Exhibit 99.3

SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT

This Securities Purchase Agreement (this “Agreement”) is dated as of March [●], 2023, by and among Ribbon Communications Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and each purchaser identified on the signature pages hereto (each, including its successors and assigns, a “Purchaser” and collectively, the “Purchasers”). Certain capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings given to such terms in Section 1.1 hereof.

RECITALS

A.          The Company and each Purchaser is executing and delivering this Agreement in reliance upon the exemption from securities registration afforded by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Rule 506 of Regulation D as promulgated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”).

B.          Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly, wishes to purchase, and the Company wishes to sell, upon the terms and conditions stated in this Agreement, (i) that number of shares of the Preferred Stock (as defined below) set forth below such Purchaser’s name on the signature page of this Agreement and (ii) the Warrants (as defined below) in accordance with Section 2.2(a)(iii) of this Agreement. The Purchasers hereunder are collectively subscribing for (i) an aggregate of [●] shares of Preferred Stock and (ii) [●] Warrants (as defined below).

C.          The Company has engaged B. Riley Securities, Inc. as its exclusive placement agent for the offering of the Securities (as defined below) on a “best efforts” basis.

NOW, THEREFORE, IN CONSIDERATION of the mutual covenants contained in this Agreement, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which are hereby acknowledged, the Company and the Purchasers hereby agree as follows:

ARTICLE I.
DEFINITIONS

1.1           Definitions. In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Agreement, for all purposes of this Agreement, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated in this Section 1.1:

“Action” means any action, suit, inquiry, notice of violation, proceeding (including any partial proceeding such as a deposition) or investigation pending or, to the Company’s Knowledge, threatened in writing against the Company, any Subsidiary or any of their respective properties or any officer, director or employee of the Company or any Subsidiary acting in his or her capacity as an officer, director or employee before or by any federal, state, county, local or foreign court, arbitrator, governmental or administrative agency, regulatory authority, stock market, stock exchange or trading facility.

“Additional Securities Option” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.1(c).

“Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, Controls, is controlled by or is under common control with such Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act. With respect to a Purchaser, any investment fund or managed account that is managed on a discretionary basis by the same investment manager as such Purchaser will be deemed to be an Affiliate of such Purchaser.

“Agreement” has the meaning set forth in the Preamble.

“Anti-Money Laundering Laws” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(kk).

“Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company.

“Bloomberg” means Bloomberg Financial Markets.

“Business Day” means any day except Saturday, Sunday, any day which is a federal legal holiday in the United States or any day on which banking institutions in the State of New York are authorized or required by law or other governmental action to close.

“Certificate of Designation” means the Certificate of Designation of the Preferred Stock to be filed prior to the Closing by the Company with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, substantially in the form of Exhibit A.

“Closing” means the closing of the purchase and sale of the Preferred Stock and Warrants pursuant to this Agreement.

“Closing Date” means March [●], 2023 (the [●] Trading Day following the execution of this Agreement), or such other date as the parties may agree.

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

“Commission” means the Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Commission Comments” means written comments pertaining solely to Rule 415 which are received by the Company from the Commission, and a copy of which shall have been provided by the Company to the Purchasers, to a filed Registration Statement which require the Company to limit the amount of Warrant Shares which may be included therein to a number of Warrant Shares, which is less than such amount sought to be included thereon as filed with the Commission.

“Common Stock” means the common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company, and also includes any other class of securities into which the Common Stock may hereafter be reclassified or changed into.

“Common Stock Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or any Subsidiary which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Common Stock, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred stock, rights, options, warrants or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Common Stock or other securities that entitle the holder to receive, directly or indirectly, Common Stock.

Company” has the meaning set forth in the Preamble.

“Company Counsel” means Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders LLP, with offices located at 600 Peachtree Street, N.E., Suite 3000, Atlanta, Georgia 30308.

“Company Deliverables” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.2(a).

“Company’s Knowledge” means with respect to any statement made to the Company’s Knowledge, that the statement is based upon the actual knowledge of the executive officers of the Company having responsibility for the matter or matters that are the subject of the statement, after a reasonable inquiry.

“Control” (including the terms “controlling”, “controlled by” or “under common control with”) means the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise.

“Disclosure Materials” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(h).

“Disclosure Schedules” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1.

“Effective Date” means the date on which a Registration Statement, as required by Section 6.1 hereof, is first declared effective by the Commission (but in no event earlier than May 10, 2023).

“Effectiveness Period” has the meaning set forth in Section 6.1(b).

“Environmental Laws” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(dd).

“Evaluation Date” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(t).

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or any successor statute, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Filing Date” means the date that is thirty (30) days after the Closing Date or, if such date is not a Business Day, the next date that is a Business Day.

“GAAP” means U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, as applied by the Company.

“Intellectual Property Rights” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(p).

“Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions” means, with respect to the Company, the Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions, in the form of Exhibit E, executed by the Company and delivered to and acknowledged in writing by the Transfer Agent.

“IRS” means the Internal Revenue Service.

“Legend Removal Date” has the meaning set forth in Section 4.1(c).

“Lien” means any lien, charge, claim, encumbrance, security interest, right of first refusal, preemptive right or other restrictions of any kind.

“Lock-Up Agreement” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.2(a)(viii).

“Losses” has the meaning set forth in Section 6.5(a).

“Material Adverse Effect” means a material adverse effect on the results of operations, assets, prospects, management, business or financial condition of the Company and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, except that any of the following, either alone or in combination, shall not be deemed a Material Adverse Effect: (i) effects caused by changes or circumstances affecting general market conditions in the U.S. economy or which are generally applicable to the industry in which the Company operates, provided that such effects are not borne disproportionately by the Company, (ii) effects resulting from or relating to the announcement or disclosure of the sale of the Securities or other transactions contemplated by this Agreement, or (iii) effects caused by any event, occurrence or condition resulting from or relating to the taking of any action in accordance with this Agreement.

“Material Contract” means any contract of the Company that has been filed or was required to have been filed as an exhibit to the SEC Reports pursuant to Item 601(b)(4) or Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K.

“Material Permits” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(n).

“New York Courts” means the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, New York.

“OFAC” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(jj).

“Outside Date” means the tenth day following the date of this Agreement.

“Person” means an individual, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, trust, business trust, association, joint stock company, joint venture, sole proprietorship, unincorporated organization, governmental authority or any other form of entity not specifically listed herein.

“Preferred Stock” means up to [●] shares of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share, issued hereunder and having the rights, preferences and privileges set forth in the Certificate of Designation, in the form of Exhibit A hereto.

“Press Release” has the meaning set forth in Section 4.4.

“Principal Trading Market” means the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is primarily listed on and quoted for trading, which, as of the date of this Agreement and the Closing Date, shall be the NASDAQ Global Select Market.

“Proceeding” means an action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding (including, without limitation, an investigation or partial proceeding, such as a deposition), whether commenced or threatened.

“Prospectus” means the prospectus included in the Registration Statement (including, without limitation, a prospectus that includes any information previously omitted from a prospectus filed as part of an effective registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A, as amended or supplemented by any prospectus supplement, with respect to the terms of the offering of any portion of the Warrant Shares covered by the Registration Statement, and all other amendments and supplements to the Prospectus including post-effective amendments, and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference in such Prospectus.

“Purchase Price” means $970 per share of Preferred Stock.

“Purchaser” or “Purchasers” has the meaning set forth in the Recitals.

“Purchaser Deliverables” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.2(b).

“Purchaser Party” has the meaning set forth in Section 6.5(a).

“Registration Statement” means each registration statement required to be filed under Article VI, including (in each case) the Prospectus, amendments and supplements to such registration statement or Prospectus, including pre- and post-effective amendments, all exhibits thereto, and all material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference in such registration statement.

“Required Approvals” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(e).

“Required Effectiveness Date” means the date which is, (i) if there is no review of the Registration Statement by the Commission, one hundred and twenty (120) days after the Closing Date or, if such date is not a Business Day, the next date that is a Business Day, or, (ii) if there is a review of the Registration Statement by the Commission, one hundred and fifty (150) days after the date of the Closing Date or, if such date is not a Business Day, the next date that is a Business Day.

“Rule 144” means Rule 144 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same effect as such Rule.

“Sanctioned Country” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(jj).

“Sanctions” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(jj).

“SEC Reports” has the meaning set forth in Section 3.1(h).

“Secretary’s Certificate” has the meaning set forth in Section 2.2(a)(vi).

“Securities” means, collectively, the Preferred Stock, the Warrants and the Warrant Shares (and, to the extent applicable, any Preferred Stock, Warrants and Warrant Shares issued in connection with the Additional Securities Option).

“Securities Act” has the meaning set forth in the Recitals.

“Short Sales” include, without limitation, (i) all “short sales” as defined in Rule 200 promulgated under Regulation SHO under the Exchange Act, whether or not against the box, and all types of direct and indirect stock pledges, forward sale contracts, options, puts, calls, short sales, swaps, “put equivalent positions” (as defined in Rule 16a-1(h) under the Exchange Act) and similar arrangements (including on a total return basis), and (ii) sales and other transactions through non-U.S. broker dealers or foreign regulated brokers (but shall not be deemed to include the location and/or reservation of borrowable shares of Common Stock).

“Subscription Amount” means, with respect to each Purchaser, the aggregate amount to be paid for the Preferred Stock and Warrants purchased hereunder as indicated on such Purchaser’s signature page to this Agreement next to the heading “Aggregate Purchase Price (Subscription Amount)” in United States dollars and in immediately available funds.

“Subsidiary” means the subsidiaries of the Company as set forth on Schedule 3.1(a).

“Trading Day” means (i) a day on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted and traded on its Principal Trading Market (other than the OTC Bulletin Board), or (ii) if the Common Stock is not listed on a Trading Market (other than the OTC Bulletin Board), a day on which the Common Stock is traded in the over-the-counter market, as reported by the OTC Bulletin Board; provided, that in the event that the Common Stock is not listed or quoted as set forth in (i) and (ii) hereof, then Trading Day shall mean a Business Day.

“Trading Market” means whichever of the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE Amex, the NASDAQ Global Select Market, the NASDAQ Global Market, the NASDAQ Capital Market or the OTC Bulletin Board on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted for trading on the date in question.

“Transaction Documents” means this Agreement, the schedules and exhibits attached hereto, the Warrant Agent Agreement, the Warrants, the Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions and any other documents or agreements explicitly contemplated hereunder.

“Transfer Agent” means American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, the current transfer agent of the Company, with a mailing address of 59 Maiden Lane, New York, New York 10007 and a facsimile number of (718) 236-2641 or any successor transfer agent for the Company.

“Treasury Regulation” means the regulations promulgated pursuant to the Code.

“VWAP” means, as of any date of determination, the average per share volume-weighted average price as displayed under the heading “Bloomberg VWAP” on Bloomberg page “RBBN US<equity>VAP” (or its equivalent successor if such Bloomberg page is not available) in respect of the period from the open of trading on the relevant Trading Day until the close of trading on such Trading Day (or if such volume-weighted average price is unavailable, the market value of one share of Common Stock on such Trading Day reasonably determined, using a volume-weighted average method, by an independent financial expert appointed (and compensated by the Company) for such purpose). The VWAP will be determined without regard to after-hours trading or any other trading outside of the regular trading session trading hours.

“Warrants” means, collectively, the warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, delivered to the Purchasers at Closing in accordance with Section 2.2(a) hereof, which Warrants shall be exercisable immediately and shall expire on 5:00 p.m. on the date four (4) years thereafter, in the form of Exhibit B.

“Warrant Agent Agreement” means the Warrant Agreement, dated as of the Closing Date, by and between the Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC.

“Warrant Shares” means the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants.

“Warrant Strike Price” means an amount equal to 115% of the lower of (i) the closing price of the Common Stock on the date hereof and (ii) the two day VWAP of March 27, 2023 and March 28, 2023.

ARTICLE II.
PURCHASE AND SALE

2.1           Closing.

(a)          Amount. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, at the Closing, the Company shall issue and sell to each Purchaser, and each Purchaser shall, severally and not jointly, purchase from the Company, (i) [●] shares of the Preferred Stock set forth on such Purchaser’s signature page to this Agreement, at the Purchase Price and an aggregate purchase price of $[●] and (ii) [●] Warrants, as determined pursuant to Section 2.2(a)(iii) and set forth on such Purchaser’s signature page to this Agreement.

(b)          Closing. The Closing of the purchase and sale of the Preferred Stock and Warrants shall take place at the offices of Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders LLP on the Closing Date or at such other locations or remotely by facsimile transmission or other electronic means as the parties may mutually agree.

(c)          Additional Securities Option. In addition, on the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, the Company hereby grants an option to B. Riley Securities, Inc. to arrange for the purchase of all or any part of an additional aggregate purchase price of $[●] million of the Preferred Stock and Warrants (the “Additional Securities Option”). The Additional Securities Option may be exercised in whole or in part from time to time upon notice by B. Riley Securities, Inc. to the Company delivered at or prior to 30 days following the Closing setting forth the aggregate purchase price of the Preferred Stock and Warrants as to which B. Riley Securities, Inc. is exercising the Additional Securities Option. Payment for and delivery of the Preferred Stock and Warrants as to which B. Riley Securities, Inc. is exercising the Additional Securities Option, if any, shall occur within 30 days after the Closing. The Purchasers hereby consent to the offer, sale and issuance of the Preferred Stock and the Warrants pursuant to the Additional Securities Option.

(d)          Form of Payment. On or prior to the Closing Date, (a) the Company shall deliver to each Purchaser its respective Preferred Stock and Warrants, (i) free and clear of all Liens, except restrictions imposed by the Certificate of Designation, applicable securities laws and the provisions of this Agreement, and (ii) evidence of the issuance of the Preferred Stock and the Warrants, credited to book-entry accounts maintained by the transfer agent of the Company with respect to the Preferred Stock and Warrants, and such other documents, certificates and agreements as required pursuant to the terms of this Agreement; and (b) each Purchaser shall pay its respective Subscription Amount for the shares of Preferred Stock and the Warrants to be issued and sold to such Purchaser at the Closing, by wire transfer of immediately available funds in accordance with the Company’s written wire instructions.

2.2           Closing Deliveries. (a)      On or prior to the Closing (or at such other time as may be specifically referred to below), the Company shall issue, deliver or cause to be delivered to each Purchaser the following (the “Company Deliverables”):

(i)          this Agreement, duly executed by the Company;

(ii)         one or more certificates (or reasonable evidence of issuance by book entry) evidencing a number of shares of Preferred Stock set forth on such Purchaser’s signature page to this Agreement, registered in the name of such Purchaser, and evidence of the filing and acceptance of the Certificate of Designation by the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware;

(iii)        a Warrant, duly executed by the Company, registered in the name of such Purchaser to purchase up to a number of shares of Common Stock equal to such Purchaser’s Subscription Amount, divided by the Warrant Strike Price, multiplied by 33.3%, and rounded to the nearest whole Warrant, subject to adjustment;

(iv)        a legal opinion of Company Counsel, dated as of the Closing Date and in the form attached hereto as Exhibit D, executed by such counsel and addressed to the Purchasers and B. Riley Securities, Inc.;

(v)        duly executed Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions acknowledged in writing by the Transfer Agent;

(vi)          a certificate of the Secretary of the Company (the “Secretary’s Certificate”), dated as of the Closing Date, (a) certifying the resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company or a duly authorized committee thereof approving the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents and the issuance of the Preferred Stock, the Warrants and the Warrant Shares, (b) certifying the current versions of the Restated Certificate of Incorporation and the By-Laws of the Company and the Subsidiaries (or the organizational equivalents of such documents in the case of the Subsidiaries), (c) certifying as to the good standing (or jurisdictional equivalent) of the Company and the Subsidiaries under the laws of their respective jurisdictions and each state in which the Company and each Subsidiary is authorized as a foreign corporation or organization to conduct business and their qualification to conduct business in the State of Delaware and each such other state in which the Company and each Subsidiary is authorized as a foreign corporation or organization to conduct business; and (d) certifying as to the signatures and authority of persons signing the Transaction Documents and related documents on behalf of the Company, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit F;

(vii)       the Compliance Certificate referred to in Section 5.1(i);

(viii)      a Lock-Up Agreement, substantially in the form of Exhibit I hereto (the “Lock-Up Agreement”) executed by each person listed on Exhibit J hereto, and each such Lock-Up Agreement shall be in full force and effect on the Closing Date;

(ix)         a certificate evidencing the formation and good standing of the Company issued by the Secretary of State of Delaware, as of a date within three (3) Business Days of the Closing Date;

(x)         the Warrant Agent Agreement, duly executed by the Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC; and

(xi)        such other documents relating to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement as the Purchasers or their counsel may reasonably request, including, upon request: (i) a duly completed and executed Internal Revenue Service Form W-9 or W-8BenE and (ii) the names and contact information for two authorized persons at the Company, in each case, to be delivered to any requesting Purchaser, not less than two (2) Business Days prior to the Closing Date.

(b)           On or prior to the Closing, each Purchaser shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the Company the following (the “Purchaser Deliverables”):

(i)          this Agreement, duly executed by such Purchaser;

(ii)         its Subscription Amount, in United States dollars and in immediately available funds, in the amount set forth as the “Purchase Price” indicated below such Purchaser’s name on the applicable signature page hereto under the heading “Aggregate Purchase Price (Subscription Amount)” by wire transfer; and

(iii)        a fully completed and duly executed Accredited Investor Questionnaire, satisfactory to the Company, and DRS Book-Entry Questionnaire, if applicable, in forms substantially similar to the forms attached hereto as Exhibits C-1 and C-2, respectively.

ARTICLE III.
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

3.1           Representations and Warranties of the Company. Except as set forth in the schedules delivered herewith (the “Disclosure Schedules”), which Disclosure Schedules shall be deemed a part hereof and shall qualify any representation made herein to the extent of the disclosure contained in the corresponding section of the Disclosure Schedules or other representations relating to the subject matter of such disclosure, the Company hereby represents and warrants as of the date hereof and the Closing Date (except for the representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date, which shall be made as of such date), to each of the Purchasers:

(a)           Subsidiaries. The Company has no direct or indirect subsidiaries other than those disclosed in the SEC Reports. The Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the capital stock or comparable equity interests of each Subsidiary free and clear of any and all Liens, and all the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock or comparable equity interest of each Subsidiary are validly issued and are fully paid, non-assessable and free of preemptive and similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities.

(b)           Organization and Qualification. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization (as applicable), with the requisite corporate power and authority to own or lease and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business as currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in violation or default of any of the provisions of its respective certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be, would not have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, and no Proceeding has been instituted, is pending, or, to the Company’s Knowledge, has been threatened in writing in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification.

(c)           Authorization; Enforcement; Validity. The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by each of the Transaction Documents to which it is a party and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The Company’s execution and delivery of each of the Transaction Documents to which it is a party and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby (including, but not limited to, the sale and delivery of the Securities) have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action on the part of the Company, and no further corporate action is required by the Company, its Board of Directors or its stockholders in connection therewith other than in connection with the Required Approvals. Each of the Transaction Documents to which it is a party has been (or upon delivery will have been) duly executed by the Company and is, or when delivered in accordance with the terms hereof, will constitute the legal, valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except (i) as such enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, liquidation or similar laws relating to, or affecting generally the enforcement of, creditors’ rights and remedies or by other equitable principles of general application, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law.

(d)            No Conflicts. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of the Transaction Documents to which it is a party and the consummation by the Company of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby (including, without limitation, the issuance of the Securities) do not and will not (i) conflict with or violate any provisions of the Company’s or any Subsidiary’s certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or otherwise result in a violation of the organizational documents of the Company, (ii) conflict with, or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or lapse of time or both would result in a default) under, result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary or give to others any rights of termination, amendment, acceleration or cancellation (with or without notice, lapse of time or both) of, any Material Contract, or (iii) subject to the Required Approvals, conflict with or result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment, injunction, decree or other restriction of any court or governmental authority to which the Company or a Subsidiary is subject (including federal and state securities laws and regulations and the rules and regulations, assuming the correctness of the representations and warranties made by the Purchasers herein and the information disclosed in the Accredited Investor Questionnaires provided by the Purchasers, of any self-regulatory organization to which the Company or its securities are subject, including all applicable Trading Markets), or by which any property or asset of the Company or a Subsidiary is bound or affected, except in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii) such as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(e)            Filings, Consents and Approvals. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is required to obtain any consent, waiver, authorization or order of, give any notice to, or make any filing or registration with, any court or other federal, state, local or other governmental authority or other Person in connection with the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of the Transaction Documents (including the issuance of the Securities), other than (i) the filing with the Commission of one or more Registration Statements in accordance with the requirements hereunder, (ii) filings required by applicable state securities laws, (iii) the filing of a Form D pursuant to Regulation D under the 1933 Act, (iv) the filing of any requisite notices and/or application(s) to the Principal Trading Market for the issuance and sale of the Securities and the listing of the Warrant Shares for trading or quotation, as the case may be, thereon in the time and manner required thereby, (v) the filings required in accordance with Section 4.4 of this Agreement, (vi) the filing and the acceptance of the Certificate of Designation with and by the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, and (vii) those that have been made or obtained prior to the date of this Agreement (collectively, the “Required Approvals”).

(f)            Issuance of the Securities. The Securities have been duly authorized and, when issued and paid for in accordance with the terms of the Transaction Documents, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free and clear of all Liens, other than restrictions on transfer provided for in the Transaction Documents or imposed by applicable securities laws and Liens created by or imposed by a Purchaser, and shall not be subject to preemptive or similar rights, except for any such preemptive or contractual rights that have been effectively waived or satisfied.  Assuming the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Purchasers in this Agreement and the information disclosed in the Accredited Investor Questionnaires provided by the Purchasers, the Securities will be issued in compliance with all applicable federal and state securities laws. The Company has reserved from its duly authorized capital stock the maximum aggregate number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise in full of all Warrants.

(g)           Capitalization. The number of shares and type of all authorized, issued and outstanding capital stock, options and other securities of the Company (whether or not presently convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of the Company) as of December 31, 2022 is set forth in Schedule 3.1(g) hereto. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(g) hereto, no Person has any right of first refusal, preemptive right, right of participation, or any similar right to participate in the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents that have not been effectively waived as of the date of this Agreement. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(g) or a result of the purchase and sale of the Securities, there are no outstanding options, warrants, scrip rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities, rights or obligations convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or giving any Person any right to subscribe for or acquire any shares of Common Stock, or contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to issue additional shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents. The issuance and sale of the Securities will not obligate the Company to issue shares of Common Stock or other securities to any Person (other than the Purchasers) and will not result in a right of any holder of Company securities to adjust the exercise, conversion, exchange or reset price under any of such securities. All of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company are validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, have been issued in compliance with all applicable federal and state securities laws in all material respects, and none of such outstanding shares was issued in violation of any preemptive rights or similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities which violation would have or would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. No further approval or authorization of any stockholder, the Board of Directors or others is required for the issuance and sale of the Securities. Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(g), there are no stockholders agreements, voting agreements or other similar agreements with respect to the Company’s capital stock to which the Company is a party or, to the Company’s Knowledge, between or among any of the Company’s stockholders.

(h)           SEC Reports; Disclosure Materials. The Company has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by it under the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) thereof, for the two years preceding the date hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was required by law or regulation to file such material) (the foregoing materials, including the exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, being collectively referred to herein as the “SEC Reports”, and the SEC Reports, together with the Disclosure Schedules, being collectively referred to as the “Disclosure Materials”) on a timely basis or has received a valid extension of such time of filing and has filed any such SEC Reports prior to the expiration of any such extension. As of their respective filing dates, or to the extent corrected by a subsequent restatement, the SEC Reports complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder, and none of the SEC Reports, when filed, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Company has never been an issuer subject to Rule 144(i) under the Securities Act. Each of the Material Contracts to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or to which the property or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries are subject has been filed (or incorporated by reference) as an exhibit to the SEC Reports.

(i)             Financial Statements. The financial statements of the Company included in the SEC Reports comply in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the rules and regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time of filing (or to the extent corrected by a subsequent restatement). Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved, except as may be otherwise specified in such financial statements or the notes thereto and except that unaudited financial statements may not contain all footnotes required by GAAP, and fairly present in all material respects the financial position of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries taken as a whole as of and for the dates thereof and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods then ended, subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal, immaterial year-end audit adjustments.

(j)             Material Changes. Since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, except as specifically disclosed in a subsequent SEC Report filed prior to the date hereof, (i) there have been no events, occurrences or developments that have had or would reasonably be expected to have, either individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) the Company has not incurred any material liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than (A) trade payables and accrued expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and (B) liabilities not required to be reflected in the Company’s financial statements pursuant to GAAP or required to be disclosed in filings made with the Commission, (iii) the Company has not altered materially its method of accounting or the manner in which it keeps its accounting books and records, (iv) the Company has not declared or made any dividend or distribution of cash or other property to its stockholders or purchased, redeemed or made any agreements to purchase or redeem any shares of its capital stock (other than in connection with repurchases of unvested stock issued to employees of the Company), and (v) the Company has not issued any equity securities to any officer, director or Affiliate, except Common Stock issued pursuant to existing Company stock option or stock purchase plans or executive and director compensation arrangements disclosed in the SEC Reports. Except for the issuance of the Securities contemplated by this Agreement, no event, liability or development has occurred or exists with respect to the Company or its Subsidiaries or their respective business, properties, operations or financial condition, that would be required to be disclosed by the Company under applicable securities laws at the time this representation is made that has not been publicly disclosed at least one (1) Trading Day prior to the date that this representation is made.

(k)            Litigation. There is no Action which (i) adversely affects or challenges the legality, validity or enforceability of any of the Transaction Documents or the Securities or (ii) except as disclosed in the SEC Reports, would, if there were an unfavorable decision, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. There has not been, and to the Company’s Knowledge there is not pending or contemplated, any investigation by the Commission involving the Company or any current or former director or officer of the Company. The Commission has not issued any stop order or other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration statement filed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.

(l)             Employment Matters. No material labor dispute exists or, to the Company’s Knowledge, is imminent with respect to any of the employees of the Company which would have or would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Except as disclosed in the SEC Reports, none of the Company’s or any Subsidiary’s employees is a member of a labor union that relates to such employee’s relationship with the Company, and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to a collective bargaining agreement, and the Company and each Subsidiary believes that its relationship with its employees is good. No executive officer of the Company (as defined in Rule 501(f) of the Securities Act) has notified the Company or any such Subsidiary that such officer intends to leave the Company or any such Subsidiary or otherwise terminate such officer's employment with the Company or any such Subsidiary. To the Company’s Knowledge, no executive officer is, or is now expected to be, in violation of any material term of any employment contract, confidentiality, disclosure or proprietary information agreement or non-competition agreement, or any other contract or agreement or any restrictive covenant in favor of a third party, and to the Company’s Knowledge, the continued employment of each such executive officer does not subject the Company or any Subsidiary to any liability with respect to any of the foregoing matters. The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with all U.S. federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to employment and employment practices, terms and conditions of employment and wages and hours, except where the failure to be in compliance would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(m)          Compliance. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (i) is in default under or in violation of (and no event has occurred that has not been waived that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would result in a default by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries under), nor has the Company or any of its Subsidiaries received written notice of a claim that it is in default under or that it is in violation of, any Material Contract (whether or not such default or violation has been waived), (ii) is in violation of any order of any court, arbitrator or governmental body having jurisdiction over the Company or its properties or assets, or (iii) is in violation of, or in receipt of written notice that it is in violation of, any statute, rule or regulation of any governmental authority applicable to the Company, except in each case as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(n)          Regulatory Permits. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations and permits issued by the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign regulatory authorities necessary to conduct its respective business as currently conducted and as described in the SEC Reports, except where the failure to possess such permits, individually or in the aggregate, has not and would not have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect (“Material Permits”), and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice of Proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any such Material Permits.

(o)          Title to Assets. The Company and its Subsidiaries do not own any real property. Except as disclosed in the SEC Reports, the Company and its Subsidiaries have good and marketable title to all tangible personal property owned by them that is material to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, taken as whole, in each case free and clear of all Liens except such as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and any of its Subsidiaries. Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and any of its Subsidiaries are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with such exceptions as are not material and do not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property and buildings by the Company and its Subsidiaries.

(p)          Patents and Trademarks. To the Company’s knowledge, the Company and the Subsidiaries own, possess, license or have other rights to use, all patents, patent applications, trade and service marks, trade and service mark applications and registrations, trade names, trade secrets, inventions, copyrights, licenses, technology, know-how and other intellectual property rights and similar rights described in the SEC Reports necessary or material for use in connection with their respective businesses and which the failure to so have would have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect (collectively, the “Intellectual Property Rights”). To the Company’s knowledge, none of the Intellectual Property Rights used by the Company or any Subsidiary violates or infringes upon the rights of any Person, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. There is no pending or, to the Company’s Knowledge, threatened Action by any Person that the Company’s business as now conducted infringes or otherwise violates any patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret or other proprietary rights of another, except in each case as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. To the Company’s Knowledge, there is no existing infringement by another Person of any of the Company’s Intellectual Property Rights. The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken commercially reasonable security measures to protect the secrecy, confidentiality and value of all of their Intellectual Property Rights.

(q)          Insurance. The Company and each of the Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such amounts as the Company believes to be prudent and customary in the businesses and locations in which the Company and the Subsidiaries are engaged, including, but not limited to, directors and officers insurance coverage. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice of cancellation of any such insurance, nor, to the Company’s Knowledge, will it or any Subsidiary be unable to renew their respective existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business without a significant increase in cost.

(r)            Transactions With Affiliates and Employees. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports and except as contemplated by the Transaction Documents, none of the officers or directors of the Company and, to the Company’s Knowledge, none of the employees of the Company is presently a party to any transaction with the Company or any Subsidiary (other than for services as employees, officers and directors), that would be required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Securities Act.

(s)            Internal Accounting Controls. The Company maintains a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management's general or specific authorizations, (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain asset and liability accountability, (iii) access to assets or incurrence of liabilities is permitted only in accordance with management's general or specific authorization, and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets and liabilities is compared with the existing assets and liabilities at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences.

(t)            Sarbanes-Oxley; Disclosure Controls. The Company is in compliance in all material respects with all of the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 which are applicable to it as of the Closing Date. The Company has established disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) for the Company and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms. The Company’s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by the Company’s most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act (such date, the “Evaluation Date”). The Company presented in its most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date. Since the Evaluation Date, there have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in the Exchange Act) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

(u)          Certain Fees. No Person will have, as a result of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, any valid right, interest or claim against or upon the Company or a Purchaser for any commission, fee or other compensation pursuant to any agreement, arrangement or understanding entered into by or on behalf of the Company, other than B. Riley Securities, Inc. and JMP Securities LLC with respect to the offer and sale of the Securities (which fees are being paid by the Company). The Purchasers shall have no obligation with respect to any fees or with respect to any claims made by or on behalf of other Persons for fees of a type contemplated in this paragraph (u) that may be due in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. The Company shall indemnify, pay, and hold each Purchaser harmless against, any liability, loss or expense (including, without limitation, attorneys’ fees and out-of-pocket expenses) arising in connection with any such right, interest or claim.

(v)           Private Placement. Assuming the accuracy of the Purchasers’ representations and warranties set forth in Section 3.2 of this Agreement and the accuracy of the information disclosed in the Accredited Investor Questionnaires provided by the Purchasers, no registration under the Securities Act is required for the offer and sale of the Securities by the Company to the Purchasers under the Transaction Documents. The issuance and sale of the Securities hereunder does not contravene the rules and regulations of the Trading Market.

(w)           Investment Company. The Company is not, and immediately after receipt of payment for the Securities, will not be an “investment company,” an affiliate of an “investment company,” a company controlled by an “investment company” or an “affiliated person” of, or “promoter” or “principal underwriter” for, an “investment company” within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

(x)            Registration Rights. Other than each of the Purchasers or as set forth in Schedule 3.1(x) hereto, no Person has any right to cause the Company to effect the registration under the Securities Act of any securities of the Company other than those securities which are currently registered on an effective registration statement on file with the Commission.

(y)           Listing and Maintenance Requirements. The Company’s Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act, and the Company has taken no action designed to terminate the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission is contemplating terminating such registration. The Company has not, in the twelve (12) months preceding the date hereof, received written notice from any Trading Market on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of such Trading Market. The Company is in compliance with all listing and maintenance requirements of the Principal Trading Market on the date hereof.

(z)            Application of Takeover Protections; Rights Agreements. The Company and the Board of Directors have taken all necessary action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti-takeover provision under the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation or the laws of its state of incorporation that is or could reasonably be expected to become applicable to any of the Purchasers as a result of the Purchasers and the Company fulfilling their obligations or exercising their rights under the Transaction Documents, including, without limitation, the Company's issuance of the Securities and the Purchasers’ ownership of the Securities.

(aa)          Disclosure. The Company confirms that it has not provided, and to the Company’s Knowledge, none of its officers or directors nor any other Person acting on its or their behalf has provided, and it has not authorized B. Riley Securities, Inc. to provide, any Purchaser or its respective agents or counsel with any information that it believes constitutes material, non-public information except insofar as the existence, provisions and terms of the Transaction Documents and the proposed transactions hereunder may constitute such information, all of which will be disclosed by the Company in the Press Release as contemplated by Section 4.4 hereof. The Company understands and confirms that the Purchasers will rely on the foregoing representations in effecting transactions in securities of the Company.

(bb)         No Integrated Offering. None of the Company, its Subsidiaries nor, to the Company’s Knowledge, any of its Affiliates or any Person acting on its behalf has, directly or indirectly, at any time within the past six (6) months, made any offers or sales of any Company security or solicited any offers to buy any security under circumstances that would (i) eliminate the availability of the exemption from registration under the Securities Act in connection with the offer and sale by the Company of the Securities as contemplated hereby or (ii) cause the offering of the Securities pursuant to the Transaction Documents to be integrated with prior offerings by the Company for purposes of any applicable law, regulation or stockholder approval provisions, including, without limitation, under the rules and regulations of any Trading Market on which any of the securities of the Company are listed or designated.

(cc)          Tax Matters. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries (i) has accurately and timely prepared and filed (or requested valid extensions thereof) all foreign, federal and state income and all other material tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii) has paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, except those being contested in good faith, with respect to which adequate reserves have been set aside on the books of the Company and (iii) has set aside on its books provisions reasonably adequate for the payment of all taxes for periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material amount claimed to be due by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has engaged in, or advised on, a reportable or listed transaction within the meaning of Section 6011 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations issued thereunder (or otherwise participated in, or advised on, any transaction that required disclosure to a taxing authority to reduce or eliminate tax, interest or penalties.

(dd)         Environmental Matters. To the Company’s Knowledge, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (i) is in violation of any statute, rule, regulation, decision or order of any governmental agency or body or any court, domestic or foreign, relating to the use, disposal or release of hazardous or toxic substances or relating to the protection or restoration of the environment or human exposure to hazardous or toxic substances (collectively, “Environmental Laws”), (ii) owns or operates any real property contaminated with any substance that is in violation of any Environmental Laws, (iii) is liable for any off-site disposal or contamination pursuant to any Environmental Laws, or (iv) is subject to any claim relating to any Environmental Laws; which violation, contamination, liability or claim has had or would have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect; and there is no pending investigation or, to the Company’s Knowledge, investigation threatened in writing that might lead to such a claim.

(ee)         No General Solicitation. Neither the Company nor, to the Company’s Knowledge, any person acting on behalf of the Company has offered or sold any of Securities by any form of general solicitation or general advertising.

(ff)          Foreign Corrupt Practices. Neither the Company, nor to the Company’s Knowledge, any agent or other person acting on behalf of the Company, has: (i) directly or indirectly, used any funds for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses related to foreign or domestic political activity, (ii) made any unlawful payment to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to any foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate funds, (iii) failed to disclose fully any contribution made by the Company (or made by any person acting on its behalf of which the Company is aware) which is in violation of law or (iv) violated in any material respect any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended.

(gg)        Off Balance Sheet Arrangements. There is no transaction, arrangement, or other relationship between the Company (or any Subsidiary) and an unconsolidated or other off balance sheet entity that is required to be disclosed by the Company in SEC Reports and is not so disclosed and would have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(hh)        Acknowledgment Regarding Purchasers’ Purchase of Securities.  The Company acknowledges and agrees that each of the Purchasers is acting solely in the capacity of an arm’s length purchaser with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby.  The Company further acknowledges that no Purchaser is acting as a financial advisor or fiduciary of the Company (or in any similar capacity) with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby and any advice given by any Purchaser or any of their respective representatives or agents in connection with the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby is merely incidental to the Purchasers’ purchase of the Securities. The Company further represents to each Purchaser that the Company’s decision to enter into this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents has been based solely on the independent evaluation of the transactions contemplated hereby by the Company and its representatives.

(ii)           Regulation M Compliance.  The Company has not, and to the Company’s Knowledge no one acting on its behalf has, (i) taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to cause or to result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Securities, (ii) sold, bid for, purchased, or paid any compensation for soliciting purchases of, any of the securities of the Company or (iii) paid or agreed to pay to any Person any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities of the Company, other than, in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii), compensation paid to B. Riley Securities, Inc. in connection with the placement of the Securities.

(jj)            No Conflicts with Sanctions Laws.  Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries, directors, officers, or employees, nor, to the Company’s Knowledge, any agent,  affiliate or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is currently the subject or the target of any sanctions or trade restrictions administered or enforced by the U.S. government (including, without limitation, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“OFAC”), the Bureau of Industry and Security of the U.S. Department of Commerce or the U.S. Department of State and including, without limitation, the designation as a “specially designated national” or “blocked person”), the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty’s Treasury or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, “Sanctions”), nor is the Company, any of its subsidiaries located, organized or resident in a country or geographic region thereof that is the subject or target of comprehensive embargoes with respect thereto (each, a “Sanctioned Country”); and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the sale of the Securities hereunder, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity (i) to fund or facilitate any activities of or business with any person that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject or target of Sanctions, (ii) to fund or facilitate any activities of or business in any Sanctioned Country or (iii) in any other manner that will result in a violation by any person (including any person participating in the transaction, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of Sanctions.  For the past five years, the Company and its Subsidiaries have not knowingly engaged in, are not now knowingly engaged in and will not engage in any dealings or transactions with any person that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject or the target of Sanctions or with any Sanctioned Country.

(kk)         Compliance with Anti-Money Laundering Laws.  The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements, including those of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the applicable money laundering statutes of all jurisdictions where the Company or any of its subsidiaries conducts business, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the “Anti-Money Laundering Laws”) and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Anti-Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened.

(ll)            No Defaults. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (a) is in default in the performance, observance or fulfillment of any of the obligations, covenants or conditions contained in any indenture, loan, credit agreement, note, lease, license agreement, contract, franchise or other instrument (including, without limitation, any pledge agreement, security agreement, mortgage or other instrument or agreement evidencing, guaranteeing, securing or relating to indebtedness) to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of them may be bound, or to which any of their respective properties or assets are subject, and (b) no condition exists which, with the giving of notice or the lapse of time or both, could constitute such a default, except, in each case of the foregoing subclauses (a)-(b), where the consequences, direct or indirect, of such default or defaults, if any, could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(mm)        Use of Proceeds. The Company shall use the net proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder to pay down borrowings under the Credit Agreement (as defined below) and for general corporate purposes.

3.2           Representations and Warranties of the Purchasers. Each Purchaser hereby, for itself and for no other Purchaser, represents and warrants as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date to the Company as follows:

(a)            Organization; Authority. Such Purchaser is an entity duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its organization with the requisite corporate, partnership, limited liability company or similar power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by the applicable Transaction Documents and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of this Agreement by such Purchaser and performance by such Purchaser of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate or, if such Purchaser is not a corporation, such partnership, limited liability company or other applicable like action, on the part of such Purchaser. Each Transaction Document to which it is a party has been duly executed by such Purchaser, and when delivered by such Purchaser in accordance with the terms hereof, will constitute the valid and legally binding obligation of such Purchaser, enforceable against it in accordance with its terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, liquidation or similar laws relating to, or affecting generally the enforcement of, creditors’ rights and remedies or by other equitable principles of general application.

(b)            No Conflicts. The execution, delivery and performance by such Purchaser of this Agreement and the consummation by such Purchaser of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby will not (i) result in a violation of the organizational documents of such Purchaser, (ii) conflict with, or constitute a default (or an event which with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment, acceleration or cancellation of, any agreement, indenture or instrument to which such Purchaser is a party, or (iii) result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment or decree (including federal and state securities laws) applicable to such Purchaser, except in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii) above, for such conflicts, defaults, rights or violations which would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the ability of such Purchaser to perform its obligations hereunder.

(c)            Investment Intent. Such Purchaser understands that the Securities are “restricted securities” and have not been registered under the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law and is acquiring the Securities as principal for its own account and not with a view to, or for distributing or reselling such Securities or any part thereof in violation of the Securities Act or any applicable state securities laws, provided, however, that by making the representations herein, such Purchaser reserves the right, subject to the provisions of this Agreement, to sell or otherwise dispose of all or any part of such Securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act or under an exemption from such registration and in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws. Such Purchaser is acquiring the Securities hereunder in the ordinary course of its business. Such Purchaser does not presently have any agreement, plan or understanding, directly or indirectly, with any Person to distribute or effect any distribution of any of the Securities (or any securities which are derivatives thereof) to or through any person or entity; such Purchaser is not a registered broker-dealer under Section 15 of the Exchange Act or an entity engaged in a business that would require it to be so registered as a broker-dealer.

(d)            Purchaser Status. At the time such Purchaser was offered the Securities, it was, and at the date hereof it is, and on each date on which it exercises any Warrants and receives Warrant Shares, it will be either: a “qualified institutional buyer” or an “accredited investor” as such terms are defined under the Securities Act.

(e)            General Solicitation. Such Purchaser is not purchasing the Securities as a result of any advertisement, article, notice or other communication regarding the Securities published in any newspaper, magazine or similar media or broadcast over television or radio or presented at any seminar or any other general advertisement.

(f)             Experience of Such Purchaser. Such Purchaser, either alone or together with its representatives, has such knowledge, sophistication and experience in business and financial matters so as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of the prospective investment in the Securities, and has so evaluated the merits and risks of such investment. Such Purchaser is able to bear the economic risk of an investment in the Securities and, at the present time, is able to afford a complete loss of such investment.

(g)            Access to Information. Such Purchaser acknowledges that it has had the opportunity to review the Disclosure Materials and has been afforded (i) the opportunity to ask such questions as it has deemed necessary of, and to receive answers from, representatives of the Company concerning the terms and conditions of the offering of the Securities and the merits and risks of investing in the Securities; (ii) access to information about the Company and the Subsidiaries and their respective financial condition, results of operations, business, properties, management and prospects sufficient to enable it to evaluate its investment; and (iii) the opportunity to obtain such additional information that the Company possesses or can acquire without unreasonable effort or expense that is necessary to make an informed investment decision with respect to the investment. Neither such inquiries nor any other investigation conducted by or on behalf of such Purchaser or its representatives or counsel shall modify, amend or affect such Purchaser’s right to rely on the truth, accuracy and completeness of the Disclosure Materials and the Company’s representations and warranties contained in the Transaction Documents. Such Purchaser has sought such accounting, legal and tax advice as it has considered necessary to make an informed decision with respect to its acquisition of the Securities.

(h)          Certain Trading Activities and Confidentiality. Other than consummating the transactions contemplated hereunder, such Purchaser has not, nor has any Person acting on behalf of or pursuant to any understanding with such Purchaser, directly or indirectly executed any purchases or sales, including Short Sales, of the securities of the Company during the period commencing as of the time that such Purchaser first received a term sheet (written or oral) from the Company or any other Person representing the Company setting forth the material terms of the transactions contemplated hereunder and ending immediately prior to the execution hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the case of a Purchaser that is a multi-managed investment vehicle whereby separate portfolio managers manage separate portions of such Purchaser’s assets and the portfolio managers have no direct knowledge of the investment decisions made by the portfolio managers managing other portions of such Purchaser’s assets, the representation set forth above shall only apply with respect to the portion of assets managed by the portfolio manager that made the investment decision to purchase the Securities covered by this Agreement. Other than to other Persons party to this Agreement or to such Purchaser’s representatives, including, without limitation, its officers, directors, partners, legal and other advisors, employees, agents and Affiliates, such Purchaser has maintained the confidentiality of all disclosures made to it in connection with this transaction (including the existence and terms of this transaction). Notwithstanding the foregoing, for the avoidance of doubt, nothing contained herein shall constitute a representation or warranty, or preclude any actions, with respect to locating or borrowing shares in order to effect Short Sales or similar transactions in the future.

(i)             Brokers and Finders. No Person will have, as a result of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, any valid right, interest or claim against or upon the Company or any Purchaser for any commission, fee or other compensation pursuant to any agreement, arrangement or understanding entered into by or on behalf of the Purchaser.

(j)             Independent Investment Decision. Such Purchaser has independently evaluated the merits of its decision to purchase Securities pursuant to the Transaction Documents, and such Purchaser confirms that it has not relied on the advice of any other Purchaser’s business and/or legal counsel in making such decision. Such Purchaser understands that nothing in this Agreement or any other materials presented by or on behalf of the Company to the Purchaser in connection with the purchase of the Securities constitutes legal, tax or investment advice. Such Purchaser has consulted such legal, tax and investment advisors as it, in its sole discretion, has deemed necessary or appropriate in connection with its purchase of the Securities. Such Purchaser understands that B. Riley Securities, Inc. has acted solely as the agent of the Company in this placement of the Securities and such Purchaser has not relied on any statements or other information provided by B. Riley Securities, Inc. or any of its agents, counsel or Affiliates in making its investment decision hereunder, and confirms that none of such Persons has made any representations or warranties to such Purchaser in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.

(k)            Reliance on Exemptions. Such Purchaser understands that the Securities being offered and sold to it in reliance on specific exemptions from the registration requirements of United States federal and state securities laws and that the Company is relying in part upon the truth and accuracy of, and such Purchaser’s compliance with, the representations, warranties, agreements, acknowledgements and understandings of such Purchaser set forth herein in order to determine the availability of such exemptions and the eligibility of such Purchaser to acquire the Securities.

(l)              No Governmental Review. Such Purchaser understands that no United States federal or state agency or any other government or governmental agency has passed on or made any recommendation or endorsement of the Securities or the fairness or suitability of the investment in the Securities nor have such authorities passed upon or endorsed the merits of the offering of the Securities.

(m)           Regulation M. Such Purchaser is aware that the anti-manipulation rules of Regulation M under the Exchange Act may apply to sales of Common Stock and other activities with respect to the Common Stock by the Purchasers.

(n)           Residency. Such Purchaser’s residence (if an individual) or offices in which its investment decision with respect to the Securities was made (if an entity) are located at the address immediately below such Purchaser’s name on its signature page hereto.

The Company and each of the Purchasers acknowledge and agree that no party to this Agreement has made or makes any representations or warranties with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby other than those specifically set forth in this Article III and the Transaction Documents.

ARTICLE IV.
OTHER AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES

4.1          Transfer Restrictions.

(a)            Compliance with Laws. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article IV, each Purchaser covenants that the Securities may be disposed of only pursuant to an effective registration statement under, and in compliance with the requirements of, the Securities Act, or pursuant to an available exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the registration requirements of the Securities Act, and in compliance with any applicable state and federal securities laws. In connection with any transfer of the Securities other than (i) pursuant to an effective registration statement, (ii) to the Company, (iii) pursuant to Rule 144 (provided that the Purchaser provides the Company with reasonable assurances (in the form of seller and, if applicable, broker representation letters) that the securities may be sold pursuant to such rule) or (iv) in connection with a bona fide pledge as contemplated in Section 4.1(b), the Company may require the transferor thereof to provide to the Company an opinion of counsel selected by the transferor and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the form and substance of which opinion shall be reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to the effect that such transfer does not require registration of such transferred Securities under the Securities Act. As a condition of transfer, any such transferee shall agree in writing to be bound by the terms of this Agreement and shall have the rights of a Purchaser under this Agreement with respect to such transferred Securities.

(b)           Legends. The Purchasers understand that, unless provided otherwise in this Agreement, the Securities, whether certificated or uncertificated, will be endorsed with a restrictive legend in substantially the following form, until such time as they are not required under Section 4.1(c):

THESE SECURITIES [AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE OF THESE SECURITIES] HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “SECURITIES ACT”), OR APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS. THE SECURITIES [AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE OF THESE SECURITIES] MAY NOT BE OFFERED FOR SALE, SOLD, TRANSFERRED OR ASSIGNED (I) IN THE ABSENCE OF (A) AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FOR THE SECURITIES UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OR (B) AN AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM, OR IN A TRANSACTION NOT SUBJECT TO, THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS OR BLUE SKY LAWS AS EVIDENCED BY A LEGAL OPINION OF COUNSEL REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE COMPANY AND ITS TRANSFER AGENT OR (II) UNLESS SOLD PURSUANT TO RULE 144 UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT. NOTWITHSTANDING THE FOREGOING, THE SECURITIES [AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE OF THESE SECURITIES] MAY BE PLEDGED IN CONNECTION WITH A BONA FIDE MARGIN ACCOUNT OR OTHER LOAN OR FINANCING ARRANGEMENT SECURED BY THE SECURITIES.

The Company acknowledges and agrees that a Purchaser may from time to time pledge, and/or grant a security interest in, some or all of the legended Securities in connection with applicable securities laws, pursuant to a bona fide margin agreement in compliance with a bona fide margin loan. Such a pledge would not be subject to approval or consent of the Company and no legal opinion of legal counsel to the pledgee, secured party or pledgor shall be required in connection with the pledge, but such legal opinion shall be required in connection with a subsequent transfer or foreclosure following default by the Purchaser transferee of the pledge. No notice shall be required of such pledge, but Purchaser’s transferee shall promptly notify the Company of any such subsequent transfer or foreclosure. Each Purchaser acknowledges that the Company shall not be responsible for any pledges relating to, or the grant of any security interest in, any of the Securities or for any agreement, understanding or arrangement between any Purchaser and its pledgee or secured party. At the appropriate Purchaser’s expense, the Company will execute and deliver such reasonable documentation as a pledgee or secured party of Securities may reasonably request in connection with a pledge or transfer of the Securities, including the preparation and filing of any required prospectus supplement under Rule 424(b)(3) of the Securities Act or other applicable provision of the Securities Act to appropriately amend the list of Selling Stockholders thereunder. Each Purchaser acknowledges and agrees that, except as otherwise provided in Section 4.1(c), any Securities subject to a pledge or security interest as contemplated by this Section 4.1(b) shall continue to bear the legend set forth in this Section 4.1(b) and be subject to the restrictions on transfer set forth in Section 4.1(a).

(c)            Removal of Legends. The legend set forth in Section 4.1(b) above shall be removed if (i) such Securities are registered for resale under the Securities Act (provided that, if the Purchaser is selling pursuant to the effective registration statement registering the Securities for resale, the Purchaser agrees to only sell such Securities during such time that such registration statement is effective and not withdrawn or suspended, and only as permitted by such registration statement), (ii) such Securities are sold or transferred pursuant to Rule 144 (if the transferor is not an Affiliate of the Company), or (iii) such Securities are eligible for resale under Rule 144(b) or any successor provision, without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions. Following the earlier of (i) the Effective Date or (ii) Rule 144 becoming available for the resale of the Securities, without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions, the Company shall cause Company Counsel to issue to the Transfer Agent the legal opinion referred to in the Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions. Any fees (with respect to the Transfer Agent, Company Counsel or otherwise) associated with the issuance of such opinion or the removal of such legend shall be borne by the Company. Following the Effective Date, or at such earlier time as a legend is no longer required for the Securities, if requested by a Purchaser, the Company shall request that the Transfer Agent remove any restrictive legends related to such Securities, whether certificated or uncertificated, and issue a new, unlegended stock certificate or make a new, unlegended book entry for such Securities, as the case may be, within three (3) Trading Days of any such request (such third (3^rd) Trading Day, the “Legend Removal Date”), provided that the Company has timely received from such Purchaser customary representations and other documentation reasonably acceptable to the Company and the Transfer Agent in connection therewith and an opinion of counsel to the extent required by Section 4.1(a). The Company may not make any notation on its records or give instructions to the Transfer Agent that enlarge the restrictions on transfer set forth in this Section 4.1(c).

(d)          Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions.         The Company shall issue irrevocable instructions to its transfer agent, and any subsequent transfer agent, in the form of Exhibit E attached hereto (the “Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions”). The Company represents and warrants that no instruction other than the Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions referred to in this Section 4.1(d) (or instructions that are consistent therewith) will be given by the Company to its transfer agent regarding the Securities in connection with Section 4.1(c), and that such Securities shall otherwise be freely transferable on the books and records of the Company as and to the extent provided in this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents and applicable law. The Company acknowledges that a breach by it of its obligations under this Section 4.1(d) will cause irreparable harm to a Purchaser. Accordingly, the Company acknowledges that the remedy at law for a breach of its obligations under this Section 4.1(d) will be inadequate and agrees, in the event of a breach or threatened breach by the Company of the provisions of this Section 4.1(d), that a Purchaser shall be entitled, in addition to all other available remedies, to an order and/or injunction restraining any breach and requiring immediate issuance and transfer, without the necessity of showing economic loss and without any bond or other security being required.

(e)            Acknowledgement. Each Purchaser hereunder acknowledges its primary responsibilities under the Securities Act and accordingly will not sell or otherwise transfer the Securities or any interest therein without complying with the requirements of the Securities Act. While the Registration Statement remains effective, each Purchaser hereunder may sell the Securities in accordance with the plan of distribution contained in the Registration Statement and if it does so it will comply therewith and with the related prospectus delivery requirements unless an exemption therefrom is available. Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, agrees that if it is notified by the Company in writing at any time that the Registration Statement registering the resale of the Securities is not effective or that the prospectus included in such Registration Statement no longer complies with the requirements of Section 10 of the Securities Act, the Purchaser will refrain from selling such Securities until such time as the Purchaser is notified by the Company that such Registration Statement is effective or such prospectus is compliant with Section 10 of the Securities Act, unless such Purchaser is able to, and does, sell such Securities pursuant to an available exemption from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act. Both the Company and its Transfer Agent, and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents, may rely on this Section 4.1(e).

4.2          Furnishing of Information. In order to enable the Purchasers to sell the Securities under Rule 144, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to timely file (or obtain extensions in respect thereof and file within the applicable grace period) all reports required to be filed by the Company after the date hereof pursuant to the Exchange Act. If the Company is not required to file reports pursuant to the Exchange Act, it will prepare and furnish to the Purchasers and make publicly available in accordance with Rule 144(c) such information as is required for the Purchasers to sell the Securities under Rule 144.

4.3          Integration. The Company shall not, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to ensure that no Affiliate of the Company shall, sell, offer for sale or solicit offers to buy or otherwise negotiate in respect of any security (as defined in Section 2 of the Securities Act) that will be integrated with the offer or sale of the Securities in a manner that would require the registration under the Securities Act of the sale of the Securities to the Purchasers, or that will be integrated with the offer or sale of the Securities for purposes of the rules and regulations of any Trading Market such that it would require stockholder approval prior to the closing of such other transaction unless stockholder approval is obtained before the closing of such subsequent transaction.

4.4          Securities Laws Disclosure; Publicity. By 9:00 A.M., New York City time, on the Trading Day immediately following the date hereof, the Company shall issue a press release (the “Press Release”) reasonably acceptable to B. Riley Securities, Inc. disclosing all material terms of the transactions contemplated hereby. On or before 9:00 A.M., New York City time, on the Trading Day immediately following the date hereof, the Company will file a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission describing the terms of the Transaction Documents or forms thereof (and including as exhibits to such Current Report on Form 8-K the material Transaction Documents (including, without limitation, this Agreement, the Certificate of Designation and the Warrants)) and all other material nonpublic information shared with the Purchasers, if any. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not publicly disclose the name of any Purchaser or an Affiliate of any Purchaser, or include the name of any Purchaser or an Affiliate of any Purchaser in any press release or filing with the Commission (other than the Registration Statement) or any regulatory agency or Trading Market, without the prior written consent of such Purchaser, except (i) as required by federal securities law in connection with (A) any Registration Statement contemplated hereunder and (B) the filing of final Transaction Documents (including signature pages thereto) with the Commission and (ii) to the extent such disclosure is required by law, request of the Staff of the Commission or Trading Market regulations, in which case the Company shall provide the Purchasers with prior written notice of such disclosure permitted under this subclause (ii). From and after the issuance of the Press Release and the filing of the Current Report on Form 8-K, no Purchaser shall be in possession of any material, non-public information received from the Company, any Subsidiary or any of their respective officers, directors, employees or agents (including B. Riley Securities, Inc.), that is not disclosed in the Press Release or the Current Report on Form 8-K unless a Purchaser shall have executed a separate written agreement regarding the confidentiality and use of such information. Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, covenants that until such time as the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are required to be publicly disclosed by the Company as described in this Section 4.4, such Purchaser will maintain the confidentiality of all disclosures made to it in connection with this transaction (including the existence and terms of this transaction).

4.5          Non-Public Information. Except with respect to the material terms and conditions of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents, including this Agreement, or as expressly required by any applicable securities law, the Company covenants and agrees that neither it, nor any other Person acting on its behalf (including B. Riley Securities, Inc.), will provide any Purchaser or its agents or counsel with any information regarding the Company that the Company believes constitutes material non-public information without the express written consent of such Purchaser, unless prior thereto such Purchaser shall have executed a written agreement regarding the confidentiality and use of such information. The Company understands and confirms that each Purchaser shall be relying on the foregoing covenant in effecting transactions in securities of the Company.

4.6          Use of Proceeds. The Company shall use the net proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder to pay down borrowings under the Credit Agreement and for general corporate purposes.

4.7          Principal Trading Market Listing. In the time and manner required by the Principal Trading Market, the Company shall prepare and file with such Principal Trading Market a listing of additional shares notification covering the Warrant Shares and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to take all steps necessary to cause the Warrant Shares to be approved for listing on the Principal Trading Market as promptly as possible thereafter.

4.8          Blue Sky. The Company, on or before the Closing Date, shall take such action as the Company shall reasonably determine is necessary in order to obtain an exemption for or to qualify the Securities for sale to the Purchasers under applicable securities or “Blue Sky” laws of the states of the United States (or to obtain an exemption from such qualification) and shall provide evidence of such actions promptly upon the written request of any Purchaser.

4.9          Delivery of Securities. The Company shall deliver, or cause to be delivered, the respective Securities purchased by each Purchaser in accordance with Section 2.1(d).

4.10        Subsequent Equity Sales. Without the prior written consent of B. Riley Securities, Inc., from the date hereof until thirty (30) days following the Closing Date, neither the Company nor any Subsidiary shall issue shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the foregoing restriction shall not apply to (a) securities required to be issued pursuant to the Transaction Documents, (b) securities required to be issued to contractual obligations of the Company in effect as of the date of this Agreement, (c) equity securities issued or issuable pursuant to employee benefit or purchase plans in effect as of the date of this Agreement or pursuant to bona fide employee benefit or purchase plans established during the period described in the first sentence of this Section 4.10 and (d) the issuance of shares of Common Stock in connection with mergers or acquisitions of businesses, entities, property or other assets, joint ventures or strategic alliances.

4.11          Tax Covenants.

(a)           The Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Company and its subsidiaries not to engage, directly or indirectly, in a transaction that is a “listed transaction” within the meaning of Section 6011 of the Code and the regulations issued thereunder.

(b)           The Parties agree that the intended U.S. federal tax treatment of the holding of the Preferred Stock is that (i) the Preferred Stock will be treated as equity and not debt, (ii) the Preferred Stock is issued with original issue discount (“OID”) as defined for purposes of Treasury Regulation Section 1.305(b), and (iii) dividends for years two through three will not be reported as distributions for U.S. federal income tax purposes until when and as declared as dividends by the board of directors of the Company. The Parties agrees that they will not take any inconsistent position with such treatment unless required by a final determination as defined in Section 1313 of the Code. The Company will comply with the requirement, as applicable, to post IRS form 8937 to its website on an annual basis, as needed. At the written request of a holder of the Preferred Stock, the Company will provide, for a given year, a statement that (x) the amount of the OID that the Company will treat as attributable to the year, and (y) the amount of current or accumulated earnings and profits of the Company that it will use for purposes of reporting the OID or any distributions to the IRS; provided that the Company will have complied with such obligations if it provides form 1099-DIV to the holder of Preferred Stock for the year.

(c)            For purposes of determining the OID in the Preferred Stock, the parties agree that the Warrants shall be valued as required by the Code by the Company with assistance from a third party nationally recognized as qualified to render valuation advice, and such valuation will be used in the calculation of the OID.

(d)           The Company will withhold, or will direct its paying agent to withhold, any amount of taxes that it is required to withhold from any accruals or payments to be made to a holder of the Preferred Stock, and such holder will provide the sufficient resources to fund such withholding. If a holder provides a properly executed IRS Form W-9 (or other appropriate IRS Forms on which a withholding agent may reasonably rely that provides for an exemption of withholding under Section 1441 of the Code), no withholding will occur under Section 1441 of the Code.

ARTICLE V.

CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO CLOSING

5.1           Conditions Precedent to the Obligations of the Purchasers to Purchase Securities. The obligation of each Purchaser to acquire Securities at the Closing is subject to the fulfillment to such Purchaser’s satisfaction, on or prior to the Closing Date, of each of the following conditions, any of which may be waived by such Purchaser (as to itself only):

(a)          Representations and Warranties. The representations and warranties of the Company contained herein shall be true and correct in all material respects (except for those representations and warranties which are qualified as to materiality or Material Adverse Effect, in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct in all respects) as of the date when made and as of the Closing Date, as though made on and as of such date, except for such representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date.

(b)          Performance. The Company shall have performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with all covenants, agreements and conditions required by the Transaction Documents to be performed, satisfied or complied with by it at or prior to the Closing.

(c)          No Injunction. No statute, rule, regulation, executive order, decree, ruling or injunction shall have been enacted, entered, promulgated or endorsed by any court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction that prohibits the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.

(d)          Consents. The Company shall have obtained in a timely fashion any and all consents, permits, approvals, registrations and waivers necessary for consummation of the purchase and sale of the Securities (including (i) all Required Approvals and (ii) in connection with entry into the Credit Agreement), all of which shall be and remain so long as necessary in full force and effect.

(e)          Adverse Changes. Since the date of execution of this Agreement, no event or series of events shall have occurred that has had or would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

(f)           Listing. The NASDAQ Global Select Market shall have notified the Company that its obligation to submit the listing of additional shares notification form for the Warrant Shares is completed.

(g)          No Suspensions of Trading in Common Stock. The Common Stock shall not have been suspended, as of the Closing Date, by the Commission or the Principal Trading Market from trading on the Principal Trading Market nor shall suspension by the Commission or the Principal Trading Market have been threatened, as of the Closing Date, either (A) in writing by the Commission or the Principal Trading Market or (B) by falling below the minimum listing maintenance requirements of the Principal Trading Market.

(h)          Company Deliverables. The Company shall have delivered the Company Deliverables in accordance with Section 2.2(a).

(i)           Compliance Certificate. The Company shall have delivered to each Purchaser a certificate, dated as of the Closing Date and signed by its Chief Executive Officer or its Chief Financial Officer, dated as of the Closing Date, certifying to the fulfillment of the conditions specified in Sections 5.1(a) and (b) in the form attached hereto as Exhibit G.

(j)          Termination. This Agreement shall not have been terminated as to such Purchaser in accordance with Section 7.17 herein.

(k)          Credit Agreement Amendment. The Company shall have entered into the sixth amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated March 3, 2020 (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”), with Citizens Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, the various lenders from time to time party thereto, and certain of the Company’s subsidiaries party thereto from time to time as guarantors.

(l)          No Default under the Credit Agreement. No default or event of default (as described in the Credit Agreement) shall be existing under the Credit Agreement.

(m)          Sixth Amendment Operative Date. Subject only to the paydown of borrowings as required pursuant the Credit Agreement, the Sixth Amendment Operative Date (as defined in the Credit Agreement) shall have occurred.

(n)          Payment of Fees and Expenses. The Company shall have reimbursed B. Riley Securities, Inc. the costs and expenses in accordance with the Engagement Letter, dated March 8, 2023, between the Company and B. Riley Securities, Inc.

5.2           Conditions Precedent to the Obligations of the Company to sell Securities. The Company’s obligation to sell and issue the Securities at the Closing to the Purchasers is subject to the fulfillment to the satisfaction of the Company on or prior to the Closing Date of the following conditions, any of which may be waived by the Company:

(a)          Representations and Warranties. The representations and warranties made by the Purchasers contained herein hereof shall be true and correct in all material respects (except for those representations and warranties which are qualified as to materiality or Material Adverse Effect, in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct in all respects) as of the date when made, and as of the Closing Date as though made on and as of such date, except for representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date.

(b)          Performance. Such Purchaser shall have performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with all covenants, agreements and conditions required by the Transaction Documents to be performed, satisfied or complied with by such Purchaser at or prior to the Closing Date.

(c)          No Injunction. No statute, rule, regulation, executive order, decree, ruling or injunction shall have been enacted, entered, promulgated or endorsed by any court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction that prohibits the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.

(d)          Consents. The Company shall have obtained in a timely fashion any and all consents, permits, approvals, registrations and waivers necessary for consummation of the purchase and sale of the Securities, all of which shall be and remain so long as necessary in full force and effect.

(e)          Purchasers Deliverables. Such Purchaser shall have delivered its Purchaser Deliverables in accordance with Section 2.2(b).

(f)           Termination.     This Agreement shall not have been terminated as to such Purchaser in accordance with Section 7.17 herein.

ARTICLE VI.

REGISTRATION RIGHTS

6.1           Required Registration Statement.

(a)          As promptly as possible, and in any event on or prior to the Filing Date, the Company shall prepare and file with the Commission a Registration Statement covering the resale of all Securities for an offering to be made on a continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415. The Registration Statement shall be on Form S-3 (except if the Company is not then eligible to register for resale the Securities on Form S-3, in which case such registration shall be on another appropriate form in accordance with the Securities Act and the Exchange Act) and shall contain (except if otherwise directed by the Purchasers or requested by the Commission) the “Plan of Distribution” in substantially the form attached hereto as Exhibit K.

(b)          The Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Registration Statement to be declared effective by the Commission as promptly as possible after the filing thereof, but in any event prior to the Required Effectiveness Date, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep the Registration Statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date that all Securities covered by such Registration Statement have been sold or can be sold publicly under Rule 144 without volume limitations by the holders of the Securities (the “Effectiveness Period”). Upon notification by the Commission that a Registration Statement will not be reviewed or is no longer subject to further review and comments, the Company shall request acceleration of such Registration Statement within five (5) Trading Days after receipt of such notice and request that it become effective no later than 4:00 p.m. New York City time on the Effective Date and file a prospectus supplement for any Registration Statement, whether or not required under Rule 424 (or otherwise), by 9:00 a.m. New York City time the day after the Effective Date.

(c)          If the Company receives Commission Comments to a Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 6.1(a), the Company shall be obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to advocate with the Commission for the registration of all of the Securities requested to be included in the Registration Statement in accordance with applicable Commission guidance. If it is determined by the Company that all of the Securities requested to be included in a Registration Statement cannot be included due to the Commission Comments, then the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file as expeditiously as practicable, such number of additional Registration Statements as may be necessary in order to ensure that all Securities are covered by an existing and effective Registration Statement. Any cutbacks of Securities from a Registration Statement filed pursuant to Section 6.1(a), due to Commission Comments shall be applied to the Purchasers pro rata in accordance with the number of such Securities sought to be included in such Registration Statement by reference to the number of such Purchaser’s Securities relative to all outstanding Securities.

(d)          The Company shall notify the Purchasers in writing promptly (and in any event within two Trading Days) after receiving notification from the Commission that the Registration Statement has been declared effective.

(e)          Neither the Company nor any of its security holders (other than the Purchasers in such capacity pursuant hereto) may include securities of the Company in the Registration Statement required to be filed under Section 6.1(a) other than the Securities, except as otherwise required pursuant to that certain Second Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 12, 2022, by and among the Company and the Purchasers thereto (the “Registration Rights Agreement”).

6.2           Effectiveness of Registration Statement. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, the Company may, by written notice to the Purchasers, suspend sales under a Registration Statement after the Effective Date thereof and/or require that the Purchasers immediately cease the sale of Securities pursuant thereto and/or defer the filing of any subsequent Registration Statement if the board of directors of the Company determines in good faith, by appropriate resolutions, that, the disclosure of material non-public information concerning the Company (A) would be materially detrimental to the Company (other than as relating solely to the price of the Common Stock) to maintain a Registration Statement at such time or (B) it is in the good faith determination of the Company’s board of directors that it is in the best interests of the Company to suspend sales under such registration at such time; provided, however, that the Company may not delay or suspend the Registration Statement on more than two occasions or for more than thirty (30) consecutive calendar days, or more than sixty (60) total calendar days, in each case during any twelve-month period. Upon receipt of such notice, each Purchaser shall immediately discontinue any sales of Securities pursuant to such registration until such Purchaser is advised in writing by the Company that the current Prospectus or amended Prospectus, as applicable, may be used. In no event, however, shall this right be exercised to suspend sales beyond the period during which (in the good faith determination of the Company’s board of directors) the failure to require such suspension would be materially detrimental to the Company. Immediately after the end of any suspension period under this Section 6.2, the Company shall take all necessary actions (including filing any required supplemental prospectus) to restore the effectiveness of the applicable Registration Statement and the ability of the Purchasers to publicly resell their Securities pursuant to such effective Registration Statement.

6.3          Registration Procedures. In connection with the Company’s registration obligations under Section 6.1, the Company shall:

(a)          Not less than three Trading Days prior to the filing of a Registration Statement or any related Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, furnish via email to those Purchasers who have supplied the Company with email addresses copies of all such documents and correspondence proposed to be filed, which documents (other than any document that is incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference therein) will be subject to the review of such Purchasers. The Company shall reflect in each such document when so filed with the Commission such comments regarding the Purchasers and the plan of distribution as the Purchasers may reasonably and promptly propose no later than two Trading Days after the Purchasers have been so furnished with copies of such documents as aforesaid.

(b)          Subject to Section 6.2, prepare and file with the Commission such amendments, including post-effective amendments, to each Registration Statement and the Prospectus used in connection therewith as may be necessary to keep the Registration Statement continuously effective, as to the applicable Securities for the Effectiveness Period and prepare and file with the Commission such additional Registration Statements in order to register for resale under the Securities Act all of the Securities; (ii) cause the related Prospectus to be amended or supplemented by any required Prospectus supplement, and as so supplemented or amended to be filed pursuant to Rule 424; (iii) respond as promptly as reasonably possible, and in any event within 15 Trading Days (except to the extent that the Company reasonably requires additional time to respond to accounting comments), to any comments received from the Commission with respect to the Registration Statement or any amendment thereto; and (iv) comply in all material respects with the provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act with respect to the disposition of all Securities covered by the Registration Statement during the applicable period in accordance with the intended methods of disposition by the Purchasers thereof set forth in the Registration Statement as so amended or in such Prospectus as so supplemented.

(c)          Notify the Purchasers as promptly as reasonably possible, and (if requested by the Purchasers) confirm such notice in writing no later than two Trading Days thereafter, of any of the following events: (i) the Commission notifies the Company whether there will be a “review” of any Registration Statement; (ii) the Commission comments in writing on any Registration Statement; (iii) any Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment is declared effective; (iv) the Commission or any other Federal or state governmental authority requests any amendment or supplement to any Registration Statement or Prospectus or requests additional information related thereto; (v) the Commission issues any stop order suspending the effectiveness of any Registration Statement or initiates any Proceedings for that purpose; (vi) the Company receives notice of any suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any Securities for sale in any jurisdiction, or the initiation or threat of any Proceeding for such purpose; or (vii) the financial statements included in any Registration Statement become ineligible for inclusion therein or any Registration Statement or Prospectus or other document contains any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

(d)          Use its commercially reasonable efforts to avoid the issuance of or, if issued, obtain the withdrawal of (i) any order suspending the effectiveness of any Registration Statement, or (ii) any suspension of the qualification (or exemption from qualification) of any of the Securities for sale in any jurisdiction, as soon as possible.

(e)          If requested by any Purchaser, provide such Purchaser without charge, at least one conformed copy of each Registration Statement and each amendment thereto, including financial statements and schedules, and all exhibits to the extent requested by such Person (including those previously furnished or incorporated by reference) promptly after the filing of such documents with the Commission.

(f)          Promptly deliver to each Purchaser, without charge, as many copies of the Prospectus or Prospectuses (including each form of prospectus) and each amendment or supplement thereto as such Persons may reasonably request. The Company hereby consents to the use of such Prospectus and each amendment or supplement thereto by each of the selling Purchasers in connection with the offering and sale of the Securities covered by such Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto to the extent permitted by federal and state securities laws and regulations.

(g)          During the Effectiveness Period, maintain the listing of such Warrant Shares on each such Trading Market.

(h)          Prior to any public offering of Securities, use its commercially reasonable efforts to register or qualify or cooperate with the selling Purchasers in connection with the registration or qualification (or exemption from such registration or qualification) of such Securities for offer and sale under the securities or Blue Sky laws of such jurisdictions within the United States as any Purchaser requests in writing, to keep each such registration or qualification (or exemption therefrom) effective for so long as required, but not to exceed the duration of the Effectiveness Period, and to do any and all other acts or things reasonably necessary or advisable to enable the disposition in such jurisdictions of the Securities covered by a Registration Statement; provided, however, that the Company shall not be obligated to file any general consent to service of process or to qualify as a foreign corporation or as a dealer in securities in any jurisdiction in which it is not so qualified or to subject itself to taxation in respect of doing business in any jurisdiction in which it is not otherwise so subject.

(i)          Cooperate with the Purchasers to facilitate the timely preparation and delivery of certificates representing the Securities, as applicable, to be delivered to a transferee pursuant to a Registration Statement, which certificates shall be free, to the extent permitted by this Agreement and under law, of all restrictive legends, and to enable such certificates to be in such denominations and registered in such names as any such Purchaser may reasonably request.

(j)          Upon the occurrence of any event described in Section 6.3(c)(vii), as promptly as reasonably possible, prepare a supplement or amendment, including a post-effective amendment, to the Registration Statement or a supplement to the related Prospectus or any document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference, and file any other required document so that, as thereafter delivered, neither the Registration Statement nor such Prospectus will contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

(k)          Cooperate with any reasonable due diligence investigation undertaken by the Purchasers in connection with the sale of Securities, including, without limitation, by making available documents and information; provided that the Company will not deliver or make available to any Purchaser material, nonpublic information unless such Purchaser requests in advance in writing to receive material, nonpublic information and agrees to keep such information confidential.

(l)           Comply with all rules and regulations of the Commission applicable to the registration of the securities.

(m)         It shall be a condition precedent to the obligations of the Company to complete the registration pursuant to this Agreement with respect to the Securities of any particular Purchaser that such Purchaser furnish to the Company the information specified in Exhibits C-1, C-2 and C-3 hereto and such other information regarding itself, the Securities and other shares of Common Stock held by it and the intended method of disposition of the Securities held by it (if different from the Plan of Distribution set forth on Exhibit K hereto) as shall be reasonably required to effect the registration of such Securities and shall complete and execute such documents in connection with such registration as the Company may reasonably request.

(n)          The Company shall comply with all applicable rules and regulations of the Commission under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including, without limitation, Rule 172 under the Securities Act, file any final Prospectus, including any supplement or amendment thereof, with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424 under the Securities Act, promptly inform the Purchaser in writing if, at any time during the Effectiveness Period, the Company does not satisfy the conditions specified in Rule 172 and, as a result thereof, the Purchaser are required to make available a Prospectus in connection with any disposition of Securities and take such other actions as may be reasonably necessary to facilitate the registration of the Securities hereunder.

6.4          Registration Expenses – Registration Required by Section 6.1. The Company shall pay all fees and expenses incurred by the Company in connection with (and incident to) the performance of its obligations under Section 6.1 of this Agreement by the Company, including without limitation (a) all registration and filing fees and expenses, including without limitation those related to filings with the Commission, any Trading Market and in connection with applicable state securities or Blue Sky laws, (b) printing expenses (including without limitation expenses of printing certificates for Warrant Shares, if any), (c) messenger, telephone and delivery expenses, (d) fees and disbursements of counsel for the Company, and (e) fees and expenses of all other Persons retained by the Company in connection with the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (for the avoidance of doubt, such fees and expenses shall include all reasonable and documented fees and disbursements of one single primary outside counsel and one outside local counsel for each jurisdiction that the Securities shall be distributed for the holders thereof, which counsels shall be selected by the holders of a majority of the Securities being sold). The fees and expenses incurred by the Company in connection with (and incident to) the performance of its obligations under Section 6.1 of this Agreement shall be borne by the Company regardless of whether or not any registration statement is filed or becomes effective. The Company will pay its internal expenses (including all salaries and expenses of its officers and employees performing legal or accounting duties, the expense of any annual audit and the expense of any liability insurance), the expenses and fees for listing the securities to be registered on each securities exchange and included in each established over-the-counter market on which similar securities issued by the Company are then listed or traded and any expenses of the Company incurred in connection with any “road show”.

6.5          Indemnification.

(a)          Indemnification by the Company. The Company shall, notwithstanding any termination of this Agreement, indemnify and hold harmless each Purchaser, the officers, directors, partners, members, agents and employees of each of them, each Person who controls any such Purchaser (within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act) and the officers, directors, partners, members, agents and employees of each such controlling Person (each, a “Purchaser Party”), to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, from and against any and all losses, liabilities, obligations, claims, contingencies, damages, costs and expenses, including all judgments, amounts paid in settlements, court costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs of investigation (collectively, “Losses”) that any such Purchaser Party may suffer or incur as a result of or relating to (i) any misrepresentation or breach of any representation or warranty made by the Company in the Transaction Documents or any other certificate, instrument or document contemplated hereby or thereby, (ii) any breach of any covenant, agreement or obligation of the Company contained in the Transaction Documents or any other certificate, instrument or document contemplated hereby or thereby, (iii) any cause of action, suit or claim brought or made against such Indemnified Party (as defined in Section 6.5(c) below) by a third party (including for these purposes a derivative action brought on behalf of the Company), arising out of or resulting from (x) the execution, delivery, performance or enforcement of the Transaction Documents or any other certificate, instrument or document contemplated hereby or thereby, (y) any transaction financed or to be financed in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, with the proceeds of the issuance of the Securities, or (z) the status of Indemnified Party as holder of the Securities (unless, and only to the extent that, such action, suit or claim is based upon a breach of such Investor’s representations, warranties or covenants under the Transaction Documents or any conduct by such Investor that constitutes fraud, gross negligence or willful misconduct) or (iv) any untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, any Prospectus or any form of Company prospectus or in any amendment or supplement thereto or in any Company preliminary prospectus, or arising out of or relating to any omission or alleged omission of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (in the case of any Prospectus or form of prospectus or supplement thereto, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, except to the extent, but only to the extent, that (A) such untrue statements, alleged untrue statements, omissions or alleged omissions are based solely upon information regarding such Investor furnished in writing to the Company by or on behalf of such Purchaser for use therein, or to the extent that such information relates to such Investor or such Investor’s proposed method of distribution of Securities and was reviewed and expressly approved by such Purchaser in writing expressly for use in the Registration Statement, or (B) with respect to any prospectus, if the untrue statement or omission of material fact contained in such prospectus was corrected on a timely basis in the prospectus, as then amended or supplemented, if such corrected prospectus was timely made available by the Company to the Purchaser, and the Purchaser seeking indemnity hereunder was advised in writing not to use the incorrect prospectus prior to the use giving rise to Losses.

(b)          Indemnification by Purchasers. Each Purchaser shall, severally and not jointly, indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors, officers, agents and employees to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, from and against all Losses (as determined by a court of competent jurisdiction in a final judgment not subject to appeal or review) arising solely out of any untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, any Prospectus, or any form of prospectus, or in any amendment or supplement thereto, or arising out of or relating to any omission of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (in the case of any Prospectus or form of prospectus or supplement thereto, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, but only to the extent that (i) such untrue statements or omissions are based solely upon information regarding such Purchaser furnished to the Company by or on behalf of such Purchaser in writing expressly for use therein, or (ii) such information relates to such Purchaser or such Purchaser’s proposed method of distribution of Securities and was reviewed and expressly approved in writing by such Purchaser expressly for use in the Registration Statement (it being understood that the information provided by the Purchaser to the Company in (A) Exhibits C-1, C-2 and C-3 and the Plan of Distribution set forth on Exhibit K, as the same may be modified by such Purchaser or (B) in writing constitutes information reviewed and expressly approved by such Purchaser in writing expressly for use in the Registration Statement), such Prospectus or such form of prospectus or in any amendment or supplement thereto. In no event shall the liability of any selling Purchaser hereunder be greater in amount than the dollar amount of the net proceeds received by such Purchaser upon the sale of the Securities giving rise to such indemnification obligation.

(c)          Conduct of Indemnification Proceedings. If any Proceeding shall be brought or asserted against any Person entitled to indemnity hereunder (an “Indemnified Party”), such Indemnified Party shall promptly notify the Person from whom indemnity is sought (the “Indemnifying Party”) in writing, and the Indemnifying Party shall assume the defense thereof, including the employment of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Party and the payment of all fees and expenses incurred in connection with defense thereof; provided, that the failure of any Indemnified Party to give such notice shall not relieve the Indemnifying Party of its obligations or liabilities pursuant to this Agreement, except (and only) to the extent that it shall be finally determined by a court of competent jurisdiction (which determination is not subject to appeal or further review) that such failure shall have proximately and materially adversely prejudiced the Indemnifying Party.

An Indemnified Party shall have the right to employ separate counsel (including local counsel) in any such Proceeding and to participate in the defense thereof, but the fees and expenses of such counsel (including local counsel) shall be at the expense of such Indemnified Party or Parties unless: (i) the Indemnifying Party has agreed in writing to pay such fees and expenses; or (ii) the Indemnifying Party shall have failed promptly to assume the defense of such Proceeding and to employ counsel (including local counsel) reasonably satisfactory to such Indemnified Party in any such Proceeding; or (iii) the named parties to any such Proceeding (including any impleaded parties) include both such Indemnified Party and the Indemnifying Party, and such Indemnified Party shall have been advised by counsel that a conflict of interest is likely to exist if the same counsel were to represent such Indemnified Party and the Indemnifying Party (in which case, if such Indemnified Party notifies the Indemnifying Party in writing that it elects to employ separate counsel (including local counsel) at the expense of the Indemnifying Party, the Indemnifying Party shall not have the right to assume the defense thereof and the reasonable fees and expenses of separate counsel (including local counsel) shall be at the expense of the Indemnifying Party). It shall be understood, however, that the Indemnifying Party shall not, in connection with any one such Proceeding (including separate Proceedings that have been or will be consolidated before a single judge) be liable for the fees and expenses of more than one separate firm of attorneys at any time for all Indemnified Parties, which firm shall be appointed by a majority of the Indemnified Parties. The Indemnifying Party shall not be liable for any settlement of any such Proceeding effected without its written consent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld. No Indemnifying Party shall, without the prior written consent of the Indemnified Party, effect any settlement of any pending Proceeding in respect of which any Indemnified Party is a party, unless such settlement includes an unconditional release of such Indemnified Party from all liability on claims that are the subject matter of such Proceeding.

All reasonable fees and expenses of the Indemnified Party (including reasonable fees and expenses to the extent incurred in connection with investigating or preparing to defend such Proceeding in a manner not inconsistent with this Section) shall be paid to the Indemnified Party, as incurred, within 20 Trading Days of written notice thereof to the Indemnifying Party (regardless of whether it is ultimately determined that an Indemnified Party is not entitled to indemnification hereunder; provided, that the Indemnifying Party may require such Indemnified Party to undertake to reimburse all such fees and expenses to the extent it is finally judicially determined that such Indemnified Party is not entitled to indemnification hereunder).

(d)          Contribution. If a claim for indemnification under Section 6.5(a) or  (b) is unavailable to an Indemnified Party (by reason of public policy or otherwise), then each Indemnifying Party, in lieu of indemnifying such Indemnified Party, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such Indemnified Party as a result of such Losses, in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative fault of the Indemnifying Party and Indemnified Party in connection with the actions, statements or omissions that resulted in such Losses as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative fault of such Indemnifying Party and Indemnified Party shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether any action in question, including any untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission of a material fact, has been taken or made by, or relates to information supplied by, such Indemnifying Party or Indemnified Party, and the parties’ relative intent, Knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such action, statement or omission. The amount paid or payable by a party as a result of any Losses shall be deemed to include, subject to the limitations set forth in Section 6.5(c), any reasonable attorneys’ or other reasonable fees or expenses incurred by such party in connection with any Proceeding to the extent such party would have been indemnified for such fees or expenses if the indemnification provided for in this Section was available to such party in accordance with its terms.

The parties hereto agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section 6.5(d) were determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to in the immediately preceding paragraph. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section 6.5(d), no Purchaser shall be required to contribute, in the aggregate, any amount in excess of the amount by which the net proceeds actually received by such Purchaser from the sale of the Warrant Shares subject to the Proceeding exceed the amount of any damages that such Purchaser has otherwise been required to pay by reason of such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission. No Person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any Person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation.

The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in this Section are in addition to any liability that the Indemnifying Parties may have to the Indemnified Parties.

6.6          Dispositions. Each Purchaser agrees that it will comply with the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act as applicable to it in connection with sales of Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement and shall sell its Securities in accordance with the Plan of Distribution set forth in the Prospectus. Each Purchaser further agrees that, upon receipt of a notice from the Company of the occurrence of any event of the kind described in Sections 6.3(c)(v), (vi) or (vii), such Purchaser will discontinue disposition of such Securities under the Registration Statement until such Purchaser is advised in writing by the Company that the use of the Prospectus, or amended Prospectus, as applicable, may be resumed. The Company may provide appropriate stop orders to enforce the provisions of this paragraph. Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, agrees that the removal of the restrictive legend from certificates representing Securities as set forth in Section 4.1 is predicated upon the Company’s reliance that the Purchaser will comply with the provisions of this subsection. Both the Company and the Transfer Agent, and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents, may rely on this subsection

ARTICLE VII.
MISCELLANEOUS

7.1          Fees and Expenses. Except as provided in Section 6.4, the Company and the Purchasers shall each pay the fees and expenses of their respective advisers, counsel, accountants and other experts, if any, and all other expenses incurred by such party in connection with the negotiation, preparation, execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement. The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees, stamp taxes and other taxes and duties levied in connection with the sale and issuance of the Securities to the Purchasers.

7.2          Entire Agreement. The Transaction Documents, together with the exhibits and schedules thereto, contain the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede all prior agreements, understandings, discussions and representations, oral or written, with respect to such matters, which the parties acknowledge have been merged into such documents, exhibits and schedules. At or after the Closing, and without further consideration, the Company and the Purchasers will execute and deliver to the other such further documents as may be reasonably requested in order to give practical effect to the intention of the parties under the Transaction Documents.

7.3          Notices. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (a) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile (provided the sender receives a machine-generated confirmation of successful transmission) at the facsimile number specified in this Section 7.3 or email attachment at the email address specified in this Section 7.3 prior to 5:00 P.M., New York City time, on a Trading Day, (b) the next Trading Day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section 7.3 or email attachment at the email address specified in this Section 7.3 on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:00 P.M., New York City time, on any Trading Day, (c) the Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service with next day delivery specified, or (d) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. The address for such notices and communications shall be as follows:

or such other address as may be designated in writing hereafter, in the same manner, by such Person.

7.4          Amendments; Waivers; No Additional Consideration. No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed, in the case of an amendment, by the Company and the Purchasers of at least a majority in interest of the Securities subscribed for purchase pursuant to this Agreement or, in the case of a waiver, by the party against whom enforcement of any such waiver is sought; provided, however, that the Purchase Price shall not be modified except in a written instrument signed by the Company and each Purchaser; provided, further, that no waiver, modification, supplementation or amendment that (i) alters the Securities allocated to a Purchaser or (ii) is unduly burdensome to a Purchaser shall be valid and enforceable against such Purchaser without the prior written consent of such Purchaser. No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of either party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner impair the exercise of any such right. No consideration shall be offered or paid to any Purchaser to amend or consent to a waiver or modification of any provision of any Transaction Document unless the same consideration is also offered to all Purchasers who then hold Securities.

7.5          Construction. The headings herein are for convenience only, do not constitute a part of this Agreement and shall not be deemed to limit or affect any of the provisions hereof. The language used in this Agreement will be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties to express their mutual intent, and no rules of strict construction will be applied against any party. This Agreement shall be construed as if drafted jointly by the parties, and no presumption or burden of proof shall arise favoring or disfavoring any party by virtue of the authorship of any provisions of this Agreement or any of the Transaction Documents.

7.6          Successors and Assigns. The provisions of this Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties and their successors and permitted assigns. This Agreement, or any rights or obligations hereunder, may not be assigned by the Company without the prior written consent of each Purchaser. Any Purchaser may assign its rights hereunder in whole or in part to any Person to whom such Purchaser assigns or transfers any Securities in compliance with the Transaction Documents and applicable law, provided such transferee shall agree in writing to be bound, with respect to the transferred Securities, by the terms and conditions of this Agreement that apply to the “Purchasers”.

7.7          No Third-Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement is intended for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be enforced by, any other Person, except (i) B. Riley Securities, Inc. is an intended third-party beneficiary of Section 2.2, Article III and Section 4.10 hereof and (ii) each Purchaser Party is an intended third-party beneficiary of Section 4.6.

7.8          Governing Law. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Agreement shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all Proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and any other Transaction Documents (whether brought against a party hereto or its respective Affiliates, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the New York Courts. Each party hereto hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the New York Courts for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein (including with respect to the enforcement of any of the Transaction Documents), and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any Proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such New York Court, or that such Proceeding has been commenced in an improper or inconvenient forum. Each party hereto hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such Proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. EACH PARTY HERETO HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.

7.9          Survival. Subject to applicable statute of limitations, the representations, warranties, agreements and covenants contained herein shall survive the Closing and the delivery of the Securities.

7.10         Execution. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, all of which when taken together shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to the other party, it being understood that both parties need not sign the same counterpart. Counterparts may be delivered via facsimile, electronic mail (including pdf or any electronic signatures complying with the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, e.g., www.docusign.com) or other transmission method and any counterpart so delivered shall be deemed to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes.

7.11         Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is held to be invalid or unenforceable in any respect, the validity and enforceability of the remaining terms and provisions of this Agreement shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby and the parties will attempt to agree upon a valid and enforceable provision that is a reasonable substitute therefor, and upon so agreeing, shall incorporate such substitute provision in this Agreement.

7.12         Rescission and Withdrawal Right. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in (and without limiting any similar provisions of) the Transaction Documents, whenever any Purchaser exercises a right, election, demand or option under a Transaction Document and the Company does not timely perform its related obligations within the periods therein provided, then such Purchaser may rescind or withdraw, in its sole discretion from time to time upon written notice to the Company, any relevant notice, demand or election in whole or in part without prejudice to its future actions and rights.

7.13         Remedies. In addition to being entitled to exercise all rights provided herein or granted by law, including recovery of damages, each of the Purchasers and the Company will be entitled to specific performance under the Transaction Documents. The parties agree that monetary damages may not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of any breach of obligations described in the foregoing sentence and hereby agree to waive in any action for specific performance of any such obligation (other than in connection with any action for a temporary restraining order) the defense that a remedy at law would be adequate.

7.14         Payment Set Aside. To the extent that the Company makes a payment or payments to any Purchaser pursuant to any Transaction Document or a Purchaser enforces or exercises its rights thereunder, and such payment or payments or the proceeds of such enforcement or exercise or any part thereof are subsequently invalidated, declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside, recovered from, disgorged by or are required to be refunded, repaid or otherwise restored to the Company, a trustee, receiver or any other person under any law (including, without limitation, any bankruptcy law, state or federal law, common law or equitable cause of action), then to the extent of any such restoration the obligation or part thereof originally intended to be satisfied shall be revived and continued in full force and effect as if such payment had not been made or such enforcement or setoff had not occurred.

7.15         Adjustments in Share Numbers and Prices. In the event of any stock split, subdivision, dividend or distribution payable in shares of Common Stock (or other securities or rights convertible into, or entitling the holder thereof to receive directly or indirectly shares of Common Stock), combination or other similar recapitalization or event occurring after the date hereof and prior to the Closing, each reference in any Transaction Document to a number of shares or a price per share shall be deemed to be amended to appropriately account for such event.

7.16         Independent Nature of Purchasers’ Obligations and Rights. The obligations of each Purchaser under any Transaction Document are several and not joint with the obligations of any other Purchaser, and no Purchaser shall be responsible in any way for the performance of the obligations of any other Purchaser under any Transaction Document. The decision of each Purchaser to purchase Securities pursuant to the Transaction Documents has been made by such Purchaser independently of any other Purchaser and independently of any information, materials, statements or opinions as to the business, affairs, operations, assets, properties, liabilities, results of operations, condition (financial or otherwise) or prospects of the Company or any Subsidiary which may have been made or given by any other Purchaser or by any agent or employee of any other Purchaser, and no Purchaser and any of its agents or employees shall have any liability to any other Purchaser (or any other Person) relating to or arising from any such information, materials, statement or opinions. Nothing contained herein or in any Transaction Document, and no action taken by any Purchaser pursuant thereto, shall be deemed to constitute the Purchasers as a partnership, an association, a joint venture or any other kind of entity, or create a presumption that the Purchasers are in any way acting in concert or as a group with respect to such obligations or the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. Each Purchaser acknowledges that no other Purchaser has acted as agent for such Purchaser in connection with making its investment hereunder and that no Purchaser will be acting as agent of such Purchaser in connection with monitoring its investment in the Securities or enforcing its rights under the Transaction Documents. Each Purchaser shall be entitled to independently protect and enforce its rights, including without limitation the rights arising out of this Agreement or out of the other Transaction Documents, and it shall not be necessary for any other Purchaser to be joined as an additional party in any proceeding for such purpose. Each Purchaser has been represented by its own separate legal counsel in its review and negotiation of the Transaction Documents. For reasons of administrative convenience only, Purchasers and their respective counsels have chosen to communicate with the Company through Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders LLP, counsel to the Company. Each Purchaser acknowledges that Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders LLP has rendered legal advice to the Company and not to such Purchaser in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, and that each such Purchaser has relied for such matters on the advice of its own respective counsel.

7.17         Termination. This Agreement may be terminated and the sale and purchase of the Securities abandoned at any time prior to the Closing by either the Company or any Purchaser (with respect to itself only) upon written notice to the other, if the Closing has not been consummated on or prior to 5:00 P.M., New York City time, on the Outside Date; provided, however, that the right to terminate this Agreement under this Section 7.17 shall not be available to any Person whose failure to comply with its obligations under this Agreement has been the cause of or resulted in the failure of the Closing to occur on or before such time. Nothing in this Section 7.17 shall be deemed to release any party from any liability for any breach by such party of the terms and provisions of this Agreement or the other Transaction Documents or to impair the right of any party to compel specific performance by any other party of its obligations under this Agreement or the other Transaction Documents. In the event of a termination pursuant to this Section 7.17, the Company shall promptly notify all non-terminating Purchasers. Upon a termination in accordance with this Section 7.17, the Company and the terminating Purchaser(s) shall not have any further obligation or liability (including arising from such termination) to the other, and no Purchaser will have any liability to any other Purchaser under the Transaction Documents as a result therefrom.

[REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

[REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

EXHIBITS:

SCHEDULES:

3.1(a) Subsidiaries

3.1(g) Capitalization

3.1(x) Registration Rights

Exhibit A

Form of CERTIFICATE OF

Designation of Preferred Stock

Exhibit B

Form of

WARRANT

Instruction Sheet

(to be read in conjunction with the entire Securities Purchase Agreement)

Provide the information requested by the Accredited Investor Questionnaire.

Provide the information requested by the DRS Book-Entry Questionnaire, if applicable.

Provide the information requested by the Selling Stockholder Questionnaire.

Stuart Craft

Troutman Pepper Hamilton Sanders LLP

Troutman Pepper Building

1001 Haxall Point
Richmond, Virginia 23219

Tel: (804) 697-2292

Email: stuart.craft@troutman.com

EXHIBIT C-1

Accredited Investor Questionnaire

(ALL INFORMATION WILL BE TREATED CONFIDENTIALLY)

This Investor Questionnaire (“Questionnaire”) must be completed by each potential investor in connection with the offer and sale of the shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Preferred Stock”), of Ribbon Communications Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”), and warrants to purchase shares of the common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Corporation (collectively with the Preferred Stock, the “Securities”). The Securities are being offered and sold by the Corporation without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Act”), and the securities laws of certain states, in reliance on the exemptions contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Act and in reliance on similar exemptions under applicable state laws. The Corporation must determine that a potential investor meets certain suitability requirements before offering or selling Securities to such investor. The purpose of this Questionnaire is to assure the Corporation that each investor will meet the applicable suitability requirements. The information supplied by you will be used in determining whether you meet such criteria, and reliance upon the private offering exemptions from registration is based in part on the information herein supplied.

This Questionnaire does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security. Your answers will be kept strictly confidential. However, by signing this Questionnaire, you will be authorizing the Corporation to provide a completed copy of this Questionnaire to such parties as the Corporation deems appropriate in order to ensure that the offer and sale of the Securities will not result in a violation of the Act or the securities laws of any state and that you otherwise satisfy the suitability standards applicable to purchasers of the Securities. All potential investors must answer all applicable questions and complete, date and sign this Questionnaire. Please print or type your responses and attach additional sheets of paper if necessary to complete your answers to any item.

PART A.      BACKGROUND INFORMATION

If a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, trust or other entity:

State of formation:______________________      Approximate Date of formation: ____________________________________________________________

Were you formed for the purpose of investing in the securities being offered?

Yes ¨      No ¨

If an individual:

Age: __________      Citizenship: ____________      Where registered to vote: _______________

Set forth in the space provided below the state(s), if any, in the United States in which you maintained your residence during the past two years and the dates during which you resided in each state:

Are you a director or executive officer of the Corporation?

Yes ¨      No ¨

PART B.              ACCREDITED INVESTOR CONFIRMATION

1.          You are (a) a “qualified institutional buyer” or an “accredited investor” as such terms are defined under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (b) an institutional account as defined in FINRA Rule 4512(c) and (c) a sophisticated institutional investor with sufficient knowledge and experience in investing in private equity transactions to properly evaluate the risks and merits of your participation in the Transaction. You have determined based on your own independent review and judgment and such professional advice as you deem appropriate that your purchase of the Securities and participation in the Transaction (i) are fully consistent with your financial needs, objectives and condition, (ii) comply and are fully consistent with all investment policies, guidelines and other restrictions applicable to you, (iii) have been duly authorized and approved by all necessary action, (iv) do not and will not violate or constitute a default under your charter, by-laws or other constituent document or under any law, rule, regulation, agreement or other obligation by which you are bound and (v) are a fit, proper and suitable investment for you, notwithstanding the substantial risks inherent in investing in or holding the Securities. You are able to bear the substantial risks associated with your purchase of the Securities, including but not limited to loss of your entire investment therein.

2.          You have had the opportunity to ask questions of and receive answers from the Company directly and conducted and completed your own independent due diligence with respect to the Transaction. Based on such information as you have deemed appropriate and without reliance upon any statements, representations or warranties or other information made or provided by B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“B. Riley”), you have independently made your own analysis and decision to enter into the Transaction. Except for the representations, warranties and agreements of the Company expressly set forth in the Purchase Agreement, you are relying exclusively on your own sources of information, investment analysis and due diligence (including professional advice you deem appropriate) with respect to the Transaction, the Securities and the business, condition (financial and otherwise), management, operations, properties and prospects of the Company, including but not limited to all business, legal, regulatory, accounting, credit and tax matters.

3.          You hereby acknowledge and agree that (a) B. Riley is acting solely as placement agent in connection with the Transaction and is not acting as an underwriter or in any other capacity and is not and shall not be construed as a financial advisor or fiduciary for you, the Company or any other person or entity in connection with the Transaction, (b) B. Riley has not made any representation or warranty, whether express or implied, of any kind or character and has not provided any advice or recommendation in connection with the Transaction or solicited any action from us in connection with the Transaction, (c) B. Riley has not prepared any disclosure or offering document in connection with the Transaction, (d) B. Riley and its directors, officers, employees, affiliates, representatives and controlling persons have made no independent investigation with respect to the Company or the Transaction or the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of any information supplied to them by the Company, (e) B. Riley will have no responsibility with respect to (i) any representations, warranties or agreements made by any person or entity under or in connection with the Transaction or any of the documents furnished pursuant thereto or in connection therewith, or the execution, legality, validity or enforceability (with respect to any person) or any thereof, or (ii) the business, affairs, financial condition, operations, properties or prospects of, or any other matter concerning the Company or Transaction, and (f) B. Riley, its affiliates and any of its or their control persons, officers, directors and employees shall have no liability or obligation (including without limitation, for or with respect to any losses, claims, damages, obligations, penalties, judgments, awards, liabilities, costs, expenses or disbursements incurred by you, the Company or any other person or entity), whether in contract, tort or otherwise, to you, or to any person claiming through you, in respect of the Transaction. B. Riley shall be entitled to rely on the representations made in this Questionnaire to the same extent as if such Questionnaire was addressed to B. Riley.

4.          You are acquiring your entire beneficial ownership interest in the Securities for your own account, or for an account over which we exercise sole discretion for another qualified institutional buyer or accredited investor, for investment purposes only and not with a view to any distribution of the Securities in any manner that would violate the securities laws of the United States or any other jurisdiction. You understand that the Securities have not been registered under the securities laws of the United States or any other jurisdiction and that the Securities may not be resold or transferred in the United States or otherwise except in compliance with applicable law and the restrictions on transfer set forth in the definitive documentation for the Transaction.

Exhibit C-2

DRS BOOK-ENTRY Questionnaire

Pursuant to Section 2.2(b) of the Agreement, please provide us with the following information:

Exhibit C-3

Selling Stockholder Questionnaire

Ribbon Communications Inc.

Information Furnished By:

_________________________________________
(Please Print Full Name oF PURCHASER)

The undersigned Purchaser (the “Purchaser” or “you”) is receiving this Questionnaire because you have subscribed for shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Preferred Stock”), and Warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock (the “Warrant Shares” and together with the Preferred Stock and Warrants, the “Securities”) of Ribbon Communications Inc. (the “Company”) pursuant to that certain Securities Purchase Agreement, entered into on March [•], 2023, by and among you, the Company and certain other purchasers identified on the signatures pages thereto (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”).

The Company has agreed to include the Securities in a registration statement on Form S-3 and a related prospectus (the “Registration Statement”) that the Company intends to file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for registration and resale under Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), in accordance with the terms of the Securities Purchase Agreement.

The Company has agreed to name you as a selling stockholder in the Registration Statement. This Questionnaire will assist the Company in gathering the information needed from you in connection with including you as a selling stockholder in the Registration Statement. Please complete, sign, date and return this Questionnaire at your earliest convenience.

Certain legal consequences arise from being named as a selling shareholder in the Registration Statement. Accordingly, you are advised to consult with your own legal counsel regarding the consequences of being named or not being named or not being named as a selling shareholder in the Registration Statement.

By signing this Questionnaire, you consent to the use by the Company in the Registration Statement and related prospectus of the information provided in this Questionnaire.

IF YOU DO NOT RETURN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE IN A TIMELY MANNER, THE COMPANY MAY NOT BE ABLE TO INCLUDE SUFFICIENT INFORMATION REGARDING YOUR SECURITIES IN THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT, WHICH MAY PREVENT THE COMPANY FROM REGISTERING YOUR SECURITIES PURSUANT TO THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT.

INSTRUCTIONS

This Selling Stockholder Questionnaire (this “Questionnaire”) should be completed by each Purchaser party to the Securities Purchase Agreement. When completing this Questionnaire, please answer all questions, using the entry “None” or “Not Applicable” where appropriate.

Unless expressly stated otherwise, answers should be given as of the date you complete this Questionnaire. If there is insufficient space on this Questionnaire to respond to any item, you may complete your response on an additional page but, if you do so, please clearly indicate on the additional page, the number of the question to which you are responding. It is recommended that you make a copy of your completed Questionnaire and retain it for your personal records.

Your attention is called to the “Definitions” section below for information concerning the meanings of certain terms used in the regulations of the SEC and in this Questionnaire. Please report all information, regardless of whether you consider it to be material.

DEFINITIONS

Before you complete this Questionnaire, please give consideration to the following definitions of various terms used herein.

A.          Please state the full legal name of the Purchaser. If the Purchaser is an entity, please indicate the natural persons controlling its investment decisions.

B.          If the registered holder is a person or entity other than the Purchaser named in I(A) above, please state the full legal name of the registered holder through which the Securities are held.

C.          Please provide contact information and an address for notices to the Purchaser.

D.          Please provide information for the removal of the restrictive legends on the Securities following registration.

II.          OWNERSHIP OF COMPANY SECURITIES

A.          Please state (i) the number of equity securities of the Company beneficially owned by you as of the date of this Questionnaire (not including any Securities acquired by you pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement), (ii) the manner of ownership and (iii) whether you share investment and voting power over such securities. Please see the definition of “Beneficial Ownership” set forth above. If you share investment or voting power with respect to any such securities, please identify with whom such power is shared.

Company Securities

B.          Other than those securities set forth in Item II.A (and other than any Securities acquired by you pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement) above, state (i) the number of shares of common stock which you have the right to acquire within sixty (60) days of the date of this Questionnaire (including options, rights or warrants to purchase shares of common stock which are or will become exercisable within sixty (60) days following the date of this Questionnaire), (ii) the exercise date, (iii) the equity plan pursuant to which such awards were granted, as applicable, (iv) the manner of ownership and (v) and whether you share investment and voting power over such shares. Please see the definition of “Beneficial Ownership” set forth above. If you share investment or voting power with respect to any such securities, please identify with whom such power is shared.

Options, Rights or Warrants
to Purchase Shares of Common Stock
(currently exercisable or exercisable
within 60 days following the date of this Questionnaire)

C.          Please state whether any shares, options, rights or warrants to purchase shares of common stock owned by you (including any Securities purchased by you pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement), beneficially or of record, are or are intended to pledged as collateral for a loan or are otherwise pledged. If so, describe the securities involved and the significant terms governing such pledge.

D.          Please state whether you have acted or agreed to act together with any other person, persons or entities as a partnership, limited partnership, syndicate or other group for the purpose of acquiring, voting, holding or disposing of shares or options, rights or warrants to purchase shares of common stock (including any Securities purchased by you pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement).

1.          If so, please identify such other person, persons or entities.

2.          If known to you, please state the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by each such person, persons or entities.

E.          Please state whether to your knowledge, any shares of common stock are held or are to be held subject to any voting trust or similar agreement. If known to you, please state the number of shares held or to be held of each such class of security, the duration of the agreement, the names and addresses of the voting trustees and their rights and other powers under the agreement.

F.          Please state whether you have an existing short position in any Company securities. If so, please state the date you entered into the short position.

A.          Are you a broker-dealer?

Yes ¨      No ¨

B.          If “yes” to Section III.A., did you receive your Securities as compensation for investment banking services to the Company?

Yes ¨      No ¨

Note: If “no” to Section III.B., the SEC’s staff has indicated that you should be identified as an underwriter in the Registration Statement.

C.          Are you an affiliate of a broker-dealer?

Yes ¨      No ¨

D.          If you are an affiliate of a broker-dealer, do you certify that you purchased the Securities in the ordinary course of business, and at the time of the purchase of the Securities to be resold, you had no agreements or understandings, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the Securities?

Yes ¨      No ¨

Note: If “no” to Section III.D., the SEC’s staff has indicated that you should be identified as an underwriter in the Registration Statement.

IV.          RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE COMPANY

A.          Except as set forth below, neither you nor any of your affiliates, officers, directors or principal equity holders (5% or more) has held any position or office or has had any other material relationship with the Company (or any of its predecessors or affiliates) during the past three (3) years. If applicable, identify your interest in the transaction, the amount of the transaction and the amount of your interest in the transaction

B.          If any transaction is reported above, state what direct or indirect remuneration or compensation you received as a direct result of such transaction or transactions.

C.          Please describe any contract, arrangement, understanding or relationship (whether or not legally enforceable) between you and any person with respect to any securities of the Company (including, but not limited to, any contract, arrangement, understanding or relationship concerning the transfer or the voting of any of such securities, joint ventures, loan or option arrangements, puts or calls, guarantees or loans, guaranties against loss or the giving or withholding of proxies, consents or authorizations). Please name the persons with whom such contracts, arrangements, understandings and relationships have been entered into and state the material provisions thereof. (Include such information for any of such securities that are pledged or otherwise subject to a contingency, the occurrence of which would give another person the power to direct the voting or disposition of such securities, except that disclosure of standard default and similar provisions contained in loan agreements need not be included.)

V.          LEGAL PROCEEDINGS INVOLVING THE COMPANY

Please state whether you or any of your affiliates or associates have a material interest adverse to the Company, or to any partnership, association or other entity in which the Company has an interest, in any legal proceedings. If so, please state the date proceedings were instituted, the parties involved and the court or agency in which proceedings were instituted.

Exhibit D

Form of Opinion of Company Counsel

EXHIBIT E

Form of Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions

As of March [●], 2023

American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC

6201 15^th Avenue

Brooklyn, New York 11219

Attn: Cindy Armenia

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Reference is made to that certain Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of March [●], 2023 (the “Agreement”), by and among Ribbon Communications Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and the purchasers named on the signature pages thereto (collectively, and including permitted transferees, the “Holders”), pursuant to which the Company is issuing to the Holders shares of Preferred Stock of the Company, par value $0.01 per share (the “Preferred Stock”), and warrants (the “Warrants”) exercisable into shares of common stock of the Company, $0.0001 per share (the “Warrant Shares” and, together with the Preferred Stock and Warrants, the “Securities”).

This letter shall serve as our irrevocable authorization and direction to you (provided that you are the transfer agent of the Company at such time and the conditions set forth in this letter are satisfied), subject to any stop transfer instructions that we may issue to you from time to time, if any, to issue stock certificates or make book entries representing the Securities.

You acknowledge and agree that so long as you have received (a) written confirmation from the Company’s legal counsel that either (1) a registration statement covering resales of the Securities has been declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or (2) the Securities have been sold in conformity with Rule 144 under the Securities Act (“Rule 144”) or are eligible for sale under Rule 144(b), without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions and (b) if applicable, a copy of such registration statement, then, unless otherwise required by law, within three (3) Trading Days of your receipt of a notice of transfer of Securities, you shall remove any restrictive legends related to the Securities and issue a new, unlegended stock certificate or make a new, unlegended entry for such book-entry Securities and such Securities should not be subject to any stop-transfer restriction; provided, however, that if such Securities are not registered for resale under the Securities Act or able to be sold under Rule 144(b), without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions, then such Securities shall bear the following legend, as applicable:

THESE SECURITIES [AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE OF THESE SECURITIES] HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “SECURITIES ACT”), OR APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS. THE SECURITIES [AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE OF THESE SECURITIES] MAY NOT BE OFFERED FOR SALE, SOLD, TRANSFERRED OR ASSIGNED (I) IN THE ABSENCE OF (A) AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FOR THE SECURITIES UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OR (B) AN AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM, OR IN A TRANSACTION NOT SUBJECT TO, THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS OR BLUE SKY LAWS AS EVIDENCED BY A LEGAL OPINION OF COUNSEL REASONABLY SATISFACTORY TO THE COMPANY AND ITS TRANSFER AGENT OR (II) UNLESS SOLD PURSUANT TO RULE 144 UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT. NOTWITHSTANDING THE FOREGOING, THE SECURITIES [AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE OF THESE SECURITIES] MAY BE PLEDGED IN CONNECTION WITH A BONA FIDE MARGIN ACCOUNT OR OTHER LOAN OR FINANCING ARRANGEMENT SECURED BY THE SECURITIES.

A form of written confirmation from the Company’s outside legal counsel that a registration statement covering resales of the Securities has been declared effective by the Commission under the Securities Act is attached hereto as Annex I.

Please be advised that the Holders are relying upon this letter as an inducement to enter into the Agreement and, accordingly, each Holder is a third-party beneficiary to these instructions.

Please execute this letter in the space indicated to acknowledge your agreement to act in accordance with these instructions.

Annex I

FORM OF NOTICE OF EFFECTIVENESS OF REGISTRATION STATEMENT

American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC

6201 15^th Avenue

Brooklyn, New York 11219

Attn: Cindy Armenia

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We are counsel to Ribbon Communications Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and have represented the Company in connection with that certain Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of March [●], 2023 (the “Agreement”), entered into by and among the Company and the purchasers named therein (collectively, the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company issued to the Purchasers shares of the Company’s preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Preferred Stock”) and warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Warrant Shares” and, together with the Preferred Stock and Warrants, the “Securities”). Pursuant to Section 6 of the Agreement, the Company agreed to register the resale of the Securities, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). In connection with the Company’s obligation under the Agreement, on [●], 2023, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-[●]) (the “Registration Statement”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) relating to the Securities which names each of the Purchasers as a selling stockholder thereunder.

In connection with the foregoing, we advise you that a member of the Commission’s staff has advised us by telephone that the Commission has entered an order declaring the Registration Statement effective under the Securities Act at [●] [a.m.][p.m.] on [●], 2023, and we have no knowledge, after telephonic inquiry of a member of the staff, that any stop order suspending its effectiveness has been issued or that any proceedings for that purpose are pending before, or threatened by, the Commission and the Securities are available for resale under the Securities Act pursuant to the Registration Statement.

This letter shall serve as our standing notice to you that the Securities may be freely transferred by the Purchasers pursuant to the Registration Statement. You need not require further letters from us to effect any unlegended issuance of stock certificates or entry for book-entry shares of Securities to the Purchasers or the transferees of the Purchasers, as the case may be, as contemplated by the Company’s Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions dated March [●], 2023, provided at the time of such reissuance, the Company has not otherwise notified you that the Registration Statement is unavailable for the resale of the Securities. This letter shall serve as our standing instructions with regard to this matter.

EXHIBIT F

Form of Secretary’s Certificate

The undersigned hereby certifies that he is the duly elected, qualified and acting Secretary of Ribbon Communications Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), and that as such he is authorized to execute and deliver this certificate in the name and on behalf of the Company and in connection with the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of March [●], 2023, by and among the Company and the investors parties thereto (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”), and further certifies in his official capacity, in the name and on behalf of the Company, the items set forth below. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meaning set forth in the Securities Purchase Agreement.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has hereunto set his hand as of this ____ day of March, 2023.

I, Bruce McClelland, President and Chief Executive Officer, hereby certify that Patrick Macken is the duly elected, qualified and acting Secretary of the Company and that the signature set forth above is his true signature.

EXHIBIT A

Resolutions

EXHIBIT B-1

Restated Certificate of Incorporation

EXHIBIT B-2

Certificates of Incorporation of Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT C-1

Amended and Restated By-Laws

EXHIBIT C-2

Bylaws of Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT G

Form of Officer’s Certificate

The undersigned, the President and Chief Executive Officer of Ribbon Communications Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), pursuant to Section 5.1(i) of the Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of March [●], 2023, by and among the Company and the investors signatory thereto (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”), hereby represents, warrants and certifies as follows (capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meaning set forth in the Securities Purchase Agreement):

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this certificate this [●] day of March, 2023.

EXHIBIT H

Wire Instructions

Please use the following information for all wire transfers to:

Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc.

6500 Chase Oaks Blvd.

Suite 100

Plano, TX 75023

Remember to reference invoice number and/or other instructions in your transfer. If you have any questions, please contact:

Email: office-treasurer4@rbbn.com

EXHIBIT I

FORM OF LOCK-UP AGREEMENT

[To be attached.]

EXHIBIT J

List of Executive Officers, DIRECTORS and other STOCKHOLDERS
Executing Lock-Up Agreements

EXHIBIT J

Form of plan of distribution

The selling stockholders, which as used herein includes donees, pledgees, transferees or other successors-in-interest selling shares of our Preferred Stock, Common Stock, interests in shares of our Common Stock or Warrants received after the date of this prospectus from a selling stockholder as a gift, pledge, partnership distribution or other transfer, may, from time to time, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any or all of their shares of Preferred Stock, Common Stock, interests in shares of Common Stock or Warrants on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the shares are traded or in private transactions. These dispositions may be at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices.

The selling stockholders may use any one or more of the following methods when disposing of shares or interests therein:

The selling stockholders may, from time to time, pledge or grant a security interest in some or all of the shares of our Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants owned by them and, if they default in the performance of their secured obligations, the pledgees or secured parties may offer and sell the shares of our Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants, from time to time, under this prospectus, or under an amendment or supplement to this prospectus under Rule 424(b)(3) or other applicable provision of the Securities Act amending the list of selling stockholders to include the pledgee, transferee or other successors in interest as selling stockholders under this prospectus. The selling stockholders also may transfer the shares of Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants in other circumstances, in which case the transferees, pledgees or other successors in interest will be the selling beneficial owners for purposes of this prospectus.

In connection with the sale of our Preferred Stock, Warrants, Common Stock or interests therein, the selling stockholders may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions, which may in turn engage in short sales of the Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants in the course of hedging the positions they assume. The selling stockholders may also sell shares of our Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants short and deliver these securities to close out their short positions, or loan or pledge the Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants to broker-dealers that in turn may sell these securities. The selling stockholders may also enter into option or other transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions or the creation of one or more derivative securities which require the delivery to such broker-dealer or other financial institution of shares offered by this prospectus, which shares such broker-dealer or other financial institution may resell pursuant to this prospectus (supplemented or amended as necessary to reflect such transaction).

The aggregate proceeds to the selling stockholders from the sale of our Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants offered by them, as applicable, will be the purchase price of the Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants, as applicable, less discounts or commissions, if any. Each of the selling stockholders reserves the right to accept and, together with their agents from time to time, to reject, in whole or in part, any proposed purchase of Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants to be made directly or through agents. We will not receive any of the proceeds from this offering. Upon any exercise of the warrants by payment of cash, however, we will receive the exercise price of the warrants.

The selling stockholders also may resell all or a portion of the shares in open market transactions in reliance upon Rule 144 under the Securities Act.

The selling stockholders and any underwriters, broker-dealers or agents that participate in the sale of our Preferred Stock, Warrants, Common Stock or interests therein may be deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act. Any discounts, commissions, concessions or profit they earn on any resale of the shares may be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act.

To the extent required, the shares of our Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants to be sold, the names of the selling stockholders, the respective purchase prices and public offering prices, the names of any agents, dealer or underwriter, any applicable commissions or discounts with respect to a particular offer will be set forth in an accompanying prospectus supplement or, if appropriate, a post-effective amendment to the registration statement that includes this prospectus.

In order to comply with the securities laws of some states, if applicable, our Preferred Stock, Common Stock or Warrants may be sold in these jurisdictions only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers.

We have advised the selling stockholders that the anti-manipulation rules of Regulation M under the Exchange Act may apply to sales of shares in the market and to the activities of the selling stockholders and their Affiliates. In addition, to the extent applicable we will make copies of this prospectus (as it may be supplemented or amended from time to time) available to the selling stockholders for the purpose of satisfying any prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act. The selling stockholders may indemnify any broker-dealer that participates in transactions involving the sale of the shares against certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act.

We have agreed to indemnify the selling stockholders against liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and state securities laws, relating to the registration of the shares offered by this prospectus.

We have agreed with the selling stockholders to use our reasonable best efforts to keep the registration statement of which this prospectus constitutes a part continuously effective until the earlier of (1) three years after the registration statement has been declared effective and (2) the date on which all of the shares of our Preferred Stock Common Stock or Warrants covered by the registration statement have been sold under the registration statement in accordance with the plan and method of distribution disclosed in this prospectus, or otherwise.

Schedule 3.1(a)

Ribbon Communication Operating Company, Inc.

Ribbon Communications B.V.

Ribbon Networks B.V.

Ribbon Communication International Ltd.

Ribbon Israel Limited

ECI Telecom Ltd

Ribbon Communications Federal, Inc.

Schedule 3.1(g)

Capitalization as of December 31, 2022

Preemptive Rights

Schedule 3.1(x)

Registration Rights

First Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated as of March 3, 2020, by and among the Company and the stockholders of the Company parties thereto.

Second Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of August 12, 2022, by and among the Company and the stockholders of the Company parties thereto.