds are consolidated if Company ownership, directly or indirectly, represents a majority interest (greater than 50%). The Company records redeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated investments for which the Company's ownership is less than 100%. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has consolidated the Diamond Hill International Fund. As of December 31, 2021, the Company consolidated the Diamond Hill International Fund and the Diamond Hill Large Cap Concentrated Fund (the “Consolidated Funds”). The Company de-consolidated the Diamond Hill Large Cap Concentrated Fund during the year ended December 31, 2022, de-consolidated the Diamond Hill Global Fund during the year ended December 31, 2021, and de-consolidated the Diamond Hill Core Bond Fund and the Diamond Hill High Yield Fund during the year ended December 31, 2020, as the Company’s ownership declined to less than 50% during the years, respectively.
DHCM is the investment manager of DHMF and is the managing member of Diamond Hill Fund GP, LLC (the “General Partner”), which is the general partner of DHMF. DHCM is wholly-owned by, and consolidated with, the Company. Further, DHCM, through its control of the General Partner, has the power to direct DHMF’s economic activities and the right to receive investment advisory fees from DHMF that may be significant. DHMF commenced operations on June 1, 2021, and its underlying assets consist primarily of marketable securities.
The Company concluded DHMF was a VIE given that: (i) DHCM has disproportionately less voting interest than economic interest, and (ii) DHMF's limited partners have full power to remove the General Partner (which is controlled by the Company) due to the existence of substantive kick-out rights. In addition, substantially all of DHMF's activities are conducted on behalf of the General Partner, which has disproportionately few voting rights. The Company concluded it is not the primary beneficiary of DHMF as it lacks the power to control DHMF, since DHMF's limited partners have single-party kick-out rights and can unilaterally remove the General Partner without cause. DHCM’s investments in DHMF are reported as a component of the Company’s investment portfolio and valued at DHCM’s respective share of DHMF's net income or loss.
Gains and losses attributable to changes in the value of DHCM’s interests in DHMF are included in the Company’s reported investment income. The Company’s exposure to loss as a result of its involvement with DHMF is limited to the amount of its investment. DHCM is not obligated to provide, and has not provided, financial or other support to DHMF, except for its investments to date and its contractually provided investment advisory responsibilities. The Company has not provided liquidity arrangements, guarantees, or other commitments to support DHMF’s operations, and DHMF’s creditors and interest holders have no recourse to the general credit of the Company.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest
Redeemable noncontrolling interest represents third-party interests in the Consolidated Funds. This interest is redeemable at the option of the investors and therefore, is not treated as permanent equity. Redeemable noncontrolling interest is recorded at redemption value, which approximates the fair value each reporting period.
Segment Information
Management has determined that the Company operates in a single business segment, which is providing investment advisory and related services to clients through pooled vehicles, including the Funds and DHMF, collective investment trusts, separately managed accounts, model delivery programs, and other pooled vehicles including sub-advised funds. Therefore, the Company does not present disclosures relating to operating segments in annual or interim financial statements.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits and money market mutual funds held by DHCM.
The Company records accounts receivable when they are due and presents them on the balance sheet net of any allowance for doubtful accounts. Accounts receivable are written off when they are determined to be uncollectible. Any allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based on the Company’s historical losses, existing conditions in the industry, and the financial stability of the individual or entity that owes the receivable. No allowance for doubtful accounts was deemed necessary at either December 31, 2022 or 2021. Accounts receivable from the Funds were $9.3 million and $11.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Investments
Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of purchase and re-evaluates its determination for each reporting period.
Company sponsored investments, where the Company has neither the control nor the ability to exercise significant influence, as well as securities held in the Consolidated Funds, are measured at fair value based on quoted market prices. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded as investment income (loss) in the Company's consolidated statements of income.
Investments classified as equity method investments represent investments in which the Company owns 20% to 50% of the outstanding voting interests in the entity or where it is determined that the Company is able to exercise significant influence but not control over the investments. When using the equity method, the Company recognizes its respective share of the investee’s net income or loss for the period, which is recorded as investment income in the Company's consolidated statements of income.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, consisting of leasehold improvements, right-of-use lease assets, computer equipment, capitalized software, furniture, and fixtures are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Accumulated depreciation was $8.9 million and $7.5 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated lives of the assets.
Implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software, including hosting arrangements, are capitalized and expensed on a straight-line basis over either the estimated useful life of the respective software or the term of the hosting arrangement.
Property and equipment is tested for impairment when there is an indication that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. When an asset is determined to not be recoverable, the impairment loss is measured based on the excess, if any, of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value.
Revenue Recognition – General
The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a client. The Company earns substantially all of its revenue from DHCM investment advisory and fund administration contracts. Investment advisory and administration fees, generally calculated as a percentage of AUM, are recorded as revenue as services are performed. In addition to fixed fees based on a percentage of AUM, certain client accounts also provide periodic performance-based fees.
Revenue earned under contracts with clients for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 include:
DHCM’s investment advisory contracts with clients have a single performance obligation because the contracted services are not separately identifiable from other obligations in the contracts, and therefore, are not distinct. All obligations to provide investment advisory services are satisfied over time by DHCM.
The fees DHCM receives for its services under its investment advisory contracts are based on AUM, which changes based on the value of securities held under each investment advisory contract. These fees are thereby constrained and represent variable consideration, and they are excluded from revenue until the AUM on which DHCM’s client is billed is no longer subject to market fluctuations.
DHCM also provides its strategy model portfolios and related services to sponsors of model delivery programs. For its services, DHCM is paid a model delivery fee by the program sponsor at a pre-determined rate based on the amount of assets under advisement (“AUA”) in the program.
DHCM manages certain client accounts that pay performance-based fees. These fees are calculated based on client investment results over rolling five-year periods. The Company records performance-based fees when it is probable that a significant reversal of the revenue will not occur. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recorded $1.5 million, $11.9 million, and $0.5 million, respectively, in performance-based fees. The Company recorded $11.9 million of performance-based fees during the year ended December 31, 2021, as a significant performance-based agreement reached the end of its first five-year measurement period on September 30, 2021. Since the initial five-year measurement period ended, the performance-based fee has been calculated annually based on the client investment results over the recently completed five-year period. The table below shows AUM subject to performance-based fees and the amount of performance-based fees that would be recognized based upon investment results as of December 31, 2022:
As of December 31, 2022
AUM subject to performance-based fees
Unearned performance-based fees
Contractual Measurement Period Ending:
Quarter Ending September 30, 2023
$
454,802,480
$
306,875
Total
$
454,802,480
$
306,875
The contractual end date highlights the time remaining until the performance-based fees are scheduled to be earned. The amount of performance-based fees that would be recognized based upon investments results as of December 31, 2022, will increase or decrease based on future client investment results through the contractual period end.
Revenue Recognition – Mutual Fund Administration
DHCM has an administrative and transfer agency services agreement with the Funds under which DHCM performs certain services for each Fund. These services include performance obligations such as mutual fund administration, fund accounting, transfer agency, and other related functions. These services are performed concurrently under DHCM’s agreement with the Funds, all performance obligations to provide these administrative services are satisfied over time, and the Company recognizes the related revenue as time progresses. Each Fund pays DHCM a fee for performing these services, which is calculated using an annual rate multiplied by the average daily net assets of each respective Fund share class. These fees are thereby constrained and represent variable consideration, and they are excluded from revenue until the AUM on which DHCM bills the Funds is no longer subject to market fluctuations.
The Funds have selected and contractually engaged certain vendors to fulfill various services to benefit the Funds’ shareholders or to satisfy regulatory requirements of the Funds. These services include, among others, required shareholder mailings, federal, and state registrations, and legal and audit services. In fulfilling a portion of its role under the administration and transfer agency services agreement with the Funds, DHCM acts as agent and pays for these services on behalf of the Funds. Each vendor is independently responsible for fulfillment of the services it has been engaged to provide and negotiates its fees and terms directly with the Funds’ management and board of trustees. Each year, the Funds’ board of trustees reviews the fee that each Fund pays to DHCM, and specifically considers the contractual expenses that DHCM pays on behalf of the Funds. As a result, DHCM is not involved in the delivery or pricing of these services, and bears no risk related to these services. Revenue has been recorded net of these Fund-related expenses.
Mutual fund administration gross and net revenue are summarized below:
Year Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
Mutual fund administration:
Administration revenue, gross
$
25,188,386
$
29,635,451
$
22,296,535
Fund related expense
(15,017,884)
(17,579,223)
(15,034,047)
Mutual fund administration revenue, net
$
10,170,502
$
12,056,228
$
7,262,488
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for current and deferred income taxes through an asset and liability approach. Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred
tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment.
The Company is subject to examination by federal and applicable state and local jurisdictions for various tax periods. The Company’s income tax positions are based on research and interpretations of the income tax laws and rulings in each of the jurisdictions in which it does business. Due to the subjectivity of interpretations of laws and rulings in each jurisdiction, the differences and interplay in tax laws among those jurisdictions, and the inherent uncertainty in estimating the final resolution of complex tax audit matters, the Company’s estimates of income tax liabilities may differ materially from actual payments or assessments. The Company regularly assesses its positions with regard to tax exposures and records liabilities for these uncertain tax positions and related interest and penalties, if any, according to the principles of FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes. The Company records interest and penalties within income tax expense on the income statement. See Note 9.
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, which includes unvested restricted shares. See Note 10.
Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance
The Company did not adopt any new accounting guidance during the year ended December 31, 2022 that had a material effect on its financial position or results of operations.
Newly Issued But Not Yet Adopted Accounting Guidance
The Company has considered all newly-issued accounting guidance that is applicable to its operations and the preparation of its consolidated financial statements, including those it has not yet adopted. The Company does not believe that any such guidance has or will have a material effect on its financial position or results of operations.
Note 3 Investments
The following table summarizes the carrying value of the Company’s investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
As of December 31,
2022
2021
Fair value investments:
Securities held in Consolidated Funds(a)
$
54,740,993
$
73,855,204
Company-sponsored investments
66,828,910
79,173,437
Company-sponsored equity method investments
24,105,808
13,627,360
Total Investments
$
145,675,711
$
166,656,001
(a) Of the securities held in the Consolidated Funds as of December 31, 2022, the Company directly held $37.5 million and non-controlling shareholders held $17.2 million. Of the securities held in the Consolidated Funds as of December 31, 2021, the Company directly held $55.8 million and non-controlling shareholders held $18.1 million.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company has consolidated the Diamond Hill International Fund. As of December 31, 2021, securities held by the Company in the Consolidated Funds consisted of the Diamond Hill Large Cap Concentrated Fund and the Diamond Hill International Fund, as the Company’s ownership percentage in these investments was greater than 50%.
The components of net investment income (loss) are as follows:
As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s equity method investments consisted of DHMF and the Diamond Hill Large Cap Concentrated Fund, and the Company’s ownership percentage in each of these investments was 85% and 48%, respectively. The Company’s ownership in DHMF and the Diamond Hill Large Cap Concentrated Fund includes $3.8 million of deferred compensation plan investments.
As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s only equity method investment was DHMF, which commenced operations on June 1, 2021. The Company’s ownership percentage in DHMF as of December 31, 2021 was 87%.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had no equity method investments. During 2020, there were periods of time when the Company’s ownership in the Diamond Hill Research Opportunities Fund2 and the Diamond Hill Core Bond Fund was between 20% and 50%, respectively, and thus, a portion of these Funds’ income is included in the table below for the year ended December 31, 2020.
The following table includes the condensed summary financial information from the Company’s equity method investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
As of December 31,
2022
2021
Total assets
$
38,828,388
$
15,879,492
Total liabilities
278,675
270,446
Net assets
38,549,713
15,609,046
DHCM’s portion of net assets
$
24,105,808
$
13,627,360
For the Year Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
Investment income
$
413,528
$
106,440
$
4,246,021
Expenses
134,478
37,820
1,114,278
Net realized gains (losses)
378,476
—
(1,577,639)
Change in unrealized
(402,230)
977,920
2,289,667
Net income
255,296
1,046,540
3,843,771
DHCM’s portion of net income (loss)
$
(405,393)
$
914,855
$
1,807,279
The Company’s investments at December 31, 2022 and 2021 include its interest in DHMF, an unconsolidated VIE, as the Company is not deemed the primary beneficiary. The Company’s maximum risk of loss related to its involvement with DHMF is limited to the carrying value of its investment which was $13.1 million and $13.6 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Note 4 Fair Value Measurements
The Company determines the fair value of its cash equivalents and certain investments using the following broad levels listed below:
Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-driven valuations in which all significant inputs are observable.
Level 3 - Valuations derived from techniques in which significant inputs are unobservable. The Company does not value any investments using Level 3 inputs.
These levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk or liquidity associated with investments.
2 In October 2020, the Diamond Hill Research Opportunities Fund merged into the Diamond Hill Long-Short Fund.
The following table summarizes investments that are recognized in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet using fair value measurements (excludes investments classified as equity method investments) determined based upon the differing levels as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
December 31, 2022
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
Cash equivalents
$
60,412,001
—
—
$
60,412,001
Fair value investments
Securities held in Consolidated Funds(a)
21,542,950
$
33,198,043
—
54,740,993
Company-sponsored investments
66,828,910
—
—
66,828,910
December 31, 2021
Cash equivalents
76,836,186
—
—
76,836,186
Fair value investments
Securities held in Consolidated Funds(a)
41,280,398
$
32,574,806
—
73,855,204
Company-sponsored investments
$
79,173,437
—
—
$
79,173,437
(a) Of the securities held in the Consolidated Funds as of December 31, 2022, the Company directly held $37.5 million and non-controlling shareholders held $17.2 million. Of the securities held in the Consolidated Funds as of December 31, 2021, the Company directly held $55.8 million and non-controlling shareholders held $18.1 million.
Changes to fair values of the investments are recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of income as investment income (loss), net.
Note 5 Line of Credit
The Company has a committed Line of Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a commercial bank that matures on December 14, 2023, which permits the Company to borrow up to $25.0 million. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate equal to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 1.10%. The Company pays a commitment fee on the unused portion of the facility, accruing at a rate per annum of 0.10%.
The proceeds of the Credit Agreement may be used by the Company and its subsidiaries for ongoing working capital needs, to seed new and existing investment strategies, and for other general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and covenants.
The Company did not borrow under the Credit Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2022, and no borrowings were outstanding as of December 31, 2022.
Note 6 Capital Stock
Common Shares
DHIL has only one class of securities outstanding, common shares, no par value per share.
Authorization of Preferred Shares
DHIL’s Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of 1,000,000 “blank check” preferred shares with such designations, rights, and preferences as may be determined from time to time by DHIL’s board of directors (“Board”). The Board is authorized, without shareholder approval, to issue preferred shares with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting, or other rights, which could adversely affect the voting or other rights of the holders of the common shares. There were no preferred shares issued or outstanding as of either December 31, 2022, or 2021.
Note 7 Compensation Plans
Share-Based Payment Transactions
The Company maintains the shareholder-approved Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc. 2022 Equity and Cash Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”), which authorizes the issuance of 300,000 common shares of DHIL stock in various forms of equity awards.
As of December 31, 2022, there were 292,679 common shares available for grants under the 2022 Plan. Previously, the Company issued equity awards under the Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc. 2014 Equity and Cash Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”). There are no longer any common shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan, although grants previously made under the 2014 Plan remain issued and outstanding.
Restricted stock grants represent common shares issued and outstanding upon grant subject to vesting restrictions. The Company issues restricted stock grants that cliff vest after five years to all new employees upon hire and additional awards annually to key existing employees in the form of three-year graded vesting stock grants.
Restricted stock grants are valued based upon the fair market value of the common shares on the applicable grant date. The restricted stock grants are recorded as deferred compensation in the equity section of the balance sheet on the grant date and then recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the respective grant. The Company's policy is to adjust compensation expense for forfeitures as they occur.
Compensation and related costs, excluding deferred compensation expense (benefit) includes expenses related to restricted stock grants of $10.5 million, $7.2 million, and $5.2 million, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
The following table represents a roll-forward of outstanding restricted stock and related activity for the year ended December 31, 2022:
Shares
Weighted-Average Grant Date Price per Share
Outstanding Restricted Stock as of December 31, 2021
201,170
$
165.61
Grants issued
76,143
176.46
Grants vested
(50,597)
182.66
Grants forfeited
(7,257)
160.33
Outstanding Restricted Stock as of December 31, 2022
219,459
$
165.62
The weighted-average grant date price per share of restricted stock issued during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $158.92 and $115.32, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock vested, as of their respective vesting dates, during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $9.1 million, $5.2 million, and $5.2 million, respectively.
Total deferred equity compensation related to unvested restricted stock grants was $17.0 million as of December 31, 2022. The recognition of compensation expense related to deferred compensation over the remaining vesting periods is as follows:
Under the Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), eligible employees may purchase shares of DHIL’s common stock at 85% of the fair market value on the last day of each offering period. Each offering period is approximately three months coinciding with the Company’s fiscal quarters. During the year ended December 31, 2022, ESPP participants purchased 3,392 shares of common stock for $0.5 million and the Company recorded $0.1 million of share-based payment expense related to these purchases. During the year ended December 31, 2021, ESPP participants purchased 4,278 shares of common stock for $0.6 million and the Company recorded $0.1 million of share-based payment expense related to these purchases.
As of December 31, 2022, 92,330 shares of DHIL’s common stock was reserved for future issuance through the ESPP.
Stock Grant Transactions
The following table represents common shares issued as part of the Company’s incentive compensation program during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
Shares Issued
Grant Date Value
December 31, 2022
2,743
$
487,870
December 31, 2021
3,681
$
529,806
December 31, 2020
23,640
$
3,396,359
401(k) Plan
The Company sponsors a 401(k) plan in which all employees are eligible to participate. Employees may contribute a portion of their compensation subject to certain limits based on federal tax laws. The Company matches employee contributions equal to 250.0% of the first 6.0% of an employee’s compensation contributed to the plan. Since January 1, 2021, the Company has settled the 401(k) plan matching contributions in cash or common shares of the Company based on the election of the employees. Prior to January 1, 2021, the Company made all matching contributions in DHIL stock. Employees become fully vested in the matching contributions after six plan years of employment. The following table summarizes the Company’s expenses attributable to the 401(k) plan during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
Shares Issued
Share Contributions
Cash Contributions
Total Company Contributions
December 31, 2022
211
$
37,313
$
2,910,156
$
2,947,469
December 31, 2021
506
$
87,667
$
2,779,641
$
2,867,308
December 31, 2020
20,976
$
2,511,746
—
$
2,511,746
Deferred Compensation Plans
The Company offers two deferred compensation plans: the Diamond Hill Fixed Term Deferred Compensation Plan and the Diamond Hill Variable Term Deferred Compensation Plan (together, the “DC Plans”). Under the DC Plans, participants may elect to voluntarily defer, for a minimum of five years, certain incentive compensation that the Company then contributes into the DC Plans. Participants are responsible for designating investment options for assets they contribute, and the distribution paid to each participant reflects any gains or losses on the assets realized in connection with the DC Plans. Assets held in the DC Plans are included in the Company’s investment portfolio, and the associated obligation to participants is included in deferred compensation liability. Deferred compensation liability was $30.7 million and $37.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Note 8 Operating Leases
The Company currently leases office space of approximately 37,829 square feet at one location.
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying value of this right-of-use asset, which is included in property and equipment, was approximately $1.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively, net of deferred rent on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying value of the lease liability was approximately $1.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively, which is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets.
The following table summarizes the total lease and the related operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:
For the year ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
$
918,496
$
932,637
$
947,398
Lease expense and the related operating expenses are recorded in general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of income.
The approximate future minimum lease payments under the operating lease are as follows:
Future Minimum Lease Payments by Year
2023
2024
2025
Thereafter
Total
$
624,179
$
624,179
$
156,044
$
—
$
1,404,402
In addition to the above lease payments, the Company is also responsible for normal operating expenses of the property. These annual operating expenses were approximately $0.4 million in each of 2022, 2021, and 2020.
The following table reconciles the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate:
2022
2021
2020
Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate
21.0
%
21.0
%
21.0
%
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit
4.7
4.8
4.5
Internal revenue code section 162 limitations
1.5
0.9
1.2
Excess tax deficit on vesting of restricted stock
0.1
0.1
1.2
Income tax benefit from dividends paid on restricted stock
(0.9)
(1.0)
(0.9)
Other
(0.6)
0.2
(0.5)
Unconsolidated effective income tax rate
25.8
%
26.0
%
26.5
%
Impact attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest (a)
1.8
(0.4)
0.3
Effective income tax rate
27.6
%
25.6
%
26.8
%
(a) The provision for income taxes includes expense (benefit) attributable to the fact that the Company’s operations include the Consolidated Funds, which are not subject to federal income taxes. Accordingly, a portion of the Company’s earnings are not subject to corporate tax levels.
Deferred income taxes and benefits arise from temporary differences between taxable income for financial statement and income tax return purposes. Net deferred tax assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
2022
2021
Stock-based compensation
$
3,416,038
$
3,446,638
Accrued compensation
9,297,425
10,527,397
Unrealized losses (gains)
2,362,688
(3,255,684)
Property and equipment
(712,794)
(886,164)
Other assets and liabilities
10,849
15,365
Net deferred tax assets
$
14,374,206
$
9,847,552
The net temporary differences incurred to date will reverse in future periods as the Company generates taxable earnings. The Company believes it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the net deferred tax assets recorded. The Company records a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of December 31, 2022, no valuation allowance was deemed necessary.
FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes, prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The Company recognizes tax benefits related to positions taken, or expected to be taken, on its tax returns, only if the positions are “more-likely-than-not” sustainable. Once this threshold has been met, the Company’s measurement of its expected tax benefits is recognized in its financial statements. The Company did not record an accrual for tax-related uncertainties or unrecognized tax positions as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company does not expect a change to the reserve for uncertain tax positions within the next twelve months that would have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service and the taxing authorities of various states. Generally, the Company is subject to federal, state, and local examinations by tax authorities for the tax years ended December 31, 2018 through 2022.
The Company’s common shares outstanding consist of all shares issued and outstanding, including unvested restricted shares. Basic and diluted EPS are calculated under the two-class method. The following table sets forth the computation for basic and diluted EPS and reconciliation between basic and diluted shares outstanding:
Year Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
Net income
$
36,870,762
$
75,589,539
$
38,165,138
Less: Net loss (income) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest
3,563,345
(1,388,930)
495,407
Net income attributable to common shareholders
$
40,434,107
$
74,200,609
$
38,660,545
Weighted average number of outstanding shares
3,107,604
3,179,497
3,214,564
Dilutive impact of restricted stock units
—
—
—
Weighted average number of outstanding shares - Diluted
3,107,604
3,179,497
3,214,564
Earnings per share attributable to common shareholders
Basic
$
13.01
$
23.34
$
12.03
Diluted
$
13.01
$
23.34
$
12.03
Note 11 Commitments and Contingencies
The Company indemnifies its directors, officers, and certain employees for certain liabilities that may arise from the performance of their duties to the Company. From time to time, the Company and its subsidiaries may be involved in legal matters incidental to its business. There are currently no such legal matters pending that the Company believes will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial statements. However, litigation involves an element of uncertainty, and future developments could cause legal actions or claims to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.
Additionally, in the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements that contain a variety of representations and
warranties and that provide general indemnification obligations. Certain agreements do not contain any limits on the Company’s liability and could involve future claims that may be made against the Company that have not yet occurred. Therefore, it is not possible to estimate the Company’s potential liability under these indemnities. Further, the Company maintains insurance policies that may provide full or partial coverage against certain of these liabilities.
Note 12 Sale of the High Yield-Focused Investment Advisory Contracts
DHCM entered into an asset purchase agreement dated February 2, 2021 (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Brandywine Global Investment Management, LLC (“Brandywine Global”), a specialist investment manager of Franklin Resources, Inc. The transaction closed on July 30, 2021, at which time Brandywine Global acquired the investment advisory contracts (the “High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts”) of DHCM’s two high yield-focused mutual funds - the Corporate Credit Fund and the High Yield Fund. After the closing, the Corporate Credit Fund and the High Yield Fund were renamed as the BrandywineGLOBAL Corporate Credit Fund and the BrandywineGLOBAL High Yield Fund (the “High Yield-Focused Funds”).
DHCM determined the gain on this transaction in accordance with ASC 610-20, Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets. DHCM received an initial cash payment at closing of $9.0 million, which was included in gain on sale of
High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts in the consolidated statements of income during the third quarter of 2021.
Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, DHCM received an additional payment of $6.8 million based on the net revenue of the High Yield-Focused Funds on July 30, 2022, which was included in gain on sale of High Yield-Focused Advisory Contracts in the consolidated statements of income during the third quarter of 2022.
Note 13 Subsequent Events
On February 23, 2023, the Board approved a quarterly cash dividend of $1.50 per share, payable on March 17, 2023, to shareholders of record as of March 6, 2023.
ITEM 9.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures
None.
ITEM 9A.
Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K (the “Evaluation Date”). Based on such evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the Evaluation Date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of its consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.
The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, has audited the Company’s 2022 and 2021 consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K and the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, and has issued its Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Consolidated Financial Statements and the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which is included in this Form 10-K.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any control system, including the potential for human error and the possible circumvention or overriding of controls and procedures.Additionally, judgments in decision-making may be faulty and breakdowns may occur because of a simple error or mistake.An effective control system can provide only reasonable, not
absolute, assurance that the control objectives of the system are adequately met.Accordingly, management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the control system can prevent or detect all errors or fraud.Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Diamond Hill Investment Group, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders’ equity and redeemable noncontrolling interest, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 23, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Columbus, Ohio
February 23, 2023
ITEM 9B.
Other Information
None.
ITEM 9C.
Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information required by this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its 2023 annual meeting of shareholders, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2022, pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act (the “2023 Proxy Statement”), under the captions: “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports”, “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors”, “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors - The Board of Directors and Committees”, “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors - Corporate Governance”, and “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors - Executive Compensation”.
ITEM 11.
Executive Compensation
Information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference from the 2023 Proxy Statement under the captions: “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors - The Board of Directors and Committees”, “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors - Corporate Governance”, and “Executive Compensation” (excluding the information under the subheadings “Pay Versus Performance Table,” “Tabular List of Important Financial Performance Measures” and “Analysis of Information Presented in the Pay Versus Performance Table”).
ITEM 12.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters
The following table sets forth certain information concerning the Company's equity compensation plans at December 31, 2022:
Equity Compensation Plan Information
(a)
(b)
(c)
Plan category
Number of securities to be issued upon the exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
—
—
292,679
1
1
This amount reflects the common shares that may be issued under the 2022 Plan.
The other information required by this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference from the 2023 Proxy Statement under the captions: “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Proposal 1 – Election of Directors – Executive Compensation.”
ITEM 13.
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information required by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference from the 2023 Proxy Statement under the caption: “Proposal 1 – Election of Directors – Director Independence” and “Proposal 1 – Election of Directors – Corporate Governance”.
ITEM 14.
Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Information required by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference from the 2023 Proxy Statement under the caption: “Proposal 2 – Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm”.
Financial Statements: See “Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements” within Part II. Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
(2)
Financial Statement Schedules: All financial statement schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are omitted because they are not required or the required information is included in the accompanying financial statements or notes thereto.
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized:
DIAMOND HILL INVESTMENT GROUP, INC.
By:
/s/ Heather E. Brilliant
Heather E. Brilliant, Chief Executive Officer and President
February 23, 2023
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/s/ Heather E. Brilliant
Chief Executive Officer and
February 23, 2023
Heather E. Brilliant
President (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Thomas E. Line
Chief Financial Officer and
February 23, 2023
Thomas E. Line
Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
Richard S. Cooley*
Director
February 23, 2023
Richard S. Cooley
Randolph J. Fortener*
Director
February 23, 2023
Randolph J. Fortener
James F. Laird*
Director
February 23, 2023
James F. Laird
Paula R. Meyer*
Director
February 23, 2023
Paula R. Meyer
Nicole R. St. Pierre*
Director
February 23, 2023
Nicole R. St. Pierre
L’Quentus Thomas*
Director
February 23, 2023
L’Quentus Thomas
Mark J. Zinkula*
Director
February 23, 2023
Mark Zinkula
* By
/s/ Thomas E. Line
Thomas E. Line
Executed by Thomas E. Line
on behalf of those indicated pursuant to Powers of Attorney
