UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

SCHEDULE 14A

Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities

Exchange Act of 1934 (Amendment No. )

Check the appropriate box:

Ampco–Pittsburgh Corporation

(Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

(Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if other than the Registrant)

Payment of Filing Fee (Check the appropriate box):

726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301 Carnegie, Pennsylvania 15106

NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS

TO BE HELD THURSDAY, MAY 18, 2023

TO THE SHAREHOLDERS OF

AMPCO-PITTSBURGH CORPORATION

Notice is hereby given that the Annual Meeting of Shareholders of Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation (“Ampco” or the “Corporation”) will be held virtually. You will be able to attend the meeting virtually, vote your shares virtually, and submit your questions during the meeting by visiting: www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/AP2023 and following the instructions on your proxy card. The meeting starts at 10:00 A.M. (EST) on Thursday, May 18, 2023 for the following purposes:

The foregoing items of business are more fully described in the Proxy Statement accompanying this Notice of Annual Meeting. The Board unanimously recommends a vote “FOR” each of the four nominees for director named in the accompanying Proxy Statement and a vote “FOR” each of Proposal 2, 4, and 5 on the enclosed proxy card. With respect to Proposal 3, on the frequency of the advisory vote to approve executive compensation, we are asking shareholders to vote for a ONE year period. The Corporation presently uses a one year period for advisory votes to approve executive compensation. The Board will take into account the outcome when considering the frequency of future advisory votes to approve executive compensation.

Only shareholders of record at the close of business on March 31, 2023 are entitled to notice of and to vote at the meeting and any adjournment or postponement thereof. The Annual Meeting may be adjourned or postponed from time to time. At any adjourned or postponed meeting, action with respect to matters specified in this notice may be taken without further notice to shareholders, unless required by law or the Corporation’s Bylaws, as amended (the “Bylaws”).

All shareholders are cordially invited to attend the Annual Meeting. Whether or not you expect to attend, we encourage you to submit your proxy as soon as possible using one of three convenient methods by (i) accessing the Internet site described on the proxy card or voting instruction form provided to you, (ii) calling the toll-free number on the proxy card or voting instruction form provided to you, or (iii) completing, signing, dating and returning the enclosed proxy card promptly in the accompanying envelope, which requires no postage if mailed in the United States, or voting instruction form provided to you.

If your broker, bank, trustee or other similar organization is the holder of record of your shares (i.e., your shares are held in “street name”), you will receive a voting instruction form from the holder of record. You must provide voting instructions by filling out the voting instruction form in order for your shares to be voted. We recommend that you instruct your broker or other nominee to vote your shares on the enclosed proxy card. The proxy is revocable and will not affect your right to vote in person if you attend the Annual Meeting.

The Board, including all of its independent directors, unanimously recommends that you vote on the Proxy Card or voting instruction form “FOR” the election of Mr. James J. Abel, Mr. Fredrick D. DiSanto, Mr. Darrell L. McNair and Mr. Stephen E. Paul.

If you are unable to attend the Annual Meeting, a replay of the meeting will be available on www.ampcopittsburgh.com/investors.

Regardless of the number of shares of Common Stock of the Corporation that you own, your vote is important. Thank you for your continued support, interest and investment in Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation.

BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

April 14, 2023

Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials for

the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to Be Held on May 18, 2023

The proxy statement and the annual report of the Corporation are available at
http://www.ampcopittsburgh.com/investors
 

For those requesting physical copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2022, please mail such request to:

Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation

c/o Corporate Secretary

726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301

P.O. Box 457

Carnegie, PA 15106

All shareholders are cordially invited to attend the meeting virtually. Your vote is important, and, whether or not you expect to attend virtually, it is requested that you PROMPTLY fill in, sign, and return the enclosed proxy card or follow the internet or telephone voting instructions included on the proxy card.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PROXY STATEMENT

Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 18, 2023

This Proxy Statement and the accompanying proxy card, along with the 2022 Annual Report to Shareholders (including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022) is being made available to shareholders on or about April 14, 2023 in connection with the solicitation by the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, a Pennsylvania corporation (the “Corporation”) of proxies to be voted at the Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Annual Meeting”), which will be held virtually on May 18, 2023 at 10:00 A.M., Eastern Time, at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/AP2023, and at any adjournment or postponement thereof, for the purposes set forth in the accompanying Notice of Annual Meeting. Any shareholder giving such a proxy may revoke it at any time before it is exercised by written notice to the Corporate Secretary of the Corporation at 726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301, P.O. Box 457, Carnegie, PA 15106, by giving a later dated proxy or by attending the Annual Meeting and voting in person. Attendance at the Annual Meeting will not in itself have the effect of revoking the proxy.

As used in this Proxy Statement, the terms “Ampco”, “the Corporation”, “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation.

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PROXY SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this Proxy Statement. You should read this entire Proxy Statement carefully before voting. This Proxy Statement and the related proxy materials were first mailed to shareholders and made available on the internet on or about April 14, 2023.

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Cooperation Agreement

On March 31, 2023, the Corporation entered into a Cooperation Agreement (the “Cooperation Agreement”) with Ancora Merlin, LP, Ancora Merlin Institutional, LP, Ancora Catalyst, LP, Ancora Catalyst Institutional, LP, Ancora Alternatives LLC, Ancora Holdings Group, LLC and Fredrick DiSanto (collectively, the “Ancora Parties”), pursuant to which the Corporation will take all necessary actions to nominate Fredrick D. DiSanto and Darrell L. McNair (together with Mr. DiSanto, the “Ancora Appointees”) to serve as directors on the Board of Directors of the Corporation (the “Board”), as members of the class of directors having a term expiring at the 2026 Annual Meeting.

If, during the Standstill Period, any Ancora Appointee resigns from the Board or is unable (due to death or disability) or refuses to serve on the Board then the Ancora Parties will work to identify a replacement that is reasonably acceptable to the Nominating and Governance Committee of the Board for appointment to the Board on the terms set forth in the Cooperation Agreement, provided that the Ancora Parties shall not be entitled to replace Mr. DiSanto if at that time the Ancora Parties do not and at all times since the commencement of the Cooperation Agreement have not satisfied the Four Percent Threshold (as defined below).

Mr. DiSanto shall resign from the Board and all applicable committees upon the earlier to occur of (i) the expiration of the Standstill Period (as defined below) or (ii) the occurrence of the Ancora Parties ceasing to beneficially own at least 4% of the Corporation’s then issued and outstanding common stock, subject to certain adjustments set forth in the Cooperation Agreement (the “Four Percent Threshold”).

During the Standstill Period, the Ancora Parties have agreed to vote all of their shares of common stock of the Corporation in favor of recommendations of the Board with respect to (i) the election, removal and/or replacement of directors (a “Director Proposal”), (ii) the ratification of the appointment of the Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm and (iii) any other proposal submitted to the Corporation’s shareholders at a meeting of the Corporation’s shareholders, in each case as such recommendation of the Board is set forth in the applicable definitive proxy statement filed in respect thereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event both Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (“ISS”) and Glass Lewis & Co., LLC (“Glass Lewis”) make a recommendation that differs from the recommendation of the Board with respect to any proposal submitted to the shareholders at any meeting of the Corporation’s shareholders (other than Director Proposals), the Ancora Parties are permitted to vote in accordance with the ISS and Glass Lewis recommendation. The Ancora Parties are also entitled to vote in their sole discretion with respect to any publicly announced proposal relating to a merger, acquisition, disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries or other business combination involving the Corporation, in each case, that requires a vote of the Corporation’s shareholders.

The Cooperation Agreement also includes customary standstill, non-disparagement and expense reimbursement provisions. The standstill restrictions on the Ancora Parties began on the date of the Cooperation Agreement and remain in effect until the earlier of (i) the date that is 30 days prior to the deadline for the submission of shareholder nominations for the 2026 Annual Meeting and (ii) the date that is 100 days prior to the first anniversary of the 2025 Annual Meeting (such period, the “Standstill Period”).

The Cooperation Agreement will terminate upon the expiration of the last day of the Standstill Period, unless earlier terminated by mutual written agreement of Ampco-Pittsburgh and the Ancora Parties.

While any Ancora Appointee serves on the Board, such Ancora Appointee will receive compensation on the same basis as all other non-employee directors of the Corporation.

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Voting Matters

Board Nominees

You are being asked to vote on the election of nominees to serve on the Board, for a term of three years to fill the class of directors whose term expires in 2026. Additional information about the background and experience of the four nominees recommended by the Board can be found beginning on page 16.

THE BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS VOTING “FOR” THE ELECTION OF EACH OF THE BOARD’S NOMINEES IN PROPOSAL 1 USING THE ENCLOSED PROXY CARD.

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Corporate Governance Highlights (Page 24)

We are committed to good corporate governance, which we believe is important to the success of our business and in advancing shareholder interests. Our corporate governance practices are described in greater detail in the “Corporate Governance” section. Highlights include:

Executive Compensation Program Highlights

Our executive compensation program is designed to attract and retain top talent by enabling the Corporation to compete effectively for the highest quality personnel and to pay for performance by aligning compensation with the achievement of both short-term and long-term financial objectives that build shareholder value.

The 2022 executive compensation program featured a balanced mix of salary and performance-driven annual and long-term incentive award opportunities. In designing our executive compensation program, we have implemented programs and policies that support our commitment to good compensation governance and that create alignment between our executives and our shareholders.

WHAT WE DO

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WHAT WE DON’T DO

X Section 280G tax gross-up rights

X Option repricing or replacement without shareholder approval

X Allow hedging or pledging of our securities

X Provide significant perquisites

Additional information about our compensation philosophy and program, including compensation determinations for each of our named executive officers, can be found in the “Executive Compensation Overview” starting on page 34 of this Proxy Statement.

Ratification of the Appointment of our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2023

We are requesting that shareholders ratify the appointment of BDO USA, LLP as the Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023. The table below shows the fees paid by the Corporation to BDO USA, LLP, the independent public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

We encourage you to read the entire Proxy Statement and to vote your shares using the instructions on the proxy card for the Annual Meeting. If you are unable to attend the Annual Meeting virtually, we encourage you to submit a proxy using the instructions on the proxy card so that your shares will be represented and voted for each of the proposals described in this Proxy Statement.

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS REGARDING THE ANNUAL MEETING

Q: How do I attend the virtual meeting?

A: You will be able to attend the meeting virtually, vote your shares electronically, and submit your questions during the question and answer portion of the meeting by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/AP2023 and following the instructions on the proxy card. The meeting starts at 10:00 A.M. Eastern Time on May 18, 2023. To be admitted to the virtual meeting you will need the control number provided to you with your proxy voting materials.

Q: Why am I receiving these materials?

A: As a shareholder, we are providing these proxy materials to you in connection with our solicitation of proxies to be voted at our Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will take place on May 18, 2023. These materials were first mailed to shareholders on or about April 14, 2023. You are invited to attend the Annual Meeting, and you are requested to vote on the proposals described in this Proxy Statement.

Q: What is included in these materials?

A: These materials include:

Q: What am I being asked to vote on?

A: You are being asked to vote on the following proposals:

Q: What are the voting recommendations of the Board of Directors?

A: The Board recommends the following votes:

Q: Why is the Board making such recommendations?

A: We describe each proposal and the Board’s reason for its recommendation with respect to each proposal beginning on pages 15, 33,53, 54 and 61, and elsewhere in this Proxy Statement.

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Q: Will any other matters be voted on?

A: We are not aware of any other matters that will be brought before the shareholders for a vote at the Annual Meeting. If any other matter is properly brought before the meeting, your proxy card will authorize each of Keith A. Zatawski and Kimberly P. Knox (together, the “Proxies”) to vote on such matters in their discretion.

Q: Who is soliciting my proxy?

A: The Board, on behalf of the Corporation, is soliciting your proxy to vote your shares of Common Stock on all matters scheduled to come before the Annual Meeting, whether or not you attend the meeting. By completing, signing, dating and returning the proxy card or voting instruction form, or by transmitting your proxy and voting instructions over the Internet or by telephone, you are authorizing the Proxies to vote your shares of Common Stock at the Annual Meeting as you have instructed. Proxies will be solicited on behalf of the Board by the Corporation’s directors, director nominees, and certain executive officers of the Corporation.

Q: Who is entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting?

A: The Board has set March 31, 2023 as the Record Date for the Annual Meeting. You are entitled to notice and to vote if you are a shareholder as of the close of business on March 31, 2023. You are entitled to one vote on each proposal for each share of Common Stock you hold on the Record Date, except shareholders have the right to cumulate votes in regard to the election of directors. Your shares may be voted at the Annual Meeting only if you are “present” at the Annual Meeting or your shares are represented by a valid proxy. At the close of business on March 31, 2023, there were 19,403,519 shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding.

Q: What is the difference between a shareholder of “record” and a “street name” owner?

A: If your shares are registered directly in your name, you are considered the shareholder of record with respect to those shares. The Corporation sent the proxy materials directly to you. The proxy card accompanying this Proxy Statement will provide information regarding how to vote your shares.

If your shares are held in a stock brokerage account or by a bank, trust or other nominee, then the broker, bank, trust or other nominee is considered to be the shareholder of record with respect to those shares. You are considered to be the beneficial owner of those shares and your shares are said to be held in “street name,” and the proxy materials are being forwarded to you by that organization. Street name owners generally cannot submit a proxy or vote their shares directly and must instead instruct the broker, bank, trust or other nominee how to vote their shares. If you do not provide that organization with specific direction on how to vote, other than with respect to the ratification of the selection of our independent registered public accounting firm, your shares held in the name of that organization may not be voted and will not be considered entitled to vote on any matters to be considered at the Annual Meeting, and as such, however, your shares will be considered present at the Annual Meeting. If you own your shares in “street name,” please instruct your bank, broker, trustee or other nominee how to vote your shares using the voting instruction form provided by your bank, broker, trustee or other nominee so that your vote can be counted. The provided voting instruction form may also include information about how to submit your voting instructions over the Internet or by telephone, if such options are available.

Q: How do I vote?

A: The process for voting your shares depends on how your Common Stock is held. Generally, you may hold Common Stock in your name as a “shareholder of record” or in an account with a broker, bank, trust or other nominee (i.e., in “street name”).

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VOTING METHODS

If you are a shareholder of record as of the close of business on the Record Date, you may cast your vote using any of the following methods:

If you vote over the Internet, you may incur related ancillary costs, such as telephone and Internet access charges, for which you will be responsible. The telephone and Internet voting facilities for the shareholders of record of all shares will close at 11:59 P.M. Eastern Time on May 17, 2023. The Internet and telephone voting procedures are designed to authenticate shareholders by use of a control number and to allow you to confirm that your instructions have been properly recorded.

You will be able to vote your shares electronically during the Annual Meeting if you attend virtually.

If you vote by Internet or telephone or return your signed proxy card or voting instruction form, your shares will be voted as you indicate. If you do not indicate how your shares are to be voted on a proposal, if you are a holder of record your shares will be voted, with respect to that proposal, in accordance with the voting recommendations of the Board of Directors.

Q: Can I revoke or change my vote after I deliver my proxy?

A: Yes. If you are a shareholder of record, you can change your vote or revoke your proxy at any time prior to the voting thereof at the Annual Meeting by:

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If your shares are held in a brokerage account in your broker’s name, you should follow the instructions for changing or revoking your vote provided by your broker or nominee. Such shareholders may also vote in person at the Annual Meeting if they obtain a legal proxy from their broker, bank, trust or other nominee which holds their shares in street name.

Q: Is cumulative voting permitted for the election of directors?

A: You have the right to cumulate your votes by distributing a number of votes, determined by multiplying the number of directors to be elected at the Annual Meeting (i.e., four) by the number of your shares as of the close of business on the Record Date, to one individual nominee or among two or more nominees. Unless contrary instructions are provided on the enclosed proxy card or voting instruction form, the persons named as proxies may cast all of their votes “For” or “Withhold” with respect to the nominees or may allocate the votes among the nominees in accordance with their discretion.

Q: What happens if I do not specify how I want my shares voted? What is discretionary voting? What is a broker non-vote?

A: As a shareholder as of the close of business on the Record Date, if you properly complete, sign, date and return a proxy card or voting instruction form, your shares of Common Stock will be voted as you specify. However, if you are a shareholder of record and you return an executed proxy card or submit your proxy by telephone or Internet and do not specify how you want your shares voted, the persons named as proxies will vote your shares:

A “broker non-vote” occurs when a broker holding shares for a beneficial owner has not received voting instructions from the beneficial owner and the broker does not have discretionary authority to vote the shares. If you own your shares beneficially in street name through a broker and do not provide voting instructions to your broker, your shares will be considered to be broker non-votes and will not be voted on any proposal on which your broker does not have discretionary authority to vote.

Q: How many shares must be present to conduct business at the Annual Meeting?

A: Holders of at least a majority of the votes that all shareholders are entitled to cast at the Annual Meeting must be represented virtually at the Annual Meeting in order to conduct business. This is called a quorum. If you vote, your shares will be part of the quorum. Abstentions, withheld votes, and broker-non-votes will be counted in determining whether a quorum exists.

The judge of election will determine whether a quorum is present. At the close of business on March 31, 2023, there were 19,403,519 shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding. Shares are counted as present at the Annual Meeting if:

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If you are a record holder and you submit your proxy, regardless of whether you abstain from voting on one or more matters, your shares will be counted as present at the Annual Meeting for the purpose of determining a quorum. If your shares are held in “street name,” your shares are counted as present for purposes of determining a quorum if you provide voting instructions to your broker, bank, trustee or other nominee and such broker, bank, trustee or other nominee submits a proxy covering your shares. In the absence of a quorum, the Annual Meeting may be adjourned, from time to time, by the chairperson of such meeting or vote of the holders of a majority of the shares represented at such meeting (but no other business shall be transacted at such meeting), without any notice if the time and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken unless the adjournment is for more than thirty days, or unless after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, in which event a notice of the adjourned meeting will be given to each shareholder of record entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting.

Q: What is the effect of abstentions and broker non-votes on voting?

A: Abstentions will be counted as present at the Annual Meeting for the purpose of determining a quorum. Because each director nominee will require more “FOR” votes than the director nominees who receive the least number of votes in order to be elected, “withhold” votes have no effect on the outcome of Proposal 1. To approve the Say-on-Pay Proposal, Omnibus Plan Proposal and the BDO Ratification Proposal, if a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by all shareholders entitled to vote on a particular matter is required for approval. As a result, abstention votes will have no effect on the outcome of the Say-on-Pay Proposal, Omnibus Plan Proposal and BDO Ratification Proposal. To approve the Say-When-On-Pay vote, shareholders will be given the choice between "one year", "two years", "three years" and abstaining. The Board will consider the recommendation of the shareholders when determining the frequency of future Say-On-Pay votes. Accordingly, abstentions will have no effect on the outcome of the Say-When-On-Pay proposal.

A broker non-vote occurs when the broker is unable to vote on a proposal because the proposal is not routine and the shareholder who owns the shares in “street name” has not provided any voting instructions to the broker on that matter. The rules of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) apply to brokers that are NYSE members voting on matters being submitted to shareholders at the Annual Meeting. Under the rules of the NYSE, if a proposal is routine, a broker holding shares for an owner in street name may vote on the proposal without voting instructions. As a result, other than with respect to the BDO Ratification Proposal, brokers are not entitled to vote on any of the proposals at the Annual Meeting without receiving voting instructions from the beneficial owners and will have no effect on the outcome of Proposals 1, 2, 3 or 4. If you do not provide voting instructions to your broker holding shares of Common Stock for you, your shares will not be voted with respect to any proposal. We therefore encourage you to provide voting instructions on a proxy card or the voting instruction form provided by the broker that holds your shares, in each case by carefully following the instructions provided.

Q: What vote is required to approve the proposals?

A: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS: Pursuant to our Bylaws, if a quorum is present at the Annual Meeting, with respect to Proposal 1 – “Election of Directors”, directors will be elected by a plurality of the votes cast by shares present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting. “Plurality” means that the four nominees who receive the largest number of “FOR” votes of the shares entitled to be voted in the election for directors will be elected, whether or not they received a majority of votes cast. You may vote “FOR” all Board nominees, “WITHHOLD” your vote as to all Board nominees, or “FOR ALL” Board nominees except the specific nominee from whom you “WITHHOLD” your vote. There is no “against” option. Shares voting “withhold” are counted for purposes of determining a quorum. However, if you withhold authority to vote with respect to the election of any or all of the nominees, your shares will not be voted with respect to those nominees indicated. Therefore, “withhold” votes will not affect the outcome of the election of directors. Brokers do not have discretionary authority to vote on the election of directors. Broker non-votes and “withhold votes” will have no effect on the outcome of Proposal 1.

Say-on-Pay Proposal: The approval of a non-binding, advisory resolution approving the compensation of our named executive officers requires the affirmative vote by the holders of a majority of the votes cast by all shareholders entitled to vote on the proposal at the Annual Meeting when a quorum is present. You may vote “FOR,” “AGAINST” or “ABSTAIN.” If you “ABSTAIN” from voting on Proposal 2, the abstention will have no effect on the outcome of the Say-on-Pay Proposal. While the vote on Proposal 2 is advisory and will not be binding on us or the Board, the Board will review the results of the voting on this proposal and take it into consideration when making future decisions regarding executive compensation as we have done in this and previous years. Broker non-votes will have no effect on the outcome of Proposal 2.

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SAY-WHEN-ON-PAY PROPOSAL: Shareholders are entitled, at least once every six years, to indicate on an advisory basis, their preference regarding how frequently we should solicit the "Say-On-Pay" vote. This is a non-binding advisory vote by the shareholders. By voting on this Proposal 3, shareholders may indicate whether the advisory "Say-On-Pay" vote should occur every one year, every two years or every three years or they may abstain from voting. Although the vote is advisory and is not binding on the Board of Directors, the Board will take into account the outcome of the vote when considering the frequency of future "Say-On-Pay" proposals.

OMNIBUS PLAN PROPOSAL: The approval of the Omnibus Plan Proposal requires the affirmative vote by the holders of a majority of votes cast by all shareholders entitled to vote on the proposal at the Annual Meeting when a quorum is present. You may vote “FOR,” “AGAINST” or “ABSTAIN.” If you “ABSTAIN” from voting on Proposal 4, the abstention will have no effect on the outcome of the Omnibus Plan Proposal. Broker non-votes will have no effect on the outcome of Proposal 4.

BDO Ratification Proposal: The ratification of the appointment of BDO requires the affirmative vote by the holders of a majority of the votes cast by all shareholders entitled to vote on the proposal at the Annual Meeting when a quorum is present. You may vote “FOR,” “AGAINST” or “ABSTAIN.” If you “ABSTAIN” from voting on Proposal 5, the abstention will have no effect on the outcome of the BDO Ratification Proposal.

Votes will be tabulated by a judge of election appointed for the Annual Meeting, who will separately tabulate affirmative and negative votes, abstentions and broker non-votes.

Q: Could other matters be decided at the Annual Meeting?

A: We do not expect any other items of business will be presented for consideration at the Annual Meeting other than those described in this Proxy Statement. However, by completing, signing, dating and returning a proxy card or submitting your proxy or voting instructions over the Internet or by telephone, you will give to the persons named as proxies discretionary voting authority with respect to any matter that may properly come before the Annual Meeting, and of which we did not have notice at least by February 4, 2023, which is 90 days before the anniversary date of our 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and such persons named as proxies intend to vote on any such other matter in accordance with their best judgment.

Q: Who will count the votes?

A: All votes will be tabulated as required by Pennsylvania law, the state of our incorporation, by the judge of election appointed for the Annual Meeting, who will separately tabulate affirmative and negative votes, abstentions and broker non-votes. Shares held by persons attending the Annual Meeting but not voting and shares represented by proxies that reflect abstentions as to one or more proposals will be counted as present for purposes of determining a quorum. Broker non-votes will not be counted as present for purposes of determining a quorum.

Q: What do I need to do to attend the Annual Meeting?

A: Admission to the virtual Annual Meeting is limited to shareholders and their duly appointed proxy holders as of the close of business on the Record Date with proof of ownership of Common Stock. In order to attend the virtual Annual Meeting, you will need the control number provided to you with your proxy voting materials. The virtual meeting will begin at 10:00 A.M. Eastern Time at the following link: www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/AP2023.

If you wish to vote the shares you own beneficially during the meeting, you must first obtain a “legal proxy” from your broker or custodian. If you choose not to provide instructions or a legal proxy, your shares are referred to as “uninstructed shares.” Your broker or custodian will not have the discretion to vote these shares on your behalf at the Annual Meeting except with respect to the BDO Ratification Proposal.

You are encouraged to vote using the instructions on the proxy card to have your shares voted regardless of whether or not you plan to attend the Annual Meeting. Your vote is important. Please vote using the instructions on the proxy card even if you plan to attend the Annual Meeting.

Q: How do I obtain a copy of Ampco’s Annual Report?

A: The Corporation’s 2022 Annual Report to Shareholders, including the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 as filed with the SEC, are available at http://www.ampcopittsburgh.com/investors. Copies of the exhibits to the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K will also be provided upon written request to Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation c/o Corporate Secretary at 726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301, P.O. Box 457, Carnegie, PA 15106, free of charge. Copies of the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K and exhibits may also be viewed and downloaded at

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no cost from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K does not form any part of the material for soliciting proxies.

Q: Where can I find the voting results of the Annual Meeting?

A: We plan to announce preliminary voting results at the Annual Meeting and to publish final results in a Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC within four business days after the Annual Meeting.

THE BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS VOTING “FOR” THE ELECTION OF EACH OF THE BOARD’S NOMINEES ON PROPOSAL 1, “FOR” PROPOSAL 2, “FOR” PROPOSAL 4, "FOR" PROPOSAL 5 AND AS TO THE ADVISORY VOTE ON PROPOSAL 3, THE BOARD RECOMMENDS VOTING FOR "ONE" YEAR USING THE ENCLOSED PROXY CARD OR VOTING INSTRUCTION FORM.

ELECTION OF DIRECTORS

(Proposal 1)

As of the date of this Proxy Statement, Ampco’s Board of Directors comprises eleven members divided into the following three classes:

• Class of 2023: Mr. James J. Abel, Mr. Fredrick D. DiSanto, Mr. Darrell L. McNair, and Mr. Stephen E. Paul;

• Class of 2024: Mr. Michael I. German, Mr. J. Brett McBrayer, and Mr. Carl H. Pforzheimer, III; and

• Class of 2025: Mr. Robert A. DeMichiei, Ms. Elizabeth A. Fessenden, Mr. William K. Lieberman, and Dr. Laurence E. Paul.

Directors are elected for three-year terms. The terms for each class end in successive years. The Board of Directors, upon the recommendation of the Nominating and Governance Committee, has nominated (four) incumbent directors to stand for re-election for a three-year term expiring in 2026, Mr. James J. Abel, Mr. Fredrick D. DiSanto, Mr. Darrell L. McNair, and Mr. Stephen E. Paul.

Mr. James Abel and Mr. Stephen Paul were most recently elected by the shareholders at the 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Mr. DiSanto and Mr. McNair were appointed to the Board to serve as directors in 2022 to fill two newly created vacancies.

The Board of Directors has determined that each Board nominee qualifies as an independent director under NYSE corporate governance listing standards.

If any of the Board’s nominees is unable to serve or for good cause will not serve as a director, the Board of Directors may choose a substitute nominee. If any substitute nominees are designated, we will file an amended proxy statement that, as applicable, identifies the substitute nominees, discloses that such nominees have consented to being named in the revised proxy statement and to serve if elected, and includes certain biographical and other information about such nominees required by SEC rules. The persons named as proxies will vote for the remaining nominees and substitute nominees chosen by the Board.

Vote Required

Directors will be elected by a plurality of the votes cast. “Plurality” means that the four nominees who receive the largest number of “FOR” votes of the shares entitled to be voted in the election for directors will be elected. Votes that are withheld or shares that are not voted, including broker non-votes, will have no effect on the outcome of the election of directors.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS THAT YOU VOTE FOR THE ELECTION OF EACH OF MR. ABEL, MR. DISANTO, MR. MCNAIR AND MR. STEPHEN PAUL.

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Summary of Director Attributes and Skills

Our directors have a diversity of experience that spans a broad range of industries and in the public and not-for-profit sectors. They bring to our Board a wide variety of skills, qualifications and viewpoints that strengthen the Board’s ability to carry out the Board’s oversight role on behalf of our shareholders. In the director biographies below, we describe certain areas of individual expertise that each director brings to our Board.

The table below is a summary of the range of skills and experiences that each continuing director and nominee brings to the Board. Because it is a summary, it does not include all of the skills, experiences, qualifications, and diversity that each director offers, and the fact that a particular experience, skill, or qualification is not listed does not mean that a director does not possess it.

Board of Directors’ Nominees

Nominees for Director Whose Term of Office Expires in 2026:

JAMES J. ABEL

Director Since: 2014

Age: 77

Committees: Business Improvement Advisory Committee and Executive Committee (Chair)

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Prior to his retirement, Mr. Abel served as Interim President and Chief Executive Officer of CPI Corporation, an operator of portrait studios, from February 2012 to April 2013 and as a director from 2004 to April 2013. Mr. Abel previously served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Financial Executives International, a firm representing senior financial executives in dealing with regulatory agencies involved with corporate financial reporting and internal controls, from May 2008 to February 2009. Mr. Abel received his M.B.A. in accounting from Purdue University and his B.S. in industrial engineering from St. John's University (NY).

Previous Directorships: Mr. Abel has served as a director of CPI Corporation (OTC: CPICQ) from 2004 until April 2013, and LGL Group, Inc. (NYSE: LGL), a globally-positioned producer of industrial and commercial electronic components and instruments, from 2011 until 2014.

Attributes and Skills: Mr. Abel’s background as a senior executive, his expertise in financial management and his experience with manufacturing operations, as well as his board experience, led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

FREDRICK D. DISANTO

Director Since: 2022

Age: 60

Committees: Business Improvement Advisory Committee (Chair) and Finance and Investment Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. DiSanto is the Chair and Chief Executive Officer of The Ancora Group, a holding company that oversees three investment advisors, and has served in such capacities since 2014 and 2006, respectively. Mr. DiSanto was the President and Chief Operating Officer of Maxus Investment Group from 1998 until December of 2000. In 2001, after Maxus Investment Group was sold to Fifth Third Bank, Mr. DiSanto served as Executive Vice President and Manager of Fifth Third Bank’s Investment Advisor Division. Mr. DiSanto has served since 2016 as a director of The Eastern Company, a company that manages industrial businesses that design, manufacture and sell unique engineered solutions to niche markets, and is Chair of the Audit Committee and a member of its Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. He also currently serves as a director for Regional Brands,

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Inc., a privately held holding company seeking to acquire substantial ownership in regional companies with strong brand recognition, stable revenues and profitability. Mr. DiSanto previously served on the respective Boards of Directors of Alithya Group Inc., Axia Net Media Corporation and LNB Bancorp, Inc. Mr. DiSanto holds a B.S. in Management Science and an MBA from Case Western Reserve University.

Other Current Public Company Directorships: The Eastern Company (NASDAQ: EML); Regional Brands, Inc. (OTC: RGBD)

Previous Directorships: Alithya Group Inc.; Axia Net Media Corporation; LNB Bancorp, Inc.

Attributes and Skills: Mr. DiSanto is an experienced public company director and has knowledge and background in finance, strategic planning, governance, and international business. Pursuant to the Corporation's obligations under the Cooperation Agreement, the Board concluded that he should serve as a director.

DARRELL L. MCNAIR

Director Since: 2022

Age: 60

Committees: Business Improvement Advisory Committee and Finance and Investment Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. McNair is currently the President and Chief Executive Officer of the MVP Group of Companies, a privately held group of companies which provide injection molding services, mechanical design engineering services and distribution of foam products to the automotive, medical, industrial, recreational industries and all five branches of the military, since 2000. Previously, Mr. McNair was Executive Director and a member of the board of directors of Detroit Neighborhood & Family Initiative, a non-profit organization sponsored by the Ford Foundation & Southeast Foundation serving various communities in the Detroit area, from 1999 to 2000; Owner & Chief Executive Officer for GERIC Home Health Care, Inc., a home health care organization serving residents in southeast Michigan, from 1996 to 1999; and held various positions at the Ford Motor Company (NYSE: F), an automotive company that designs, manufactures, and markets Ford vehicles worldwide, from 1988 to 1996. Mr. McNair is also currently a member of the board of directors of Medical Mutual of Ohio, the largest health insurance company based in Cleveland, Ohio, since May 2020. Mr. McNair received his M.B.A. in finance and marketing from Baldwin Wallace University and his B.G.S. in political science from Kent State University.

Other Current Affiliations: In addition, Mr. McNair is currently a board member, trustee and counsel to a number of civic and community organizations, including the Cleveland/Cuyahoga County Port Authority, The President’s Council, the Minority Business Financing Advisory Board, University Hospital, Northeast Ohio Medical University, ECM Chemicals, the Greater Cleveland Sports Commission, Crain’s Business Diversity Council, the Cleveland Federal Reserve Local Advisory Council and Jumpstart.

Attributes and Skills: With corporate experience at IBM and Ford, McNair also acquired businesses in the home health care and medical supply, construction, and retail industries throughout his entrepreneurial career. In addition, Mr. McNair has a passion for working with small businesses and mentoring young African males. Professional and personal accomplishments include high level civic engagement, geographic business expansion, peer recognition for humanitarian activities and Black Professional of The Year. Pursuant to the Corporation's obligations under the Cooperation Agreement, the Board concluded that he should serve as a director.

STEPHEN E. PAUL

Director Since: 2002

Age: 55

Committees: Compensation Committee and Finance and Investment Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. Paul has been a managing principal of Laurel Crown Partners, a private investment company, for more than five years. Prior to that he was a Vice President of Business Development at eToys, Inc., a web-based retailer focused exclusively on children’s products, and an Associate at Donaldson, Lufkin and Jenrette, Inc. He became a President of The Louis Berkman Investment Company, a private investment company, in 2013. Mr. Paul holds a bachelor’s degree from Cornell University and a master’s degree in business administration from Harvard Business School.

Other Current Affiliations: Mr. Paul serves on several boards of directors including Pittsburgh Steelers Sports, Inc., a professional sports entertainment organization, Kova International Inc., a leading developer, manufacturer and market of in vitro diagnostic products, and Five Four, Inc., a holding company for fashion brands and services.

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Previous Directorships: Mr. Paul served as a director of International Money Express, Inc. (Nasdaq: IMXI), a leading money remittance services company, from July 2018 to September 2020. He also served as a director of Dynacast International Inc., a global manufacturer of small, engineered precision die cast components, from 2012 to 2015 and a director of Morton’s Restaurant Group, Inc. (NYSE: MRG), from 2003 to 2014.

Attributes and Skills: Mr. Paul’s background in investment banking and private equity investment led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

Continuing Directors Whose Term of Office Expires in 2025:

ELIZABETH A. FESSENDEN

Director Since: 2017

Age: 67

Committees: Compensation (Chair), Executive and Finance and Investment

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Prior to her retirement, Ms. Fessenden spent nearly three decades in corporate leadership roles at Alcoa Inc., including as president of the flexible packaging division and president of primary metals allied businesses. She also served in a number of operations roles with Alcoa. From 2006-2008, she was an operations principal with a private equity firm. Since 2008, she has been the principal of Fessenden Associates, a business consulting company. Ms. Fessenden earned Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in engineering as well as a Master’s degree in business administration, all from Clarkson University.

Other Current Public Company Directorships: Alpha Metallurgical Resources; Fluence Energy

Other Current Affiliations: Ms. Fessenden has been a member of the board of directors of Alpha Metallurgical Resources (NYSE: AMR) since February 2021. Ms. Fessenden was appointed to the Board of Directors of Fluence Energy (NASDAQ: FLNC) in October 2021. Ms. Fessenden also serves on the Board of Plan International, USA, a global girls’ rights organization.

Previous Directorships: Ms. Fessenden served as a director of Meritor (NYSE: MTOR) from June 2021 to August 2022. Additionally, she served as director of Quarles Petroleum from 2015 to 2021. Ms. Fessenden also served as a director of Cardno (ASX: CDD), from 2014 to 2015 and of O’Brien & Gere, from 2008 to 2014. Ms. Fessenden also served on the advisory board of Alloy Polymers and the board of directors of Polymer Group Inc. (OTC: POLGA).

Attributes and Skills: Ms. Fessenden’s extensive operations experience in the metals industry, her many years of service as a director of companies, and her broad leadership experience led the Board to conclude that she should serve as a director.

ROBERT A. DEMICHIEI

Director Since: 2022

Age: 58

Committees: Audit

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. DeMichiei is the retired Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of UPMC, a $20B+ nonprofit health system and leading health care provider and insurer. During his time at UPMC, Mr. DeMichiei implemented best practices in controllership, with UPMC achieving voluntary SOX 404 certification in 2006. He also led UPMC’s activity-based costing/service-line implementation and Consumerism initiatives. In addition to Finance, Mr. DeMichiei led the Supply Chain Management and Revenue Cycle functions, driving integration, technology infusion and process improvement/efficiency throughout the organization. Mr. DeMichiei’s teams created a number of healthcare technology solutions, three of which were commercialized and spun-off. Before his 16-year tenure at UPMC, Mr. DeMichiei held various executive roles with the General Electric Company and Price Waterhouse in Pittsburgh. Mr. DeMichiei has a Bachelor’s degree in Business Economics from the University of Pittsburgh.

Other Current Affiliations: Mr. DeMichiei currently serves as a Board Director for Waystar, where he is the Audit, Compliance and ESG Committee Chair, AAA East Central and Auto Club Enterprises. He also serves as a Strategic Advisor for Health Catalyst (NASDAQ; HCAT). Additionally, Mr. DeMichiei serves on the Board of Directors and was formerly Board Chair and Finance Committee Chair of the United Way of Southwestern Pennsylvania. He is also on the Board of Trustees at Seton Hill University, where he is the Chair of the Finance Committee, and the Board of Directors of the Advanced Leadership Institute, where he is the Treasurer and Chair of the Finance and Investment Committee.

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Previous Directorships: Mr. DeMichiei served on the board of directors of CombineNet from 2008 to 2010, and Prodigo Solutions from 2008 to 2019.

Attributes and Skills: Mr. DeMichiei’s diverse operational background and experience successfully leading companies through growth and complex change led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

WILLIAM K. LIEBERMAN

Director Since: 2004

Age: 76

Committees: Nominating and Governance Committee (Chair), Compensation Committee and Executive Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. Lieberman has been President of The Lieberman Companies, insurance brokerage and consulting company, for more than five years.

Attributes and Skills: In addition to more than forty years of management experience in the insurance, benefit and risk management areas, Mr. Lieberman has served as a director or trustee of many organizations including charitable companies, hospitals and universities. These qualifications led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

DR. LAURENCE E. PAUL

Director Since: 2022; Previously served as Director from 1998-2018

Age: 58

Committees: Audit Committee and Business Improvement Advisory Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Dr. Paul has been a managing principal of Laurel Crown Partners, a private investment company, for more than five years. From 1994 to 2001, Dr. Paul worked at Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette and then Credit Suisse (NYSE: CS) in investment banking, including as a managing director in the Investment Banking Division. He became a President of The Louis Berkman Investment Company, a private investment company, in 2013. Dr. Paul holds an A.B. in biology from Harvard College, an M.D. from Harvard Medical School and an MBA from Stanford Business School.

Other Current and Prior Affiliations: Dr. Paul is currently a member of the board of directors for several non-profit organizations and portfolio companies including: Harvard Medical School’s Board of Fellows, Harvard Alumni Association, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Pittsburgh Steelers Football Club, Pro Football Hall of Fame, Crew Knitwear, Kova International, and Vereco. From 2006 to 2017, Dr. Paul was a member of the Board of Governors of the American Red Cross, during which time he served in many roles including Vice Chair of the Board and Chair of the audit committee.

Previous Directorships: Dr. Paul previously served on the board of directors of Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation from 1998 to 2018. In addition, Dr. Paul served on the boards of directors of Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp. from February 2021 to September 2021 and Flying Eagle Acquisition Corp. from May 2020 to December 2020.

Attribute and Skills: Dr. Paul has extensive experience in investing, sale of existing entities and general strategic and financial involvement and oversight of companies, including his leadership of international organizations led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

Continuing Directors Whose Term of Office Expires in 2024:

MICHAEL I. GERMAN

Director Since: 2014

Age: 72

Committees: Audit Committee, Business Improvement Advisory Committee, Finance and Investment Committee (Chair) and Nominating and Governance Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. German is the Chief Executive Officer and President of Corning Natural Gas Holding Corporation (formerly known as Corning Natural Gas Corporation), a holding company for natural gas and electric utilities, and has served in this role since December 2006. Mr. German has been a director of Corning Natural Gas Holding Corporation since 2014 (and a director of Corning Natural Gas Corporation from 2006 until 2014). Mr. German also serves as president of Corning Natural Gas Appliance Corporation (“Corning Appliance”), Pike County Light & Power Company (“Pike”), and Corning Natural Gas’s joint venture investments, Leatherstocking Gas Company, LLC (“Leatherstocking Gas”) and Leatherstocking Pipeline Company, LLC (“Leatherstocking

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Pipeline”). Prior to joining Corning Natural Gas, he was senior vice president, utility operations for Southern Union Company where he was responsible for gas utility operations in Missouri, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. From 1994 to 2005, Mr. German held several senior positions at Energy East Corporation, a publicly held energy services and delivery company, including president of several utilities. From 1978 to 1994, Mr. German worked at the American Gas Association, finishing as senior vice president. From 1976 to 1978, Mr. German worked for the US Energy Research and Development Administration. Mr. German received a Bachelor of Arts in History from Trinity College, a Masters of Business Administration from Columbia University and a Juris Doctorate from Boston University Law School.

Other Current Public Company Directorships: Corning Natural Gas Holding Corporation (OTC: CNIG)

Other Current Affiliations: Mr. German serves on the Boards of Directors of Leatherstocking Gas, Leatherstocking Pipeline, Pike, Three River Development Corporation and Northeast Gas Association, as well as the board of trustees of the Adirondack Park Institute.

Previous Directorships: Mr. German served as a director of Pennichuck Corporation from 2008 until 2011.

Attributes and Skills: Mr. German’s experience as the chief executive officer of a public company, his many years of service as a director of companies and his broad leadership experience led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

J. BRETT MCBRAYER

Director Since: 2018

Age: 57

Committees: Business Improvement Advisory Committee and Executive Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. McBrayer has served as the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer since July of 2018. He previously served as President and Chief Executive Officer at Airtex Products and ASC Industries, a global manufacturer and distributor of automotive aftermarket and OEM fuel and water pumps, from 2012 through 2017. Airtex Products and ASC Industries, together with its parent company, UCI International LLC, and affiliated companies filed for bankruptcy protection in June 2016, successfully emerging in December 2016. Mr. McBrayer had also served as Vice President and General Manager of the Alcan Cable business at Rio Tinto Alcan, as Vice President and General Manager of the Specialty Metals Division at Precision Cast Parts Corporation, and held positions of various responsibility and leadership during his 20 years with Alcoa, Inc.(NYSE: AA) Mr. McBrayer received a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering from the University of Tennessee and a Master of Arts in Applied Behavioral Science from Bastyr University.

Attributes and Skills: Mr. McBrayer’s extensive experience in global industrial businesses and his broad executive leadership experience led the Board to conclude that he should serve as a director.

CARL H. PFORZHEIMER, III

Director Since: 1982

Age: 86

Committees: Audit Committee (Chair), Nominating and Governance Committee and Executive Committee

Career Highlights and Qualifications: Mr. Pforzheimer has been Manager of Carl H. Pforzheimer & Co. LLC, an investment banking firm, or its predecessors or related entities since 1965.

Previous Directorships: Mr. Pforzheimer served as a director of U. S. Trust Co. from 1999 until 2007.

Attributes and Skills: In addition to the attendant investment advisory analytical skills gained from his role at Carl H. Pforzheimer & Co. LLC, Mr. Pforzheimer’s former role as Chair of the Audit and Risk Management Committees of U.S. Trust Co. led the Board to conclude Mr. Pforzheimer should serve as a director.

Process of Evaluation of Director Candidates

The Nominating and Governance Committee makes a preliminary review of a prospective candidate’s background, career experience and qualifications based on available information or information provided by an independent search firm which identifies or provides an assessment of a candidate or a shareholder nominating or

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suggesting a candidate. If a consensus is reached by the committee that a particular candidate would likely contribute positively to the Board’s mix of skills and experiences, and a Board vacancy exists or is likely to occur, the candidate is contacted to confirm his or her interest and willingness to serve. The committee conducts interviews and may invite other Board members or senior Ampco executives to interview the candidate to assess the candidate’s overall qualifications. The committee considers the candidate against the criteria it has adopted in the context of the Board’s then current composition and the needs of the Board and its committees.

Upon completion of this process, the committee reaches a conclusion and reports the results of its review to the full Board. The report includes a recommendation whether the candidate should be nominated for election to the Board. This procedure is the same for all candidates, including director candidates identified by shareholders.

The Nominating and Governance Committee may retain the services of a search firm that specializes in identifying and evaluating director candidates. Services that may be provided by the search firm include identifying potential director candidates meeting criteria established by the committee, verifying information about the prospective candidate’s credentials, and obtaining a preliminary indication of interest and willingness to serve as a Board member.

Upon the recommendation of the Nominating and Governance Committee, the Board nominated each of Mr. Abel, Mr. DiSanto, Mr. McNair and Mr. Stephen Paul for election to a three-year term as director by the shareholders at the 2023 Annual Meeting.

Director Compensation

Our non-employee director compensation program is designed to attract and retain outstanding director candidates who have the requisite experience and background as set forth in our Corporate Governance Guidelines, and to recognize the substantial time and effort necessary to exercise oversight of a complex organization like Ampco and fulfill the other responsibilities required of our directors. Mr. McBrayer, our sole employee director, does not receive additional compensation for his Board service.

The Compensation Committee reviews director compensation periodically, but at least once every three years, and recommends changes to the Board when it deems appropriate. The Compensation Committee regularly engages an independent compensation consultant, Pay Governance LLC, to advise the committee with respect to our director compensation program. In connection with its review, Pay Governance LLC assesses the structure of our director compensation program compared to competitive market practices of similarly situated companies. Based on the market information and recommendations provided to the Compensation Committee by Pay Governance LLC, the committee recommended and the Board approved, the Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation's Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy (the "Policy") effective May 1, 2022 more fully described below.

Director Fees

In 2022, each director who was not employed by the Corporation received an annual retainer of $50,000, payable quarterly in cash in equal installments. Under the Policy, a non-employee director may elect to receive 100% of the value of the annual retainer in equity in lieu of the cash retainer. Directors Abel, DeMichiei, DiSanto, German and Pforzheimer each elected to receive equity in lieu of the cash retainer in 2022. The Board Chair received an additional $60,000 fee, the Chair of the Audit Committee received an additional $15,000 annual fee, the Chair of the Compensation Committee received an additional $10,000 fee, the Chair of the Nominating and Governance Committee received an additional $7,500 fee, the Chair of the Business Improvement Advisory Committee received an additional $7,500 fee and the Chair of the Finance and Investment Committee received an additional $7,500 fee. Further, members of Board committees received the following additional fees in lieu of per meeting fees: $7,500 for the Audit Committee, $5,000 for the Compensation Committee, $3,750 for the Nominating and Governance, the Business Improvement Advisory and the Finance and Investment Committees. Directors do not receive additional meeting fees for Board or committee meetings.

Each non-employee director is also entitled to receive an annual stock award. In 2022, this annual stock award was valued at $70,000 based on the closing price of our Common Stock on grant date. The shares of restricted stock vest on the one-year anniversary of the grant date.

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The following table describes the components of compensation for non-employee directors:

2022 Director Compensation

The table below summarizes the director compensation earned by non-employee directors of the Corporation in 2022:

Directors’ Alignment with Shareholders; Stock Ownership Guidelines

We have a long-standing approach of compensating executive officers and directors in part with stock awards and encouraging retention of stock acquired through such awards or by market purchases. We believe retention of stock creates a long-term perspective and aligns the interests of our directors and executive officers with those of our shareholders.

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In 2020, the Board of Directors, upon the recommendation of the Compensation Committee, adopted new Stock Ownership Policy Guidelines requiring, among other things, non-employee Directors to hold stock at a target level of three times their annual cash retainer, or $150,000 for 2022.

Directors who were not in compliance with the ownership value requirement were not permitted to sell or transfer more than 50% of shares issued as part of the Corporation’s annual equity award for non-employee directors.

The following table shows the value of each non-employee director’s holdings in Ampco Common Stock as of March 8, 2023, based on the closing price of our Common Stock on NYSE on that date.

Prohibitions Against Short Sales, Hedging, Margin Accounts and Pledging

We have adopted an Insider Trading Policy, which prohibits members of the Board of Directors from pledging, engaging in short sales or hedging transactions with respect to any of their Ampco securities. In addition, our directors are prohibited from holding Ampco securities in margin accounts that permit hedging arrangements or hold more than 0.05% of all outstanding shares of Ampco Common Stock. The policy continues to align the interests of our directors with those of our shareholders.

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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Corporate Governance Summary

Presented below are some highlights of our corporate governance practices and policies. You can find further details about these and other corporate governance practices and policies in the following pages of this Proxy Statement.

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Board Independence

The Board of Directors has adopted standards to assist it in evaluating the independence of its directors, which may be categorized as: (1) compliance with NYSE’s listing requirements, (2) non-material relationships with the Corporation, and (3) other facts and circumstances. The standards are attached to the Corporate Governance Guidelines which are available on the Corporation’s website at www.ampcopittsburgh.com. After evaluating each director on the basis of these standards, the Board has determined that James J. Abel, Robert A. DeMichiei, Fredrick D. DiSanto, Elizabeth A. Fessenden, Michael I. German, William K. Lieberman, Darrell L. McNair, Laurence E. Paul, Stephen E. Paul and Carl H. Pforzheimer, III do not have material relationships with the Corporation (other than as members of the Board of Directors) and are independent within the meaning of the Corporation’s independence standards and those of the NYSE.

Audit Committee members must meet additional independence standards under NYSE listing standards and rules of the SEC. Specifically, Audit Committee members may not receive any consulting, advisory or compensatory fees other than their directors’ compensation. The Board has also determined that each member of the Audit Committee satisfies the enhanced standards of independence applicable to Audit Committee members under NYSE listing standards and SEC rules.

The Board has determined in its judgment that the Compensation Committee is composed entirely of independent directors within the Corporation’s independence standards and those of the NYSE. In making its

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determination, the Board considered, among other things, the factors applicable to members of the Compensation Committee pursuant to NYSE listing standards and Rule 10C-1 of the Exchange Act.

Leadership Structure

Mr. J. Brett McBrayer is the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the Corporation. Mr. James J. Abel serves as non-executive Board Chair, and in such capacity presides at all meetings of our Board of Directors and serves as a conduit between the Board and management. The Board believes that this leadership structure is appropriate for the Corporation at this time because it:

The Board will assess periodically whether the roles should be separated or combined based on its evaluation of what is in the best interests of the Corporation and its shareholders.

Director Nominating Procedures

The Corporation’s Corporate Governance Guidelines and its Nominating and Governance Committee Charter charge the Nominating and Governance Committee with selecting nominees for election to the Board of Directors and with reviewing, at least annually, the qualifications of new and existing members of the Board of Directors. The Nominating and Governance Committee also considers the extent to which such members may be considered “independent” within the meaning of applicable NYSE rules, as well as other appropriate factors, including overall skills and experience.

From time to time, the Nominating and Governance Committee will seek to identify potential candidates for director nominees and will consider potential candidates proposed by other members of the Board of Directors, by management of the Corporation or by shareholders of the Corporation.

In considering candidates submitted by shareholders of the Corporation, the Nominating and Governance Committee will take into consideration the needs of the Board of Directors and the candidate’s qualifications. To have a candidate considered by the Nominating and Governance Committee, a shareholder must submit the recommendation in writing and must provide the information set forth in, and otherwise comply with, Section 17 of Article II of the Corporation’s Amended and Restated By-Laws. Any notice of director nomination submitted to the Corporation must also comply with Rule 14a-19(b) of the Exchange Act.

The shareholder recommendation and information described above must be sent to Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation c/o Corporate Secretary at 726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301, P.O. Box 457, Carnegie, PA 15106 and, in order to allow for timely consideration, must be received not less than 90 days in advance of the anniversary date of the Corporation’s most recent annual meeting of shareholders.

Once a person has been identified by the Nominating and Governance Committee as a potential candidate, the Committee may review and consider publicly available information regarding the person to assess whether the person should be considered further. Generally, if the person expresses a willingness to be considered and to serve on the Board of Directors and the Nominating and Governance Committee believes that the candidate has the potential to be a good candidate, the Nominating and Governance Committee would seek to gather information from or about the candidate. Such information may include information gathered through one or more interviews as appropriate and review of his or her accomplishments and qualifications generally, in light of any other candidates that the Nominating and Governance Committee may be considering. The Nominating and Governance Committee’s evaluation process does not vary based on whether the candidate is recommended by a shareholder. Although the Nominating and Governance Committee does not have a formal written diversity policy, it considers the diversity of our Board to be a priority and considers Board diversity as a whole, including the skills, background and experience of our directors.

Director Terms

The Board is divided into three classes, and the directors in each class serve for three-year terms unless there is a need to adjust the number of Directors in a class or they are unable to continue to serve due to death, resignation, retirement or disability or are otherwise removed from office during such term. The term of one class of directors expires each year at the Corporation’s annual meeting of shareholders. The Board may fill a vacancy by electing a

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new director to the same class as the director being replaced or by reassigning a director from another class. The Board also may create a new director position in any class and elect a director to hold the newly created position. In accordance with our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, all directors elected to fill vacancies shall hold office for a term expiring at the annual meeting of shareholders at which the term of the class to which they have been elected expires.

Voting for Directors

Ampco’s By-laws provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors. Accordingly, shareholders have the right to cumulate their votes by distributing a number of votes, determined by multiplying the number of directors to be elected at the Annual Meeting (i.e., four) by the number of shares owned by such shareholder as of the close of business on the Record Date, to one individual nominee or among two or more nominees.

Board’s Role in Risk Oversight

The Board of Directors as a whole is responsible for risk management oversight of the Corporation and ensuring that management develops sound business strategies. The involvement of the full Board of Directors in setting the Corporation’s business strategy and objectives is integral to the Board’s assessment of our risk profile and also a determination of what constitutes an appropriate level of risk and how best to manage any such risk. This involves receiving reports and/or presentations from applicable members of management, the Chief Risk Officer, Chief Information Officer, and the committees of the Board. The full Board of Directors continually evaluates risks such as financial risk, legal/compliance risk, operational/strategic risk, reputational risk, emerging risk, cybersecurity risk and fraud risk and addresses individual risk issues with management throughout the year as necessary.

While the Board of Directors has the ultimate oversight responsibility for the risk management process, the Board delegates responsibility for certain aspects of risk management to its standing committees. In particular, the Audit Committee focuses on enterprise risks and related controls and procedures, including financial reporting, fraud and regulatory risks, as well as oversight of cybersecurity and information technology risk management. The Compensation Committee strives to create compensation practices that do not encourage excessive levels of risk taking that would be inconsistent with the Corporation’s strategy and objectives. The Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for overseeing the Corporation’s corporate governance and corporate governance principles.

Executive Sessions

The non-management directors have regularly scheduled executive sessions, both with and without the Chief Executive Officer. Any security holder who wants to communicate directly with the presiding director, currently our Board Chair, or the non-management directors as a group can do so by following the procedure below under "Communications with Directors”.

Communications with Directors

The Board of Directors has established a process to receive communications from shareholders and other interested parties. To communicate with the Board of Directors, any individual director or any group or committee of directors, correspondence should be addressed to the Board of Directors or such individual or group or committee and sent to Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation c/o Corporate Secretary at 726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301, P.O. Box 457, Carnegie, PA 15106. Communications sent in this manner will be reviewed by the office of the Corporate Secretary for the purpose of determining whether the contents represent a message to one or more of the Corporation’s directors. Depending on the subject matter, the Corporate Secretary may attempt to handle the inquiry directly, such as when it is a request for information about the Corporation or a stock-related matter. The Corporate Secretary also may not forward the communication if it is primarily commercial in nature or it relates to an improper or irrelevant topic.

Annual Meeting Attendance

The Corporation encourages its directors to attend the Annual Meeting of the Corporation’s shareholders. All of the directors then in office were in attendance at the 2022 Annual Meeting.

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BOARD COMMITTEES

Summary

During 2022, the Board had six standing committees: Audit Committee, Business Improvement Advisory Committee, Compensation Committee, Executive Committee, Nominating and Governance Committee and Finance and Investment Committee. The Board makes committee and committee chair assignments annually at its meeting immediately preceding the annual meeting of shareholders, although further changes to committee assignments may be made from time to time as deemed appropriate by the Board. The Nominating and Governance Committee Charter, the Compensation Committee Charter, the Audit Committee Charter, and the Corporate Governance Guidelines are available on the Corporation’s website at www.ampcopittsburgh.com.

The current composition of the Board and each committee of the Board is set forth below:

X—Member

C—Chair

All of the directors attended at least 75% of the applicable Board and Committee meetings in 2022.

The non-management directors meet separately in regularly scheduled executive sessions without members of management present, except to the extent that the non-management directors request the attendance of one or more members of management. The Board Chair presides over meetings of the non-management directors.

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee held five meetings in 2022 and presently consists of four directors: Carl H. Pforzheimer, III (Chair), Robert A. DeMichiei (May, 2022 to present) Michael I. German and Laurence E. Paul (May, 2022 to present). Previously, Terry L. Dunlap served on the Committee until his retirement from the Board effective at the 2022 Annual Meeting. None of the Audit Committee members is now, or has within the past five years been, an employee of the Corporation. The Board has determined that none of the members of the Audit Committee have any financial or personal ties to the Corporation (other than director compensation and equity ownership as described in this Proxy Statement) and that they meet the NYSE and SEC standards for independence applicable to members of the Audit Committee.

The Audit Committee reviews the Corporation’s accounting and reporting practices, including internal control procedures, and maintains a direct line of communication with the Directors and the independent accountants. The Audit Committee also is directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of our independent registered public accounting firm, including pre-approval of all audit and non-audit services to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm, as well as evaluating the performance of our internal audit function and our financial reporting processes. The Audit Committee also has oversight responsibility for the Corporation's cybersecurity and information technology risk management.

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The Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Pforzheimer meets the SEC criteria to be deemed an “audit committee financial expert” and meets the NYSE standard of having accounting or related financial management expertise. Each member of the Audit Committee is financially literate.

Business Improvement Advisory Committee

The Business Improvement Advisory Committee supports and makes recommendations to the Board of Directors and supports management’s review of business improvements and enhancements for the Corporation. The Business Improvement Advisory Committee did not meet in 2022. It is comprised of the following six directors: Fredrick D. DiSanto (Chair), James J. Abel, Michael I. German, Darrell L. McNair, Laurence E. Paul and J. Brett McBrayer. In March 2023, the Board determined not to continue the Business Improvement Advisory Committee.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee met five times in 2022 and is comprised of three directors: Elizabeth A. Fessenden (Chair), William K. Lieberman and Stephen E. Paul. The Compensation Committee is responsible for reviewing and recommending to the Board of Directors compensation programs and policies and reviewing and recommending to the Board of Directors the participation of executives and other key management employees in the various compensation plans of the Corporation.

The Compensation Committee, under the terms of its charter, has the sole authority to retain, approve fees and other terms for, and terminate any compensation consultant used to assist the Committee in executive compensation matters. The Compensation Committee also may obtain advice and assistance from internal or external legal, accounting or other advisors. In 2022, the Compensation Committee engaged Pay Governance LLC as its independent provider of compensation consulting services for decisions relating to 2022 compensation. The Compensation Committee can also utilize external legal advisors and assesses the independence of its advisors.

In 2020, the Compensation Committee was given oversight of aspects of the Corporation’s human capital management strategy that it may deem of importance to the long-term sustainability of the Corporation.

Certain executive officers of the Corporation attend meetings of the Compensation Committee from time to time and are given the opportunity to express their views on executive compensation matters.

Each member of the Compensation Committee is a “non-employee director” of the Corporation as defined under Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act, and each member is also an “outside director” for the purposes of the corporate compensation provisions contained in Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.

None of our executive officers serves as a member of the compensation committee of any other company that has an executive officer serving as a member of our Board. None of our executive officers serves as a member of the board of directors of any other company that has an executive officer serving as a member of our Compensation Committee.

Executive Committee

The Executive Committee did not meet in 2022. It is comprised of the following five directors: James J. Abel (Chair), Elizabeth A. Fessenden, William K. Lieberman, Carl H. Pforzheimer, III, and J. Brett McBrayer. The Executive Committee is responsible for providing guidance and counsel to the Corporation’s management team on significant matters affecting the Corporation and taking action on behalf of the Board where required in exigent circumstances, such as where it is impracticable or infeasible to convene, or obtain the unanimous written consent of the full Board.

Finance and Investment Committee

The Investment Committee met seven times in 2022 and is presently comprised of the following five directors: Michael I. German (Chair), Fredrick D. DiSanto, Elizabeth A. Fessenden, Darrell L. McNair and Stephen E. Paul. The Finance and Investment Committee is principally responsible for making recommendations to the Board in connection with the Company’s investment guidelines, investment asset allocations, and financing activities.

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Nominating and Governance Committee

The Nominating and Governance Committee met four times in 2022 and was comprised of three directors: William K. Lieberman (Chair), Michael I. German and Carl H. Pforzheimer, III. The Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for identifying individuals qualified to become directors and recommending candidates for membership on the Board of Directors and its committees, developing and recommending to the Board of Directors the Corporation’s corporate governance policies and reviewing the effectiveness of board governance, including overseeing an annual assessment of the performance of the Board of Directors and each of its committees.

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

Beneficial Ownership of More Than Five Percent

The following table sets forth information, to the extent known by the Corporation, concerning individuals (other than directors or officers of the Corporation) or entities holding more than five percent of the outstanding shares of the Corporation’s Common Stock. The “percent of class” in the table below is calculated based upon 19,403,519 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2023.

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(5) According to the amended Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 14, 2023, Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC ("CMIA") has shared voting and dispositive power with respect to 1,013,520 shares of our Common Stock. CMIA is an investment adviser. CMIA and its parent holding company, Ameriprise Financial, Inc. disclaim beneficial ownership of these securities.

Director and Executive Officer Stock Ownership

The following table sets forth as of March 31, 2023, information concerning the beneficial ownership of the Corporation’s Common Stock by the Directors and Named Executive Officers and all Directors and Executive Officers of the Corporation as a group. The “percent of class” in the table below is calculated based upon 19,403,519 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2023.

* Less than 1%

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Unless otherwise indicated, the individuals named have sole investment and voting power.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires directors and officers of the Corporation and beneficial owners of more than 10% of its Common Stock file reports with the SEC with respect to changes in their beneficial ownership of equity securities of the Corporation. Based solely upon a review of the copies of such reports furnished to the Corporation and written representations by certain persons that reports on Form 5 were not required, Mr. Anderson had a late Form 3 filing and Mr. DeMichiei had one late Form 4 filing.

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NON-BINDING, ADVISORY VOTE ON COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

(Proposal 2)

The Board is committed to a compensation philosophy and program that promotes our ability to attract, retain and motivate individuals who can achieve superior results for Ampco, its shareholders and its other stakeholders. As part of that commitment, and in accordance with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) and Section 14A of the Exchange Act, shareholders are being asked to approve, in an advisory non-binding resolution, the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in this Proxy Statement. This proposal is our “Say-on-Pay” proposal. The Say-on-Pay vote is advisory and therefore not binding on the Corporation or the Board. However, the Board of Directors and the Compensation Committee will carefully review the opinions that our shareholders express and will take the outcome of the vote into account when making decisions regarding executive compensation. Our Board of Directors adopted a policy to hold this advisory vote on executive compensation annually.

We believe that the Say-on-Pay vote represents an additional means by which we may obtain important feedback from our shareholders about executive compensation. As set forth in the Executive Compensation Overview on the following page, the overall objectives of our executive compensation program are to provide compensation that is competitive, create a structure that is based on achievement of performance goals and provide incentive for long-term continued employment.

Upon consideration of the voting results for the proposal considered at the Corporation’s 2017 Annual Meeting of Shareholders regarding the frequency of advisory Say-on-Pay votes, the Board of Directors determined to hold an advisory Say-On-Pay vote annually. Shareholders will have the opportunity to provide an advisory vote on the frequency of such advisory Say-On-Pay votes at the 2023 Annual Meeting. The Board will consider the results of such vote following the 2023 annual meeting of shareholders.

Shareholders are encouraged to read the Executive Compensation Overview, starting on page 34, which discusses how the elements of the compensation packages for the named executive officers are determined, and review the Summary Compensation Table and the other related information following the Summary Compensation Table. The Board and the Compensation Committee believe that the Corporation’s policies and procedures on executive compensation are strongly aligned with the long-term interests of our shareholders and are effective in achieving the strategic goals of the Corporation. The Say-on-Pay vote gives you, as a shareholder, the opportunity to endorse or not endorse our executive compensation program by voting for or against the following resolution:

“RESOLVED, that the shareholders of Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation (the “Corporation”) approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation of the Corporation’s named executive officers, as disclosed in the Corporation’s proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders pursuant to the compensation disclosure rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Executive Compensation Overview, the Summary Compensation Table and the other related tables and disclosure.”

THE BOARD UNANIMOUSLY RECOMMENDS THAT YOU VOTE “FOR” THIS RESOLUTION AND THEREBY ENDORSE THE CORPORATION’S EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION PROGRAM.

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COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (“CD&A”)

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION OVERVIEW

In this CD&A we summarize the compensation awarded to our executive officers listed in the Summary Compensation Table on 46. We refer to these executive officers as our “named executive officers” or “NEOs.”

Executive Compensation Overview describes the key features of our executive compensation program for 2022 for our “named executive officers”:

2022 Named Executive Officers

We have divided this discussion into five parts:

2022 HIGHLIGHTS

Under the oversight of our Compensation Committee, our compensation structure is designed to provide a competitive compensation structure that will retain top performers and incentivize individuals’ performance and enhance shareholder value in a responsible manner. In keeping with this design, the 2022 executive compensation program features a balanced mix of salary and performance-driven annual and long-term incentive award opportunities. The chart below illustrates the target compensation opportunities in 2022 for Mr. McBrayer, our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO,” and also referred to as our “Principal Executive Officer” or “PEO”).

(1) The percentages are based on the approved base salary of the CEO at the time the compensation structure was established in March 2022.

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Under our executive compensation program, our named executive officers are eligible to earn bonuses under the short-term incentive program, based on our 2022 business performance results, which illustrates our pay-for-performance philosophy and also motivates our executive officers to continue to focus their efforts on improvements in the overall financial results of the Corporation. The bonuses earned under the short-term incentive program were driven by the positive results in the Air and Liquid Processing segment, which exceeded its threshold level and individual performance. No payouts were earned relative to the Forged and Cast Engineered Products (“FCEP”) segment operating income goal, the adjusted earnings per share (“EPS”) goal, nor the free cash flow goal.

This CD&A describes the design and 2022 compensation decisions for each of our named executive officers.

In addition, the portion of our 2020-2022 long-term incentive (“LTI”) program related to relative total shareholder Return (“rTSR”) was achieved. The threshold for the Performance Stock Unit ("PSU") Return on Invested Capital (“ROIC”) portion of the 2020-2022 PSUs was not achieved, and as a result, that portion of the 2020-2022 PSU was forfeited.

KEY FEATURES OF OUR EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION PROGRAM

Our Compensation Committee (also referred to as the “Committee”) believes that our executive compensation program includes key features that align the interests of our named executive officers and the Corporation’s long-term strategic direction with the interests of our shareholders and is designed to avoid features that could misalign their interests.

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2022 COMPENSATION OBJECTIVES

The compensation paid or awarded to our named executive officers for 2022 was designed to meet the following objectives:

We believe various components of our 2022 compensation payments and awards meet the following objectives:

In 2022, compensation decisions for our CEO were made by the Compensation Committee and approved by the independent members of the Board of Directors. Additionally, the Committee made recommendations to the Board of Directors with respect to director compensation. Finally, the Committee made compensation decisions, in consultation with the CEO, with respect to the compensation of the executive officers who report directly to the CEO, including both of the other named executive officers. In assessing competitive compensation, Pay Governance LLC, the Committee’s independent compensation consultant, prepares a competitive assessment of executive compensation on an annual basis. With the analysis provided by and the perspective of the consultant, the Committee makes determinations regarding executive compensation.

The Committee generally targets executive total target direct compensation opportunities at the 50th percentile of the peer group. Total target direct compensation is defined as the sum of base salary, target annual cash bonus and the target grant-date value of long-term incentive awards.

2022 COMPENSATION DECISIONS

Salaries

New salary levels for our named executive officers were established in March of 2022. Determinations by the Committee regarding salary adjustments are made based on a number of objective and subjective factors, including competitive market data, internal equity, the Corporation’s financial performance, and a qualitative analysis of each individual officer’s performance during the preceding year, taking into account such factors as leadership, commitment and execution of corporate initiatives and special projects assigned by the Board, the Board Chair, or the CEO. The Committee does not use a formula to calculate base salary adjustments for the CEO and other executive officers. We also consider whether there has been any material change in an executive officer’s title, duties and responsibilities in the preceding year. Where an executive officer has assumed significant additional duties, or has

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been promoted, an above-normal salary adjustment would typically be considered by the Committee or CEO, as applicable. Finally, in rare circumstances, we may decide to make a market adjustment in salaries if we determine that salary levels for one or more of our executive officers have fallen materially below levels that we consider appropriate in order to maintain a competitive compensation package and to discourage valued executives from leaving to pursue other opportunities. Salary adjustments for our CEO are reviewed and must be approved by the independent members of the Board of Directors, after a recommendation by the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee is solely responsible for all other executive officer compensation decisions.

Generally, the differences in the level of pay between the named executive officers is the result of the determination by the Committee or by the CEO, over time, regarding the level of responsibility, function, experience, and length of service that each of the officers possess.

The base salary determinations for each named executive officer in 2022 were as follows:

Annual Incentive Plan

The annual incentive bonus plan is designed to incentivize performance in three categories: (i) business performance in our operating segments, (ii) earnings per share for the Corporation, and (iii) corporate free cash flow. The annual incentive bonus plan award for 2022 for each named executive officer was determined using the following formula:

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Threshold, target and maximum levels were set for the performance goals, such that no amount would be paid for performance below threshold, 50% of target would be paid for performance at threshold, and no more than 200% of target would be paid for performance at or above maximum. The annual incentive plan provides discretion to modify payouts by +/- 30% for individuals based on their individual performance during the year with total award payment capped at 200%.

Reported Financial Results. The Committee reviews our financial performance following the end of the year and retains the authority to adjust our reported financial results for items causing significant differences from assumptions contained in our business plan. The Committee has adopted a set of guidelines to help it evaluate potential adjustments. These guidelines are intended to better reflect executives’ line-of-sight and ability to affect performance results, avoid artificial inflation or deflation of awards due to unusual or non-recurring items and emphasize long-term and sustainable growth. Adjustments for 2022 annual incentive primarily included asbestos-related credits, foreign exchange gains, unrealized losses on Rabbi trust investments, and change in accounting principles.

Business Performance Goals (Weighted 35%). The business performance portion of the annual incentive was based on goals related to the income from operations achieved by the two business segments of the Corporation, the FCEP segment (weighted at 25%) and the Air and Liquid Processing segment (weighted at 10%), as compared to the segments’ business plans for 2022. We weighted the FCEP segment more heavily since it is larger than the Air and Liquid Processing segment, as determined based on revenue. The Committee continues to monitor the revenue of the Air and Liquid Processing segment and may adjust the weighting accordingly in the future. Income from operations was chosen by the Compensation Committee in the belief that it is the most accurate objective measure of business performance. The Committee eliminates most charges or windfalls which are generally beyond the control of the executives and adjusts actual results to allow for the exclusion, for example, of cost changes related to asbestos litigation, adjustments for acquisitions or divestitures, changes in accounting standards, and other similar charges.

Corporate EPS (Weighted 35%). The Corporate EPS portion of the annual incentive was based on the 2022 earnings per share of the Corporation. For this purpose, “EPS” means the Corporation’s net income per common share (basic) adjusted as determined by the Committee to exclude the effect of certain items, such as asset write-downs or impairment charges, restructuring-related costs, litigation or claim costs, judgments or settlements, including asbestos claims and defense costs; and the effect of changes in tax laws, accounting principles or other laws or provisions affecting reported results.

The following table shows the EPS portion of the design.

Corporate EPS Performance Goals

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Corporate Free Cash Flow (Weighted 30%). For this purpose, Corporate Free Cash Flow is defined as cash flow provided by operating activities minus purchases of property, plant and equipment as observed in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows from the Corporation's Forms 10-K or 10-Q. Important controllable elements of free cash flow are income, working capital (accounts receivable, inventories, accounts payable), asbestos and retirement benefit payments, and capital expenditures.

The following table shows the Corporate Free Cash Flow portion of the design.

Corporate Free Cash Flow Performance Goals

Target Annual Incentive Awards. Target annual incentive awards were established by the Compensation Committee as a percentage of base salary for each named executive officer, intending to provide a competitive bonus opportunity aligned to the named executive officer’s role, responsibilities and historic pay, as follows:

2022 Annual Incentive Award Decisions Based on Performance. Our named executive officers achieved the following results under the annual incentive bonus plan:

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The Compensation Committee approved the following annual incentive awards for the named executive officers for 2022, which are included in the Summary Compensation Table for 2022 under “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation”:

For each of the Annual Performance components of the annual incentive award, results between threshold and target or between target and maximum are interpolated on a straight-line basis.

Long-Term Incentive Plan

The Corporation has adopted the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan under which the Compensation Committee may grant the named executive officers and other key employees a variety of types of equity-based awards. The Committee believes that annual grants of equity-based awards serve the purpose of aligning the interests of our named executive officers with the interests of our shareholders. Vesting conditions for equity-based awards also encourage executive retention. Before 2015, the Corporation had the practice of making annual grants of stock options. Since 2015, the Compensation Committee has not granted stock options and instead follows a practice of granting long-term incentive awards in the form of annual grants of PSUs (vesting based on performance over a three-year performance period) and Restricted Stock Units ("RSU") (vesting based on continued employment at the time of each vesting anniversary). The Committee believes the current mix of equity incentive awards further ties pay to our Corporation’s performance while also aligning interests with our Corporation’s long-term shareholders and encouraging retention.

Target Award Amounts. The Compensation Committee sets a target dollar amount for the value of long-term incentive awards granted each year, intending to provide a competitive long-term incentive award opportunity aligned to the named executive officer’s role, responsibilities and historic pay. Those target amounts for 2022 were as follows: