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Published: 2024-02-01 00:00:00 ET

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EX-99.1 2 q42023ex-991.htm EX-99.1 Document

Exhibit 99.1

For Immediate News Release

January 31, 2024

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC. ANNOUNCES

2023 OPERATING RESULTS, 3.0% DIVIDEND INCREASE

AND INITIAL 2024 FINANCIAL OUTLOOK

(Arlington, VA) AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (NYSE: AVB) (the “Company”) reported Earnings per Share – diluted (“EPS”), Funds from Operations attributable to common stockholders - diluted (“FFO”) per share and Core FFO per share (as defined in this release) for the three months and year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 as detailed below.



	Q4 2023		Q4 2022		% Change
EPS	$	1.70	$	1.72	(1.2)	%
FFO per share (1)	$	2.63	$	2.57	2.3	%
Core FFO per share (1)	$	2.74	$	2.59	5.8	%

	Full Year 2023		Full Year 2022		% Change
EPS	$	6.56	$	8.12	(19.2)	%
FFO per share (1)	$	10.32	$	9.67	6.7	%
Core FFO per share (1)	$	10.63	$	9.79	8.6	%

(1) For additional detail on reconciling items between net income attributable to common stockholders, FFO and Core FFO, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 2.

The following table compares the Company’s actual results for EPS, FFO per share and Core FFO per share for the three months ended December 31, 2023 to its results for the prior year period:



Q4 2023 Results Compared to Q4 2022
	Per Share
	EPS		FFO		Core FFO
Q4 2022 per share reported results	$	1.72	$	2.57	$	2.59
Same Store Residential NOI (1)	0.12		0.12		0.12
Development and Other Stabilized Residential NOI	0.06		0.06		0.06
Overhead and other	(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)
Capital markets and transaction activity	—		(0.01)		(0.01)
Unconsolidated investment income and management fees	(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)
Non-core items (2)	(0.09)		(0.09)		—
Real estate gains, depreciation expense and other	(0.09)		—		—
Q4 2023 per share reported results	$	1.70	$	2.63	$	2.74

(1) Consists of increases of $0.20 in revenue and $0.08 in operating expenses.
(2) For detail of non-core items, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 2.

The following table compares the Company’s actual results for EPS, FFO per share and Core FFO per share for the three months ended December 31, 2023 to its October 2023 outlook:



Q4 2023 Results Compared to October 2023 Outlook
	Per Share
	EPS		FFO		Core FFO
Projected per share (1)	$	1.81	$	2.70	$	2.74
Same Store Residential NOI (2)	(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)
Development and Other Stabilized Residential NOI	0.01		0.01		0.01
Non-core items (3)	(0.07)		(0.07)		—
Real estate gains, depreciation expense and other	(0.04)		—		—
Q4 2023 per share reported results	$	1.70	$	2.63	$	2.74
(1) The mid-point of the Company's October 2023 outlook.
(2) Consists of higher operating expenses of $0.01.
(3) For detail of non-core items for the three months ended December 31, 2023, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 2.

The following table compares the Company’s actual results for EPS, FFO per share and Core FFO per share for the year ended December 31, 2023 to its results for the prior year:



Full Year 2023 Results Compared to Full Year 2022
	Per Share
	EPS		FFO		Core FFO
Full Year 2022 per share reported results	$	8.12	$	9.67	$	9.79
Same Store Residential NOI (1)	0.72		0.72		0.72
Development and Other Stabilized Residential NOI	0.23		0.23		0.23
Commercial NOI	(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)
Overhead and other	(0.04)		(0.04)		(0.04)
Capital markets and transaction activity	(0.01)		(0.06)		(0.07)
Unconsolidated investment income and management fees	0.02		0.02		0.02
Non-core items (2)	(0.21)		(0.21)		(0.01)
Real estate gains, depreciation expense and other	(2.26)		—		—
Full Year 2023 per share reported results	$	6.56	$	10.32	$	10.63

(1) Consists of increases of $1.07 in revenue and $0.35 in operating expenses.
(2) For detail of non-core items, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 2.

Same Store Operating Results for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Prior Year Period

Same Store total revenue increased $27,608,000, or 4.5%, to $643,593,000. Same Store Residential rental revenue increased $27,688,000, or 4.5%, to $636,255,000, as detailed in the following table:



Same Store Residential Rental Revenue Change
Q4 2023 Compared to Q4 2022

Lease rates	3.4	%
Concessions and other discounts	(0.1)	%
Economic occupancy	(0.2)	%
Other rental revenue	0.7	%
Uncollectible lease revenue (excluding rent relief) (1)	1.1	%
Rent relief (2)	(0.4)	%
Residential rental revenue	4.5	%

(1) Adjusting to remove the impact of rent relief, uncollectible lease revenue as a percentage of total Residential rental revenue decreased to 2.1% in Q4 2023 from 3.3% in Q4 2022. See Definitions and Reconciliations, table 10 for further detail of uncollectible lease revenue for the Company’s Same Store portfolio.
(2) The Company recognized $1,177,000 and $3,546,000 from government rent relief programs during Q4 2023 and Q4 2022, respectively.

Same Store Residential operating expenses increased $11,492,000, or 6.2%, to $195,934,000 and Same Store Residential NOI increased $16,202,000, or 3.8%, to $440,846,000.

The following table presents percentage changes in Same Store Residential rental revenue, operating expenses and NOI for the three months ended December 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2022:



Q4 2023 Compared to Q4 2022
		Same Store Residential
	Rental Revenue (1)			Opex (2)				% of Q4 2023 NOI

						NOI
New England		4.6	%	5.0	%	4.3	%	14.1	%
Metro NY/NJ		3.7	%	13.1	%	(0.2)	%	20.5	%
Mid-Atlantic		4.5	%	6.0	%	3.9	%	14.7	%
Southeast FL		3.9	%	(0.7)	%	6.6	%	2.7	%
Denver, CO		2.6	%	5.9	%	1.4	%	1.2	%
Pacific NW		2.0	%	(1.8)	%	3.6	%	6.8	%
N. California		2.4	%	2.1	%	2.7	%	17.1	%
S. California		8.2	%	7.1	%	8.6	%	22.0	%
Other Expansion Regions		3.2	%	15.9	%	(2.1)	%	0.9	%
Total		4.5	%	6.2	%	3.8	%	100.0	%

(1) See full release for additional detail.
(2) See full release for discussion of variances.

Same Store Operating Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Prior Year

Same Store total revenue increased $148,342,000, or 6.2%, to $2,542,634,000. Same Store Residential rental revenue increased $149,495,000, or 6.3%, to $2,514,272,000, as detailed in the following table:



Same Store Residential Rental Revenue Change
Full Year 2023 Compared to Full Year 2022

Lease rates	5.4	%
Concessions and other discounts	0.4	%
Economic occupancy	(0.3)	%
Other rental revenue	0.9	%
Uncollectible lease revenue (excluding rent relief) (1)	1.2	%
Rent relief (2)	(1.3)	%
Residential rental revenue	6.3	%

(1) Adjusting to remove the impact of rent relief, uncollectible lease revenue as a percentage of total Residential rental revenue decreased to 2.4% in 2023 from 3.7% in 2022. See Definitions and Reconciliations, table 10 for further detail of uncollectible lease revenue for the Company’s Same Store portfolio.
(2) The Company recognized $8,121,000 and $39,887,000 from government rent relief programs during 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Same Store Residential operating expenses increased $48,752,000, or 6.6%, to $783,702,000 and Same Store Residential NOI increased $100,738,000, or 6.2%, to $1,732,422,000.

The following table presents percentage changes in Same Store Residential rental revenue, operating expenses and NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022:



Full Year 2023 Compared to Full Year 2022
		Same Store Residential
	Rental Revenue (1)			Opex (2)				% of Full Year 2023 NOI

						NOI
New England		7.5	%	6.3	%	8.1	%	14.1	%
Metro NY/NJ		7.1	%	9.5	%	5.9	%	20.6	%
Mid-Atlantic		6.2	%	3.9	%	7.2	%	14.7	%
Southeast FL		9.6	%	4.0	%	12.8	%	2.8	%
Denver, CO		5.1	%	13.8	%	1.9	%	1.2	%
Pacific NW		4.4	%	4.2	%	4.5	%	6.8	%
N. California		5.0	%	4.5	%	5.3	%	17.3	%
S. California		6.1	%	8.0	%	5.2	%	21.6	%
Other Expansion Regions		8.5	%	14.3	%	6.4	%	0.9	%
Total		6.3	%	6.6	%	6.2	%	100.0	%

(1) See full release for additional detail.
(2) See full release for discussion of variances.

Development Activity

Consolidated Development Communities

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company completed the development of Avalon Princeton Circle, located in Princeton, NJ. Avalon Princeton Circle contains 221 apartment homes and was constructed for a Total Capital Cost of $89,000,000.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company started the construction of two apartment communities:

•Avalon Wayne, located in Wayne, NJ; and

•Avalon Parsippany, located in Parsippany, NJ.

These communities are expected to contain an aggregate of 883 apartment homes and be developed for an estimated Total Capital Cost of $322,000,000.

During 2023, the Company:

•completed the development of six communities containing an aggregate of 1,393 apartment homes and 29,000 square feet of commercial space for an aggregate Total Capital Cost of $575,000,000; and

•commenced the development of six communities, which in the aggregate are expected to contain 2,040 apartment homes when completed and be developed for an estimated Total Capital Cost of $800,000,000.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had 17 consolidated Development communities under construction that are expected to contain 6,064 apartment homes and 59,000 square feet of commercial space. Estimated Total Capital Cost at completion for these Development communities is $2,491,000,000.

Disposition Activity

Consolidated Apartment Communities

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold Avalon Mamaroneck, a wholly-owned community, located in Mamaroneck, NY. Avalon Mamaroneck contains 229 apartment homes, and was sold for $104,000,000, resulting in a gain in accordance with GAAP of $77,901,000 and an Economic Gain of $38,878,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold four wholly-owned communities containing an aggregate of 987 apartment homes and 27,000 square feet of commercial space. These communities were sold for $446,000,000 and a weighted average initial Market Cap Rate of 4.9%, resulting in a gain in accordance with GAAP of $287,587,000 and an Economic Gain of $159,747,000.

Acquisition Activity

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company acquired two wholly-owned communities:

•Avalon Mooresville, located in Mooresville, NC, containing 203 apartment homes for a purchase price of $52,100,000.

•Avalon West Plano, located in Carrollton, TX, containing 568 apartment homes for a purchase price of $142,000,000, which includes the assumption of a $63,041,000 fixed rate mortgage loan, with a contractual interest rate of 4.18%, maturing in May 2029.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company acquired three wholly-owned communities containing 1,131 apartment homes for a total purchase price of $277,200,000.

Structured Investment Program ("SIP") Activity

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into two commitments under the SIP, agreeing to provide an aggregate investment of up to $47,550,000 in multifamily development projects, at a weighted average rate of return of 13.1%.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had seven commitments to fund either mezzanine loans or preferred equity investments for the development of multifamily projects in the Company's markets, up to $191,585,000 in the aggregate. At December 31, 2023, the Company's investment commitments had a weighted average rate of return of 11.5%. The commitments have initial maturity dates between September 2025 and December 2027. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had funded $96,461,000 of these commitments.

Liquidity and Capital Markets

At December 31, 2023, the Company had $397,890,000 in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents. In addition, the Company had $96,045,000 in restricted cash, which is primarily composed of principal reserve funds for secured borrowing arrangements.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any borrowings outstanding under its $2,250,000,000 unsecured revolving credit facility (the "Credit Facility") or its $500,000,000 unsecured commercial paper note program. The commercial paper program is backstopped by the Company's commitment to maintain available borrowing capacity under its Credit Facility in an amount equal to actual borrowings under the program.

The Company’s annualized Net Debt-to-Core EBITDAre (as defined in this release) for the fourth quarter of 2023 was 4.2 times and Unencumbered NOI (as defined in this release) for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 95%.

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, the Company had the following debt activity:

•The Company issued $400,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under its existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds before offering costs of $397,156,000. The notes mature in December 2033 and were issued with a 5.30% coupon. The effective interest rate of the notes is 5.19%, including the impact of offering costs and hedging activity.

•The Company repaid $350,000,000 principal amount of its 4.20% unsecured notes at maturity.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, in addition to the debt activity discussed above, the Company had the following debt activity:

•The Company repaid $250,000,000 principal amount of its 2.85% unsecured notes at maturity.

•The Company repaid its $150,000,000 principal amount variable rate unsecured term loan at par in advance of its February 2024 maturity date.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company settled the outstanding equity forward contracts entered into in April 2022, issuing 2,000,000 shares of common stock for $491,912,000, or $245.96 per share, net of offering fees and discounts.

First Quarter 2024 Dividend Declaration

The Company’s Board of Directors declared a dividend for the first quarter of 2024 of $1.70 per share on the Company’s common stock (par value of $0.01 per share). The declared dividend is a 3.0% increase over the Company’s prior quarterly dividend of $1.65 per share. The dividend is payable on April 15, 2024 to common stockholders of record as of March 28, 2024.

In declaring the increased dividend, the Board of Directors evaluated the Company’s past performance and future prospects for earnings growth. Additional factors considered in determining the increase included current common dividend distributions, the relationship of the current common dividend distribution to the Company’s Core FFO, the relationship of dividend distributions to taxable income, distribution requirements under rules governing real estate investment trusts and expected growth in taxable income.

First Quarter and Full Year 2024 Financial Outlook

The following presents a summary of the Company's financial outlook for 2024, further details for which are provided in the full release.

For its first quarter and full year 2024 financial outlook, the Company expects the following:



Projected EPS, Projected FFO and Projected Core FFO Outlook (1)
	Q1 2024					Full Year 2024
	Low			High		Low			High
Projected EPS	$	1.06	—	$	1.16	$	6.27	—	$	6.77
Projected FFO per share	$	2.54	—	$	2.64	$	10.42	—	$	10.92
Projected Core FFO per share	$	2.56	—	$	2.66	$	10.53	—	$	11.03

(1) See Definitions and Reconciliations, table 8, for reconciliations of Projected FFO per share and Projected Core FFO per share to Projected EPS.

Full Year Financial Outlook
						Full Year 2024
						vs. Full Year 2023
						Low			High
Same Store:
Residential revenue change						1.6%		—	3.6%
Residential Opex change						4.5%		—	6.7%
Residential NOI change						0.0%		—	2.5%

The following table compares the Company’s actual results for EPS, FFO per share and Core FFO per share for the full year 2023 to the mid-point of its full year 2024 financial outlook:



Full Year 2023 Results Compared to Full Year 2024 Outlook
	Per Share
	EPS		FFO		Core FFO
2023 per share reported results	$	6.56	$	10.32	$	10.63
Same Store Residential revenue	0.48		0.48		0.48
Same Store Residential Opex	(0.32)		(0.32)		(0.32)
Development and Other Stabilized Residential NOI	0.36		0.36		0.36
Commercial NOI	(0.01)		(0.01)		(0.01)
Overhead and other	(0.07)		(0.07)		(0.07)
Capital markets and transaction activity	(0.29)		(0.29)		(0.29)
Non-core items (1)	0.20		0.20		—
Gain on sale of real estate and depreciation expense	(0.39)		—		—
Projected per share - 2024 outlook (2)	$	6.52	$	10.67	$	10.78

(1) For detail of non-core items, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 8.
(2) Represents the mid-point of the Company's outlook.

The following table compares the Company’s actual results for EPS, FFO per share and Core FFO per share for the fourth quarter 2023 to the mid-point of its first quarter 2024 financial outlook:



Q4 2023 Results Compared to Q1 2024 Outlook
	Per Share
	EPS		FFO		Core FFO
Q4 2023 per share reported results	$	1.70	$	2.63	$	2.74
Same Store Residential revenue	—		—		—
Same Store Residential Opex	(0.06)		(0.06)		(0.06)
Development and Other Stabilized Residential NOI	0.01		0.01		0.01
Overhead and other	(0.02)		(0.02)		(0.02)
Capital markets and transaction activity	(0.06)		(0.06)		(0.06)
Non-core items (1)	0.09		0.09		—
Gain on sale of real estate and depreciation expense	(0.55)		—		—
Projected per share - Q1 2024 outlook (2)	$	1.11	$	2.59	$	2.61

(1) For detail of non-core items, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 2 and table 8.
(2) Represents the mid-point of the Company's outlook.

Other Matters

The Company will hold a conference call on February 1, 2024 at 1:00 PM ET to review and answer questions about this release, its fourth quarter and full year 2023 results, the Attachments (described below) and related matters. To participate on the call, dial 877-407-9716.

To hear a replay of the call, which will be available from February 1, 2024 at 4:00 PM ET to March 1, 2024, dial 844-512-2921 and use replay passcode: 13740496. A webcast of the conference call will also be available at https://investors.avalonbay.com, and an online playback of the webcast will be available for at least seven days following the call.

The Company produces Earnings Release Attachments (the "Attachments") that provide detailed information regarding operating, development, redevelopment, disposition and acquisition activity. These Attachments are considered a part of this earnings release and are available in full with this earnings release via the Company's website at https://investors.avalonbay.com. To receive future press releases via e-mail, please submit a request through https://investors.avalonbay.com/other-information.

In addition to the Attachments, the Company is providing a teleconference presentation that will be available on the Company's website at https://investors.avalonbay.com subsequent to this release and before the market opens on February 1, 2024.

About AvalonBay Communities, Inc.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 299 apartment communities containing 90,669 apartment homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 18 communities were under development. The Company is an equity REIT in the business of developing, redeveloping, acquiring and managing apartment communities in leading metropolitan areas in New England, the New York/New Jersey Metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in the Company's expansion regions of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado. More information may be found on the Company’s website at https://www.avalonbay.com. For additional information, please contact Jason Reilley, Vice President of Investor Relations, at 703-317-4681.

Forward-Looking Statements

This release, including its Attachments, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements, which you can identify by the Company’s use of words such as “expects,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “projects,” “intends,” “believes,”

“outlook,” “may,” “shall,” “will,” “pursue” and similar expressions that predict or indicate future events and trends and that do not report historical matters, are based on the Company’s expectations, forecasts and assumptions at the time of this release, which may not be realized and involve risks and uncertainties that cannot be predicted accurately or that might not be anticipated. These could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties that might cause such differences include the following: we may abandon development or redevelopment opportunities for which we have already incurred costs; adverse capital and credit market conditions, including rising interest rates, may affect our access to various sources of capital and/or cost of capital, which may affect our business activities, earnings and common stock price, among other things; changes in local employment conditions, demand for apartment homes, supply of competitive housing products, landlord-tenant laws, including the adoption of rent control regulations, and other economic or regulatory conditions may result in lower than expected occupancy and/or rental rates and adversely affect the profitability of our communities; delays in completing development, redevelopment and/or lease-up, and general price inflation, may result in increased financing and construction costs and may delay and/or reduce the profitability of a community; debt and/or equity financing for development, redevelopment or acquisitions of communities may not be available or may not be available on favorable terms; we may be unable to obtain, or experience delays in obtaining, necessary governmental permits and authorizations; expenses may result in communities that we develop or redevelop failing to achieve expected profitability; our assumptions concerning risks relating to joint ventures and our ability to successfully dispose of certain assets may not be realized; investments made under the SIP in either mezzanine debt or preferred equity of third-party multifamily development may not be repaid as expected; our assumptions and expectations in our financial outlook may prove to be too optimistic; litigation costs and consequences may exceed our expectations; and risks related to an outbreak of disease or other public health event may affect the multifamily industry and general economy, including from measures taken by businesses and the government and the preferences of consumers and businesses for living and working arrangements both during and after such an event. Additional discussions of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements appear in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the Company’s Annual

Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 under the heading “Risk Factors” and under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Forward-Looking Statements” and in subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q.

The Company does not undertake a duty to update forward-looking statements, including its expected 2024 operating results and other financial data forecasts contained in this release. The Company may, in its discretion, provide information in future public announcements regarding its outlook that may be of interest to the investment community. The format and extent of future outlooks may be different from the format and extent of the information contained in this release.

Definitions and Reconciliations

Non-GAAP financial measures and other capitalized terms, as used in this earnings release, are defined, reconciled and further explained on Attachment 14, Definitions and Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Other Terms. Attachment 14 is included in the full earnings release available at the Company’s website at https://investors.avalonbay.com. This wire distribution includes only the following definitions and reconciliations.

Average Monthly Rental Revenue per Occupied Home is calculated by the Company as Residential rental revenue in accordance with GAAP, divided by the weighted average number of occupied apartment homes.

Commercial represents results attributable to the non-apartment components of the Company's mixed-use communities and other non-residential operations.

Development is composed of consolidated communities that are either currently under construction, or were under construction and were completed during the current year. These communities may be partially or fully complete and operating.

EBITDA, EBITDAre and Core EBITDAre are considered by management to be supplemental measures of our financial performance. EBITDA is defined by the Company as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. EBITDAre is calculated by the Company in accordance with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), as EBITDA plus or minus losses and gains on the disposition of depreciated property, plus impairment write-downs of depreciated property, with adjustments to reflect the Company's share of EBITDAre of unconsolidated entities. Core EBITDAre is the Company’s EBITDAre as adjusted for non-core items outlined in the table below. By further adjusting for items that are not considered part of the Company’s core business operations, Core EBITDAre can help one compare the core operating and financial performance of the Company between periods. A reconciliation of EBITDA, EBITDAre and Core EBITDAre to net income is as follows (dollars in thousands):


TABLE 1
	Q4
	2023
Net income	$	242,066
Interest expense and loss on extinguishment of debt	58,515
Income tax expense	2,438
Depreciation expense	210,694
EBITDA	$	513,713

Casualty loss	568
Gain on sale of communities	(77,994)
Unconsolidated entity EBITDAre adjustments (1)	3,468
EBITDAre	$	439,755

Unconsolidated entity gains, net	(137)
Joint venture promote	(23)
Structured Investment Program loan reserve	771
Advocacy contributions	1,425
Hedge accounting activity	310
Executive transition compensation costs	300
Severance related costs	132
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	9,265
Other real estate activity	533
Legal settlements and costs	393
Core EBITDAre	$	452,724

(1) Includes joint venture interest, taxes, depreciation, gain on dispositions of depreciated real estate and impairment losses, if applicable, included in net income.

Economic Gain is calculated by the Company as the gain on sale in accordance with GAAP, less accumulated depreciation through the date of sale and any other adjustments that may be required under GAAP accounting. Management generally considers Economic Gain to be an appropriate supplemental measure to gain on sale in accordance with GAAP because it helps investors to understand the relationship between the cash proceeds from a sale and the cash invested in the sold community. The Economic Gain for disposed communities is based on their respective final settlement statements. A reconciliation of the aggregate Economic Gain to the aggregate gain on sale in accordance with GAAP for the wholly-owned communities disposed of during the year ended December 31, 2023 is presented elsewhere in the full release.

Economic Occupancy is defined as total possible Residential revenue less vacancy loss as a percentage of total possible Residential revenue. Total possible Residential revenue (also known as “gross potential”) is determined by valuing occupied units at contract rates and vacant units at Market Rents. Vacancy loss is determined by valuing vacant units at current Market Rents. By measuring vacant apartments at their Market Rents, Economic Occupancy takes into account the fact that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community’s gross revenue.

FFO and Core FFO are generally considered by management to be appropriate supplemental measures of our operating and financial performance. FFO is calculated by the Company in accordance with the definition adopted by Nareit. FFO is calculated by the Company as Net income or loss attributable to common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated operating communities, cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle, impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate assets, write-downs of investments in affiliates which are driven by a decrease in the value of depreciable real estate assets held by the affiliate and depreciation of real estate assets, including adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. FFO can help one compare the operating and financial performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies because adjustments such as (i) gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated property or (ii) real estate depreciation may impact comparability between companies as the amount and timing of these or similar items can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates. Core FFO is the Company's FFO as adjusted for non-core items outlined in the table below. By further adjusting for items that are not considered by us to be part of our core business operations, Core FFO can help with the comparison of core operating performance of the Company between periods. A reconciliation of Net income attributable to common stockholders to FFO and to Core FFO is as follows (dollars in thousands):


TABLE 2
	Q4		Q4		Full Year		Full Year
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	241,969	$	241,293	$	928,825	$	1,136,775
Depreciation - real estate assets, including joint venture adjustments	209,694		205,977		811,717		810,611
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—		12		25		48
Gain on sale of unconsolidated entities holding previously depreciated real estate	—		(82)		—		(38,144)
Gain on sale of previously depreciated real estate	(77,994)		(88,065)		(287,424)		(555,558)
Casualty loss on real estate	568		—		9,118		—
FFO attributable to common stockholders	374,237		359,135		1,462,261		1,353,732

Adjusting items:
Unconsolidated entity gains, net (1)	(137)		(6,367)		(4,161)		(8,355)
Joint venture promote (2)	(23)		—		(1,519)		(4,690)
Structured Investment Program loan reserve (3)	771		(21)		1,186		1,632
Loss on extinguishment of consolidated debt	—		—		150		1,646
Hedge accounting activity	310		267		566		(229)
Advocacy contributions	1,425		100		1,625		634
Executive transition compensation costs	300		411		1,244		1,631
Severance related costs	132		458		2,625		1,097
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries (4)	9,265		5,507		30,583		13,288
Other real estate activity	533		(4,563)		(174)		(5,127)
For-sale condominium imputed carry cost (5)	68		271		602		2,306
Legal settlements and costs (6)	393		1,206		457		(2,212)
Income tax expense (7)	2,438		6,683		10,153		14,646
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders	$	389,712	$	363,087	$	1,505,598	$	1,369,999

Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted	142,229,122		140,007,823		141,643,788		139,975,087

Earnings per common share - diluted	$	1.70	$	1.72	$	6.56	$	8.12
FFO per common share - diluted	$	2.63	$	2.57	$	10.32	$	9.67
Core FFO per common share - diluted	$	2.74	$	2.59	$	10.63	$	9.79

(1) Amounts consist primarily of net unrealized gains on technology investments.
(2) Amounts for 2023 and 2022 are for the Company's recognition of its promoted interest in the Archstone Multifamily Partners AC LP.
(3) Amounts are the expected credit losses associated with the Company's lending commitments primarily under its SIP. The timing and amount of any actual losses that will be incurred, if any, is to be determined.
(4) Amounts for 2023 include the write-offs of $27,455 for seven development opportunities that the Company determined are no longer probable. Amounts for 2022 include the write-offs of $10,073 for three development opportunities that the Company determined are no longer probable.
(5) Represents the imputed carry cost of the for-sale residential condominiums at The Park Loggia. The Company computes this adjustment by multiplying the Total Capital Cost of completed and unsold for-sale residential condominiums by the Company's weighted average unsecured debt effective interest rate.
(6) In 2022, the Company received $6,000 of legal settlement proceeds, of which $3,684 is adjusted for Core FFO.
(7) Amounts are primarily for the recognition of taxes associated with The Park Loggia.

Interest Coverage is calculated by the Company as Core EBITDAre divided by interest expense. Interest Coverage is presented by the Company because it provides rating agencies and investors an additional means of comparing our ability to service debt obligations to that of other companies. A calculation of Interest Coverage for the three months ended December 31, 2023 is as follows (dollars in thousands):


TABLE 3

Core EBITDAre (1)	$	452,724

Interest expense (2)	$	58,515

Interest Coverage	7.7 times

(1) For additional detail, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 1.
(2) Excludes the impact of non-core hedge accounting activity.

Market Cap Rate is defined by the Company as Projected NOI of a single community for the first 12 months of operations (assuming no repositioning), less estimates for non-routine allowance of approximately $300 - $500 per apartment home, divided by the gross sales price for the community. Projected NOI, as referred to above, represents management’s estimate of projected rental revenue minus projected operating expenses before interest, income taxes (if any), depreciation and amortization. For this purpose, management’s projection of operating expenses for the community includes a management fee of 2.25%. The Market Cap Rate, which may be determined in a different manner by others, is a measure frequently used in the real estate industry when determining the appropriate purchase price for a property or estimating the value for a property. Buyers may assign different Market Cap Rates to different communities when determining the appropriate value because they (i) may project different rates of change in operating expenses and capital expenditure estimates and (ii) may project different rates of change in future rental revenue due to different estimates for changes in rent and occupancy levels. The weighted average Market Cap Rate is weighted based on the gross sales price of each community.

Market Rents as reported by the Company are based on the current market rates set by the Company based on its experience in renting apartments and publicly available market data. Market Rents for a period are based on the average Market Rents during that period and do not reflect any impact for cash concessions.

Net Debt-to-Core EBITDAre is calculated by the Company as total debt (secured and unsecured notes, and the Company's Credit Facility and commercial paper program) that is consolidated for financial reporting purposes, less consolidated cash and restricted cash, divided by annualized fourth quarter 2023 Core EBITDAre. A calculation of Net Debt-to-Core EBITDAre is as follows (dollars in thousands):


TABLE 4

Total debt principal (1)	$	8,044,042
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	(493,935)
Net debt	$	7,550,107

Core EBITDAre (2)	$	452,724

Core EBITDAre, annualized	$	1,810,896

Net Debt-to-Core EBITDAre	4.2 times

(1) Balance at December 31, 2023 excludes $43,848 of debt discount and deferred financing costs as reflected in unsecured notes, net, and $18,372 of debt discount and deferred financing costs as reflected in notes payable, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) For additional detail, see Definitions and Reconciliations, table 1.

NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from unconsolidated investments, depreciation expense, income tax expense (benefit), casualty loss, (gain) loss on sale of communities, other real estate activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. The Company considers NOI to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income of operating performance of a community or communities because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level property management overhead or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community, and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or groups of assets.

Residential NOI represents results attributable to the Company's apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary Residential revenue. A reconciliation of Residential NOI to net income, as well as a breakdown of Residential NOI by operating segment, is as follows (dollars in thousands):


TABLE 5
	Q4		Q4		Q3		Q2		Q1		Full Year		Full Year
	2023		2022		2023		2023		2023		2023		2022
Net income	$	242,066	$	241,164	$	171,790	$	367,807	$	146,775	$	928,438	$	1,136,438
Property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income	31,527		26,081		30,421		28,972		30,784		121,704		114,200
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	10,267		6,700		18,959		1,261		2,992		33,479		16,565
Interest expense, net	49,471		57,461		48,115		51,585		56,821		205,992		230,074
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	—		—		150		—		—		150		1,646
General and administrative expense	17,992		20,741		20,466		17,676		20,400		76,534		74,064
Income from unconsolidated investments	(1,709)		(6,820)		(1,930)		(4,970)		(4,845)		(13,454)		(53,394)
Depreciation expense	210,694		207,232		200,982		200,546		204,743		816,965		814,978
Income tax expense (benefit)	2,438		6,683		4,372		(217)		3,560		10,153		14,646
Casualty loss	568		—		3,499		—		5,051		9,118		—
(Gain) loss on sale of communities	(77,994)		(88,065)		(22,121)		(187,322)		13		(287,424)		(555,558)
Other real estate activity	533		(4,563)		(237)		(341)		(129)		(174)		(5,127)
NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(521)		(7,095)		(2,089)		(5,652)		(6,471)		(14,733)		(46,678)
NOI	485,332		459,519		472,377		469,345		459,694		1,886,748		1,741,854

Commercial NOI	(8,719)		(9,158)		(8,098)		(8,529)		(8,565)		(33,911)		(35,652)
Residential NOI	$	476,613	$	450,361	$	464,279	$	460,816	$	451,129	$	1,852,837	$	1,706,202

Residential NOI
Same Store:
New England	$	62,268	$	59,677	$	60,944	$	61,567	$	59,241	$	244,020	$	225,825
Metro NY/NJ	90,643		90,837		89,084		89,090		88,989		357,806		337,774
Mid-Atlantic	64,717		62,304		63,158		63,437		62,950		254,262		237,256
Southeast FL	12,107		11,359		11,889		11,984		12,172		48,152		42,695
Denver, CO	5,193		5,121		5,061		4,821		4,945		20,020		19,652
Pacific NW	29,984		28,929		29,069		29,657		29,411		118,121		113,058
N. California	75,341		73,386		75,209		75,767		74,123		300,440		285,319
S. California	96,822		89,178		94,739		93,195		89,507		374,263		355,687
Other Expansion Regions	3,771		3,853		3,769		3,864		3,934		15,338		14,418
Total Same Store	440,846		424,644		432,922		433,382		425,272		1,732,422		1,631,684
Other Stabilized	22,112		20,237		20,926		19,701		19,765		82,504		57,269
Development/Redevelopment	13,655		5,480		10,431		7,733		6,092		37,911		17,249
Residential NOI	$	476,613	$	450,361	$	464,279	$	460,816	$	451,129	$	1,852,837	$	1,706,202

NOI as reported by the Company does not include the operating results from assets sold or classified as held for sale. A reconciliation of NOI from communities sold or classified as held for sale is as follows (dollars in thousands):


TABLE 6
	Q4		Q4		Q3		Q2		Q1		Full Year		Full Year
	2023		2022		2023		2023		2023		2023		2022

Revenue from real estate assets sold or held for sale	$	796	$	10,119	$	3,058	$	8,339	$	9,003	$	21,197	$	69,782
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(275)		(3,024)		(969)		(2,687)		(2,532)		(6,464)		(23,104)
NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale	$	521	$	7,095	$	2,089	$	5,652	$	6,471	$	14,733	$	46,678

Commercial NOI is composed of the following components (in thousands):


TABLE 7
	Q4		Q4		Q3		Q2		Q1		Full Year		Full Year
	2023		2022		2023		2023		2023		2023		2022

Commercial Revenue	$	10,574	$	10,769	$	9,945	$	10,175	$	10,244	$	40,938	$	41,980
Commercial Operating Expenses	(1,855)		(1,611)		(1,847)		(1,646)		(1,679)		(7,027)		(6,328)
Commercial NOI	$	8,719	$	9,158	$	8,098	$	8,529	$	8,565	$	33,911	$	35,652

Other Stabilized is composed of completed consolidated communities that the Company owns, which have Stabilized Operations as of January 1, 2023, or which were acquired subsequent to January 1, 2022. Other Stabilized excludes communities that are conducting or are probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities.

Projected FFO and Projected Core FFO, as provided within this release in the Company’s outlook, are calculated on a basis consistent with historical FFO and Core FFO, and are therefore considered to be appropriate supplemental measures to projected net income from projected operating performance. A reconciliation of the ranges provided for Projected FFO per share (diluted) for the first quarter and full year 2024 to the ranges provided for projected EPS (diluted) and corresponding reconciliation of the ranges for Projected FFO per share to the ranges for Projected Core FFO per share are as follows:


TABLE 8
		Low Range		High Range
Projected EPS (diluted) - Q1 2024		$	1.06	$	1.16
	Depreciation (real estate related)	1.48		1.48
Projected FFO per share (diluted) - Q1 2024		2.54		2.64
	Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	0.01		0.01
	Advocacy contributions	0.01		0.01
Projected Core FFO per share (diluted) - Q1 2024		$	2.56	$	2.66

Projected EPS (diluted) - Full Year 2024		$	6.27	$	6.77
	Depreciation (real estate related)	5.97		5.97
	Gain on sale of communities	(1.82)		(1.82)
Projected FFO per share (diluted) - Full Year 2024		10.42		10.92
	Unconsolidated entity gains, net	0.01		0.01
	Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	0.04		0.04
	Legal settlements and costs	0.01		0.01
	Advocacy contributions	0.05		0.05
Projected Core FFO per share (diluted) - Full Year 2024		$	10.53	$	11.03

Projected NOI, as used within this release for certain Development communities and in calculating the Market Cap Rate for dispositions, represents management’s estimate, as of the date of this release (or as of the date of the buyer’s valuation in the case of dispositions), of projected stabilized rental revenue minus projected stabilized operating expenses. For Development communities, Projected NOI is calculated based on the first twelve months of Stabilized Operations following the completion of construction. In calculating the Market Cap Rate, Projected NOI for dispositions is calculated for the first twelve months following the date of the buyer’s valuation. Projected stabilized rental revenue represents management’s estimate of projected gross potential minus projected stabilized economic vacancy and adjusted for projected stabilized concessions plus projected stabilized other rental revenue. Projected stabilized operating expenses do not include interest, income taxes (if any), depreciation or amortization, or any allocation of corporate-level property management overhead or general and administrative costs. In addition, projected stabilized operating expenses for Development communities do not include property management fee expense. Projected gross potential for Development communities and dispositions is generally based on leased rents for occupied homes and management’s best estimate of rental levels for homes which are currently unleased, as well as those homes which will become available for lease during the twelve-month forward period used to develop Projected NOI. The weighted average Projected NOI as a percentage of Total Capital Cost is weighted based on the Company’s share of the Total Capital Cost of each community, based on its percentage ownership.

Management believes that Projected NOI of the Development communities, on an aggregated weighted average basis, assists investors in understanding management's estimate of the likely impact on operations of the Development communities when the assets are complete and achieve stabilized occupancy (before allocation of any corporate-level property management overhead, general and administrative costs or interest expense). However, in this release the Company has not given a projection of NOI on a company-wide basis. Given the different dates and fiscal years for which NOI is projected for these communities, the projected allocation of corporate-level property management overhead, general and administrative costs and interest expense to communities under development is complex, impractical to develop, and may not be meaningful. Projected NOI of these communities is not a projection of the Company's overall financial performance or cash flow. There can be no assurance that the communities under development will achieve the Projected NOI as described in this release.

Redevelopment is composed of consolidated communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is probable to begin during the current year. Redevelopment is considered substantial when (i) capital invested during the reconstruction effort is expected to exceed the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10% of the community’s pre-redevelopment basis and (ii) physical occupancy is below or is expected to be below 90% during or as a result of the redevelopment activity.

Residential represents results attributable to the Company's apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary Residential revenue.

Residential Rental Revenue with Concessions on a Cash Basis is considered by the Company to be a supplemental measure to Residential rental revenue in conformity with GAAP to help investors evaluate the impact of both current and historical concessions on GAAP-based Residential rental revenue and to more readily enable comparisons to revenue as reported by other companies. In addition, Residential Rental Revenue with Concessions on a Cash Basis allows an investor to understand the historical trend in cash concessions.

A reconciliation of Same Store Residential rental revenue in conformity with GAAP to Residential Rental Revenue with Concessions on a Cash Basis is as follows (dollars in thousands):


TABLE 9
	Q4		Q4			Q3			Full Year		Full Year
	2023		2022			2023			2023		2022
Residential rental revenue (GAAP basis)	$	636,255	$	608,567		$	635,318		$	2,514,272	$	2,364,776
Residential concessions amortized	4,356		2,950			4,066			14,789		22,008
Residential concessions granted	(4,501)		(4,935)			(6,194)			(17,040)		(11,699)

Residential Rental Revenue with Concessions on a Cash Basis	$	636,110	$	606,582		$	633,190		$	2,512,021	$	2,375,085

			Q4 2023 vs. Q4 2022			Q4 2023 vs. Q3 2023					Full Year 2023 vs. Full Year 2022

% change -- GAAP revenue			4.5		%	0.1		%			6.3		%

% change -- cash revenue			4.9		%	0.5		%			5.8		%

Same Store is composed of consolidated communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful as these communities were owned and had Stabilized Operations, as defined below, as of the beginning of the respective prior year period. Therefore, for 2023 operating results, Same Store is composed of consolidated communities that have Stabilized Operations as of January 1, 2022, are not conducting or are not probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale or probable for disposition within the current year.

Stabilized Operations is defined as operations of a community that occur after the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.

Total Capital Cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to develop the respective Development or Redevelopment community, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees and a contingency estimate, offset by proceeds from the sale of any associated land or improvements, all as determined in accordance with GAAP. Total Capital Cost also includes costs incurred related to first generation commercial tenants, such as tenant improvements and leasing commissions. For Redevelopment communities, Total Capital Cost excludes costs incurred prior to the start of redevelopment when indicated. With respect to communities where development or redevelopment was completed in a prior period or the current period, Total Capital Cost reflects the actual cost incurred, plus any contingency estimate made by management. Total Capital Cost for communities identified as having joint venture ownership, either during construction or upon construction completion, represents the total projected joint venture contribution amount. For joint ventures not in construction, Total Capital Cost is equal to gross real estate cost.

Uncollectible lease revenue and government rent relief

The following table provides uncollectible Residential lease revenue as a percentage of total Residential rental revenue in the aggregate and excluding amounts recognized from government rent relief programs in each respective period. Government rent relief reduces the amount of uncollectible Residential lease revenue. The Company expects the amount of rent relief recognized to continue to decline in 2024 absent funding from the Federal government.


TABLE 10
	Same Store Uncollectible Residential Lease Revenue
	Q4				Q4				Q3				Q2
	2023				2022				2023				2023
	Total		Excluding Rent Relief		Total		Excluding Rent Relief		Total		Excluding Rent Relief		Total		Excluding Rent Relief
New England	0.9	%	1.1	%	1.2	%	1.7	%	0.9	%	1.2	%	0.6	%	1.1	%
Metro NY/NJ	2.9	%	3.1	%	2.6	%	3.7	%	2.3	%	2.7	%	2.3	%	3.2	%
Mid-Atlantic	2.5	%	2.7	%	2.3	%	2.7	%	2.2	%	2.4	%	1.9	%	2.3	%
Southeast FL	2.0	%	2.0	%	2.6	%	3.3	%	3.0	%	3.0	%	2.6	%	3.1	%
Denver, CO	1.0	%	1.0	%	0.6	%	1.6	%	1.5	%	1.5	%	1.0	%	1.0	%
Pacific NW	1.1	%	1.2	%	0.7	%	1.2	%	1.6	%	1.8	%	0.8	%	1.0	%
N. California	1.2	%	1.3	%	1.8	%	2.2	%	1.2	%	1.4	%	1.2	%	1.3	%
S. California	2.3	%	2.5	%	5.6	%	5.9	%	2.5	%	2.7	%	3.4	%	3.5	%
Other Expansion Regions	1.0	%	1.0	%	0.8	%	0.8	%	0.5	%	0.5	%	0.3	%	0.3	%
Total Same Store	1.9	%	2.1	%	2.7	%	3.3	%	1.9	%	2.1	%	1.9	%	2.3	%

Unconsolidated Development is composed of communities that are either currently under construction, or were under construction and were completed during the current year, in which we have an indirect ownership interest through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture. These communities may be partially or fully complete and operating.

Unencumbered NOI as calculated by the Company represents NOI generated by real estate assets unencumbered by outstanding secured notes payable as of December 31, 2023 as a percentage of total NOI generated by real estate assets. The Company believes that current and prospective unsecured creditors of the Company view Unencumbered NOI as one indication of the borrowing capacity of the Company. Therefore, when reviewed together with the Company’s Interest Coverage, EBITDA and cash flow from operations, the Company believes that investors and creditors view Unencumbered NOI as a useful supplemental measure for determining the financial flexibility of an entity. A calculation of Unencumbered NOI for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows (dollars in thousands):


TABLE 11
	Full Year 2023
	NOI
Residential NOI:
Same Store	$	1,732,422
Other Stabilized	82,504
Development/Redevelopment	37,911
Total Residential NOI	1,852,837
Commercial NOI	33,911
NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale	14,733
Total NOI generated by real estate assets	1,901,481
Less NOI on encumbered assets	(90,593)
NOI on unencumbered assets	$	1,810,888

Unencumbered NOI	95		%