Boise Cascade Company Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023 Results
BOISE, Idaho - Boise Cascade Company ("Boise Cascade," the "Company," "we," or "our") (NYSE: BCC) today reported fourth quarter net income of $97.5 million, or $2.44 per share, on sales of $1.6 billion. For the full year 2023, Boise Cascade reported net income of $483.7 million, or $12.12 per share, on sales of $6.8 billion. For 2022 comparative results, see the table below.
"We closed out 2023 with a fourth quarter that delivered strong financial performance, further execution of our growth strategies through organic and acquisition initiatives, and meaningful returns to our shareholders through share price gains and dividends. I remain humbled and grateful for our team as we continue to execute on strategies that position us to serve and support our vendor and customer partners into the future," stated Nate Jorgensen, CEO. "As we look forward to 2024, we are optimistic about new single-family residential construction activity and have great confidence in our people to execute our strategy independent of the market backdrop. In addition, our balance sheet remains strong, and we remain committed to our balanced approach to capital allocation and look forward to executing our reinvestment and growth projects included in our expanded capital plan."
Fourth Quarter and Year End 2023 Highlights
4Q 2023
4Q 2022
% change
2023
2022
% change
(in thousands, except per-share data and percentages)
Consolidated Results
Sales
$
1,644,256
$
1,628,306
1
%
$
6,838,245
$
8,387,307
(18)
%
Net income
97,535
117,360
(17)
%
483,656
857,658
(44)
%
Net income per common share - diluted
2.44
2.95
(17)
%
12.12
21.56
(44)
%
Adjusted EBITDA 1
160,582
188,174
(15)
%
756,697
1,257,564
(40)
%
Segment Results
Wood Products sales
$
449,676
$
425,602
6
%
$
1,932,602
$
2,115,896
(9)
%
Wood Products income
64,128
74,978
(14)
%
337,132
575,167
(41)
%
Wood Products EBITDA 1
92,693
99,708
(7)
%
435,842
648,475
(33)
%
Building Materials Distribution sales
1,492,614
1,443,780
3
%
6,178,690
7,643,615
(19)
%
Building Materials Distribution income
70,497
92,455
(24)
%
335,808
627,091
(46)
%
Building Materials Distribution EBITDA 1
80,613
99,396
(19)
%
368,161
654,096
(44)
%
1 For reconciliations of non-GAAP measures, see summary notes at the end of this press release.
In fourth quarter 2023, total U.S. housing starts and single-family housing starts increased 4% and 23%, respectively, compared to the same period in 2022. For the full year 2023, total and single-family housing starts decreased 9% and 6%, respectively, compared to the same period in 2022. Single-family housing starts are the key demand driver for our sales.
Wood Products
Wood Products' sales, including sales to Building Materials Distribution (BMD), increased $24.1 million, or 6%, to $449.7 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, from $425.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The increase in sales was driven by higher sales volumes for I-joists and LVL (collectively referred to as EWP). The increase was offset partially by lower sales prices across all product lines and lower plywood sales volumes. Wood Products' segment income decreased $10.9 million to $64.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, from $75.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in segment income was due primarily to lower EWP and plywood sales prices, accelerated depreciation of $6.2 million for the previously announced indefinite curtailment of lumber production at our Chapman, Alabama facility, and an increase in other manufacturing costs. These decreases in segment income were offset partially by higher EWP sales volumes and lower wood fiber costs.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, sales, including sales to BMD, decreased $183.3 million, or 9%, to $1,932.6 million from $2,115.9 million in 2022. The decrease in sales was driven by lower sales prices across all product lines and lower EWP sales volumes. These decreases were offset partially by higher plywood sales volumes. Wood Products' segment income decreased $238.1 million to $337.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $575.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in segment income was due primarily to lower plywood and EWP sales prices, as well as lower EWP sales volumes. In addition, segment income was negatively impacted by an increase in depreciation and amortization expense related to the Coastal Plywood acquisition and accelerated depreciation on lumber production assets, as mentioned above. These decreases in segment income were offset partially by lower wood fiber costs and higher plywood sales volumes.
Comparative average net selling prices and sales volume changes for EWP and plywood are as follows:
4Q 2023 vs. 4Q 2022
2023 vs. 2022
Average Net Selling Prices
LVL
(13)%
(2)%
I-joists
(18)%
(4)%
Plywood
(5)%
(29)%
Sales Volumes
LVL
29%
(1)%
I-joists
79%
(4)%
Plywood
(8)%
21%
Building Materials Distribution
BMD's sales increased $48.8 million, or 3%, to $1,492.6 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, from $1,443.8 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. Compared with the same quarter in the prior year, the increase in sales was driven by sales volume increases of 13%, offset partially by sales price decreases of 10%. By product line, commodity sales decreased 8%, general line product sales increased 13%, and EWP sales (substantially all of which are sourced through our Wood Products segment) increased 10%. BMD segment income decreased $22.0 million to $70.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2023, from $92.5 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022. The decline in segment income was driven by increased selling and distribution expenses of $12.9 million compared with the same quarter in the prior year. In addition, general and administrative expenses increased $5.7 million, due partially to acquisition-related costs for the previously announced BROSCO acquisition. Depreciation and amortization expenses also increased $3.2 million due primarily to increased capital expenditures, as well as the BROSCO acquisition. BMD's gross margins were flat when compared with the same quarter in the prior year.
2
For the year ended December 31, 2023, sales decreased $1,464.9 million, or 19%, to $6,178.7 million from $7,643.6 million in 2022. The decrease in sales was driven by sales price and sales volume decreases of 16% and 3%, respectively. By product line, commodity sales decreased 32%, general line product sales decreased 4%, and EWP sales decreased 16%. BMD segment income decreased $291.3 million to $335.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $627.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in segment income was driven by a gross margin decrease of $276.0 million, resulting primarily from gross margin declines on EWP and commodity products and lower sales volumes across all product lines compared with 2022. In addition, general and administrative expenses increased $7.8 million, due partially to acquisition-related costs for the BROSCO acquisition. Depreciation and amortization expenses also increased $5.3 million due primarily to increased capital expenditures, as well as the BROSCO acquisition.
Balance Sheet and Liquidity
Boise Cascade ended fourth quarter 2023 with $949.6 million of cash and cash equivalents and $395.9 million of undrawn committed bank line availability, for total available liquidity of $1,345.5 million. The Company had $445.3 million of outstanding debt at December 31, 2023.
Capital Allocation
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company used a combined $378.2 million of cash for capital spending and the acquisition of BROSCO. We expect capital expenditures in 2024, excluding potential acquisition spending, to total approximately $250 million to $270 million. Our 2024 capital expenditures range includes spending on previously announced projects to add I-joist production capabilities at our Thorsby EWP mill and converting a plywood layup line to a parallel laminated veneer line at our Chapman, Alabama plywood facility. At our Oakdale, Louisiana facility, multiple investment projects are planned over the next two years which include upgrade and redesign of the log utilization center, a new veneer dryer and press, and modification of an existing veneer dryer. In addition, our 2024 capital expenditures range includes spending on the previously announced greenfield distribution centers in Texas and South Carolina in our BMD segment.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid common stock dividends of $346.5 million, or $8.70 per share. In addition, on February 6, 2024, our board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.20 per share on our common stock, payable on March 15, 2024, to stockholders of record on February 23, 2024.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid $6.4 million for the repurchase of 75,678 shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 1.9 million shares were available for repurchase under our existing share repurchase program.
Outlook
Demand for the products we manufacture, as well as the products we purchase and distribute, is correlated with new residential construction, residential repair-and-remodeling activity and light commercial construction. Residential construction, particularly new single-family construction, is the key demand driver for the products we manufacture and distribute. Recent industry forecasts for 2024 U.S. housing starts are generally consistent with actual housing starts of 1.42 million in 2023, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau. Despite recent declines in mortgage rates and homebuilders responding with various mechanisms to attract buyers, home affordability remains a challenge for consumers. However, with a resilient economy and elevated mortgage rates, which limits existing home inventory for sale, new residential construction is expected to remain an important source of supply for homebuyers. Within new residential construction, the recent reduction in rates and potential for future rate reductions has created optimism that single-family starts will reflect year-over-year growth. However, there is reservation that multi-family starts may pull back from recent record highs due to capital costs for developers combined with cooling rents and elevated supply. Regarding home improvement spending, the age of U.S. housing stock and elevated levels of homeowner equity have provided a favorable backdrop for repair-and-remodel spending. In 2023, year-over-year growth rates in renovation spending moderated due to economic uncertainty and higher borrowing costs. While home improvement spending is expected to remain robust compared to history, recent industry forecasts project mid-single-digit declines in 2024. Ultimately, macroeconomic factors, the level and expectations for mortgage rates, home affordability, home equity levels, and other factors will likely influence the near-term demand environment for the products we manufacture and distribute.
3
As a manufacturer of certain commodity products, we have sales and profitability exposure to declines in commodity product prices and rising input costs. Our distribution business purchases and resells a broad mix of products with periods of increasing prices providing the opportunity for higher sales and increased margins, while declining price environments expose us to declines in sales and profitability. Future product pricing, particularly commodity products pricing and input costs, may be volatile in response to economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns.
About Boise Cascade
Boise Cascade Company is one of the largest producers of engineered wood products and plywood in North America and a leading U.S. wholesale distributor of building products. For more information, please visit the Company's website at www.bc.com.
Webcast and Conference Call
Boise Cascade will host a webcast and conference call to discuss fourth quarter and full year earnings on Wednesday, February 21, 2024, at 11 a.m. Eastern.
To join the webcast, go to the Investors section of our website at www.bc.com/investors and select the Event Calendar link. Analysts and investors who wish to ask questions during the Q&A session can register for the call here.
The archived webcast will be available in the Investors section of Boise Cascade's website.
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We refer to the terms EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA in this earnings release and the accompanying Quarterly Statistical Information as supplemental measures of our performance and liquidity that are not required by or presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP). We define EBITDA as income before interest (interest expense and interest income), income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Additionally, we disclose Adjusted EBITDA, which further adjusts EBITDA to exclude the change in fair value of interest rate swaps.
We believe EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are meaningful measures because they present a transparent view of our recurring operating performance and allow management to readily view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons, and identify strategies to improve operating performance. We also believe EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are useful to investors because they provide a means to evaluate the operating performance of our segments and our Company on an ongoing basis using criteria that are used by our management and because they are frequently used by investors and other interested parties when comparing companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, however, are not measures of our liquidity or financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income, income from operations, or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP or as alternatives to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. The use of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA instead of net income or segment income have limitations as analytical tools, including: the inability to determine profitability; the exclusion of interest expense, interest income, and associated significant cash requirements; and the exclusion of depreciation and amortization, which represent unavoidable operating costs. Management compensates for these limitations by relying on our GAAP results. Our measures of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to potential inconsistencies in the methods of calculation.
4
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release includes statements about our expectations of future operational and financial performance that are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including, but not limited to, statements regarding our outlook. Statements preceded or followed by, or that otherwise include, the words "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "project," "estimates," "plans," "forecast," "is likely to," and similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as "will," "may," "would," "should," and "could" are generally forward-looking in nature and not historical facts. Such statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. The accuracy of such statements is subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected, including, but not limited to, prices for building products, changes in the competitive position of our products, commodity input costs, the effect of general economic conditions, our ability to efficiently and effectively integrate the BROSCO and Coastal Plywood acquisitions, mortgage rates and availability, housing demand, housing vacancy rates, governmental regulations, unforeseen production disruptions, as well as natural disasters. These and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from such forward-looking statements are discussed in greater detail in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release. We undertake no obligation to revise them in light of new information. Finally, we undertake no obligation to review or confirm analyst expectations or estimates that might be derived from this release.
5
Boise Cascade Company
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except per-share data) (unaudited)
Three Months Ended
Year Ended
December 31
September 30, 2023
December 31
2023
2022
2023
2022
Sales
$
1,644,256
$
1,628,306
$
1,834,441
$
6,838,245
$
8,387,307
Costs and expenses
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)
1,310,062
1,288,717
1,442,178
5,409,311
6,472,540
Depreciation and amortization
39,085
31,982
31,474
132,467
101,593
Selling and distribution expenses
143,796
130,145
147,714
559,503
553,251
General and administrative expenses
30,241
22,375
27,583
114,434
103,750
Other (income) expense, net
(104)
(689)
(141)
(1,856)
(1,676)
1,523,080
1,472,530
1,648,808
6,213,859
7,229,458
Income from operations
121,176
155,776
185,633
624,386
1,157,849
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss)
362
457
(602)
7
(1,584)
Pension expense (excluding service costs)
(41)
(41)
(40)
(163)
(294)
Interest expense
(6,445)
(6,443)
(6,351)
(25,496)
(25,412)
Interest income
13,142
7,575
13,760
48,106
12,263
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps
(993)
(35)
(327)
(1,791)
3,559
6,025
1,513
6,440
20,663
(11,468)
Income before income taxes
127,201
157,289
192,073
645,049
1,146,381
Income tax provision
(29,666)
(39,929)
(49,005)
(161,393)
(288,723)
Net income
$
97,535
$
117,360
$
143,068
$
483,656
$
857,658
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic
39,653
39,544
39,675
39,649
39,526
Diluted
40,020
39,830
39,983
39,901
39,772
Net income per common share:
Basic
$
2.46
$
2.97
$
3.61
$
12.20
$
21.70
Diluted
$
2.44
$
2.95
$
3.58
$
12.12
$
21.56
Dividends declared per common share
$
5.20
$
1.15
$
0.20
$
8.70
$
4.01
6
Wood Products Segment
Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except percentages) (unaudited)
Three Months Ended
Year Ended
December 31
September 30, 2023
December 31
2023
2022
2023
2022
Segment sales
$
449,676
$
425,602
$
515,225
$
1,932,602
$
2,115,896
Costs and expenses
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)
340,845
312,143
376,754
1,432,745
1,405,417
Depreciation and amortization
28,565
24,730
23,350
98,710
73,308
Selling and distribution expenses
11,215
10,397
10,786
45,116
41,140
General and administrative expenses
4,844
3,751
5,018
20,404
21,940
Other (income) expense, net
79
(397)
(257)
(1,505)
(1,076)
385,548
350,624
415,651
1,595,470
1,540,729
Segment income
$
64,128
$
74,978
$
99,574
$
337,132
$
575,167
(percentage of sales)
Segment sales
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
Costs and expenses
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)
75.8
%
73.3
%
73.1
%
74.1
%
66.4
%
Depreciation and amortization
6.4
%
5.8
%
4.5
%
5.1
%
3.5
%
Selling and distribution expenses
2.5
%
2.4
%
2.1
%
2.3
%
1.9
%
General and administrative expenses
1.1
%
0.9
%
1.0
%
1.1
%
1.0
%
Other (income) expense, net
—
%
(0.1
%)
—
%
(0.1
%)
(0.1
%)
85.7
%
82.4
%
80.7
%
82.6
%
72.8
%
Segment income
14.3
%
17.6
%
19.3
%
17.4
%
27.2
%
7
Building Materials Distribution Segment
Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except percentages) (unaudited)
Three Months Ended
Year Ended
December 31
September 30, 2023
December 31
2023
2022
2023
2022
Segment sales
$
1,492,614
$
1,443,780
$
1,670,296
$
6,178,690
$
7,643,615
Costs and expenses
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)
1,265,493
1,216,198
1,417,153
5,249,211
6,438,103
Depreciation and amortization
10,116
6,941
7,781
32,353
27,005
Selling and distribution expenses
132,635
119,748
136,982
514,513
512,111
General and administrative expenses
14,100
8,387
11,195
47,414
39,651
Other (income) expense, net
(227)
51
109
(609)
(346)
1,422,117
1,351,325
1,573,220
5,842,882
7,016,524
Segment income
$
70,497
$
92,455
$
97,076
$
335,808
$
627,091
(percentage of sales)
Segment sales
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
100.0
%
Costs and expenses
Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)
84.8
%
84.2
%
84.8
%
85.0
%
84.2
%
Depreciation and amortization
0.7
%
0.5
%
0.5
%
0.5
%
0.4
%
Selling and distribution expenses
8.9
%
8.3
%
8.2
%
8.3
%
6.7
%
General and administrative expenses
0.9
%
0.6
%
0.7
%
0.8
%
0.5
%
Other (income) expense, net
—
%
—
%
—
%
—
%
—
%
95.3
%
93.6
%
94.2
%
94.6
%
91.8
%
Segment income
4.7
%
6.4
%
5.8
%
5.4
%
8.2
%
8
Segment Information
(in thousands) (unaudited)
Three Months Ended
Year Ended
December 31
September 30, 2023
December 31
2023
2022
2023
2022
Segment sales
Wood Products
$
449,676
$
425,602
$
515,225
$
1,932,602
$
2,115,896
Building Materials Distribution
1,492,614
1,443,780
1,670,296
6,178,690
7,643,615
Intersegment eliminations
(298,034)
(241,076)
(351,080)
(1,273,047)
(1,372,204)
Total net sales
$
1,644,256
$
1,628,306
$
1,834,441
$
6,838,245
$
8,387,307
Segment income
Wood Products
$
64,128
$
74,978
$
99,574
$
337,132
$
575,167
Building Materials Distribution
70,497
92,455
97,076
335,808
627,091
Total segment income
134,625
167,433
196,650
672,940
1,202,258
Unallocated corporate costs
(13,449)
(11,657)
(11,017)
(48,554)
(44,409)
Income from operations
$
121,176
$
155,776
$
185,633
$
624,386
$
1,157,849
Segment EBITDA
Wood Products
$
92,693
$
99,708
$
122,924
$
435,842
$
648,475
Building Materials Distribution
80,613
99,396
104,857
368,161
654,096
See accompanying summary notes to consolidated financial statements and segment information.
9
Boise Cascade Company
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands) (unaudited)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Current
Cash and cash equivalents
$
949,574
$
998,344
Receivables
Trade, less allowances of $3,278 and $3,264
352,780
297,237
Related parties
181
19
Other
20,740
23,023
Inventories
712,369
697,551
Prepaid expenses and other
21,170
47,878
Total current assets
2,056,814
2,064,052
Property and equipment, net
932,633
770,023
Operating lease right-of-use assets
62,868
55,582
Finance lease right-of-use assets
24,003
26,501
Timber deposits
7,208
7,519
Goodwill
170,254
137,958
Intangible assets, net
190,743
161,433
Deferred income taxes
4,854
6,116
Other assets
9,269
11,330
Total assets
$
3,458,646
$
3,240,514
10
Boise Cascade Company
Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued)
(in thousands, except per-share data) (unaudited)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current
Accounts payable
Trade
$
310,175
$
269,785
Related parties
1,501
1,019
Accrued liabilities
Compensation and benefits
149,561
142,463
Interest payable
9,958
9,955
Other
122,921
122,606
Total current liabilities
594,116
545,828
Debt
Long-term debt
445,280
444,392
Other
Compensation and benefits
40,189
33,226
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion
56,425
48,668
Finance lease liabilities, net of current portion
28,084
30,022
Deferred income taxes
82,014
63,454
Other long-term liabilities
16,874
16,949
223,586
192,319
Commitments and contingent liabilities
Stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; 50,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding
—
—
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share; 300,000 shares authorized, 44,983 and 44,827 shares issued, respectively
450
448
Treasury stock, 5,443 and 5,367 shares at cost, respectively
(145,335)
(138,909)
Additional paid-in capital
560,697
551,215
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(517)
(520)
Retained earnings
1,780,369
1,645,741
Total stockholders' equity
2,195,664
2,057,975
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
$
3,458,646
$
3,240,514
11
Boise Cascade Company
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands) (unaudited)
Year Ended December 31
2023
2022
Cash provided by (used for) operations
Net income
$
483,656
$
857,658
Items in net income not using (providing) cash
Depreciation and amortization, including deferred financing costs and other
135,414
103,879
Stock-based compensation
15,410
11,870
Pension expense
163
294
Deferred income taxes
(180)
59,666
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps
1,791
(3,559)
Other
(1,898)
(1,043)
Decrease (increase) in working capital, net of acquisitions
Receivables
(35,024)
158,073
Inventories
22,286
(13,903)
Prepaid expenses and other
(824)
(2,834)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
37,146
(100,354)
Pension contributions
(553)
(1,058)
Income taxes payable
28,590
(30,561)
Other
1,481
3,091
Net cash provided by operations
687,458
1,041,219
Cash provided by (used for) investment
Expenditures for property and equipment
(215,438)
(114,117)
Acquisitions of businesses and facilities, net of cash acquired
(162,774)
(515,237)
Proceeds from sales of assets and other
2,660
3,898
Net cash used for investment
(375,552)
(625,456)
Cash provided by (used for) financing
Dividends paid on common stock
(346,493)
(159,564)
Tax withholding payments on stock-based awards
(5,926)
(3,930)
Treasury stock purchased
(6,426)
—
Payments of deferring financing costs
—
(1,174)
Other
(1,831)
(1,658)
Net cash used for financing
(360,676)
(166,326)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
(48,770)
249,437
Balance at beginning of the period
998,344
748,907
Balance at end of the period
$
949,574
$
998,344
12
Summary Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and Segment Information
The Consolidated Statements of Operations, Segment Statements of Operations, Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and Segment Information presented herein do not include the notes accompanying the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K and the Company's other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Net income for all periods presented involved estimates and accruals.
EBITDA represents income before interest (interest expense and interest income), income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Additionally, we disclose Adjusted EBITDA, which further adjusts EBITDA to exclude the change in fair value of interest rate swaps. The following table reconciles net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for (i) the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, (ii) the three months ended September 30, 2023, and (iii) the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
Three Months Ended
Year Ended
December 31
September 30, 2023
December 31
2023
2022
2023
2022
(in thousands)
Net income
$
97,535
$
117,360
$
143,068
$
483,656
$
857,658
Interest expense
6,445
6,443
6,351
25,496
25,412
Interest income
(13,142)
(7,575)
(13,760)
(48,106)
(12,263)
Income tax provision
29,666
39,929
49,005
161,393
288,723
Depreciation and amortization
39,085
31,982
31,474
132,467
101,593
EBITDA
159,589
188,139
216,138
754,906
1,261,123
Change in fair value of interest rate swaps
993
35
327
1,791
(3,559)
Adjusted EBITDA
$
160,582
$
188,174
$
216,465
$
756,697
$
1,257,564
13
The following table reconciles segment income and unallocated corporate costs to EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA for the (i) three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, (ii) three months ended September 30, 2023, and (iii) year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
