English Translation of a Report Originally Issued in Korean
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Gravity Co., Ltd.:
Opinion
We have audited the accompanying separate financial statements of Gravity Co., Ltd (“the Company”), which comprise the separate statements of financial position as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the separate statement of comprehensive income, separate statements of changes in equity and separate statements of cash flows for the years then ended, and notes to the separate financial statements, including material accounting policy information.
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the separate financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and its separate financial performance and its separate cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the Republic of Korea (Korean IFRS).
Basis for Opinion
We conducted our audits in accordance with Korean Standards on Auditing. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Separate Financial Statements section of our report. We are independent of the Company in accordance with the ethical requirements of the Republic of Korea that are relevant to our audit of the separate financial statements and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with the ethical requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.
Other Matter
Auditing standards and their application in practice vary among countries. The procedures and practices used in the Republic of Korea to audit such financial statements may differ from those generally accepted and applied in other countries.
Responsibilities of Management and Those Charged with Governance for the Separate Financial Statements
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the separate financial statements in accordance with Korean IFRS, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of separate financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
In preparing the separate financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations.
Those charged with governance are responsible for overseeing the Company’s financial reporting process.
Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Separate Financial Statements
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the separate financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with Korean Standards on Auditing will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these separate financial statements.
As part of an audit in accordance with Korean Standards on Auditing, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit. We also:
∙Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the separate financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.
∙Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control.
∙Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by management.
∙Conclude on the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditors’ report to the related disclosures in the separate financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditors’ report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern.
∙Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the separate financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the separate financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.
We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.
Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers
Seoul, Korea
March 21, 2024
This report is effective as of March 21, 2024, the audit report date. Certain subsequent events or circumstances, which may occur between the audit report date and the time of reading this report, could have a material impact on the accompanying separate financial statements and notes thereto. Accordingly, the readers of the audit report should understand that the above audit report has not been updated to reflect the impact of such subsequent events or circumstances, if any.
2
GRAVITY CO., LTD.
Separate Statements of Financial Position
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022
(In thousands of won)
Notes
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents
5,6,23
W
32,157,091
42,985,625
Short-term financial instruments
6,23
249,000,000
167,000,000
Accounts receivables, net
6,7,15,23
31,529,998
35,117,290
Other receivables, net
6,7,23
1,760,646
961,918
Prepaid expenses
15
1,148,345
1,556,323
Other current financial assets
6,23
4,476,977
3,249,537
Other current assets
240,066
5,573
320,313,123
250,876,266
Non-current assets
Investments in subsidiaries
8
35,451,234
26,732,334
Property and equipment, net
9,22
4,179,602
3,520,385
Intangible assets, net
10
5,989,596
3,867,939
Deferred tax assets
20
4,068,410
3,689,765
Other non-current financial assets
6,23
1,164,926
2,048,028
Other non-current assets
11
5,279,592
1,574,623
56,133,360
41,433,074
Total assets
W
376,446,483
292,309,340
See accompanying notes to the separate financial statements.
3
GRAVITY CO., LTD.
Separate Statements of Financial Position, Continued
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022
(In thousands of won)
Notes
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Accounts payable
6,23
W
24,162,504
17,641,888
Deferred revenue
15
4,627,119
4,258,298
Withholdings
1,230,318
1,540,197
Accrued expenses
1,101,738
881,213
Income tax payable
20
8,270,305
2,406,367
Other current liabilities
6,22,23
2,315,409
1,607,153
41,707,393
28,335,116
Non-current liabilities
Long-term accounts payable
6,23
677,520
373,989
Long-term deferred revenue
15
1,790,097
30,239
Other non-current liabilities
6,22,23
1,510,093
2,978,179
3,977,710
3,382,407
Total liabilities
W
45,685,103
31,717,523
Equity
Share capital
1,14
3,474,450
3,474,450
Share premium
14
27,482,683
27,482,683
Retained earnings
14
299,804,247
229,634,684
Total equity
330,761,380
260,591,817
Total liabilities and equity
W
376,446,483
292,309,340
See accompanying notes to the separate financial statements.
4
GRAVITY CO., LTD.
Separate Statements of Comprehensive Income
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
(In thousands of won)
Notes
2023
2022
Revenue
15,24
Online games
W
32,778,385
W
32,969,528
Mobile games
209,449,600
198,512,493
Other revenue
547,513
1,235,384
242,775,498
232,717,405
Cost of revenue
16
121,571,928
112,512,407
Gross profit
121,203,570
120,204,998
Selling, general and administrative expenses
16,17
50,448,535
58,060,198
Operating profit
70,755,035
62,144,800
Non-operating income and expenses
Finance income
6,18
16,603,926
13,734,710
Finance costs
6,18
(7,260,236)
(9,975,732)
Other non-operating income
19
13,476,681
9,578,611
Other non-operating expenses
19
(1,512,666)
(278,780)
Profit before income tax
92,062,740
75,203,609
Income tax expense
20
21,893,177
20,288,885
Profit for the year
W
70,169,563
W
54,914,724
Other comprehensive income
Items that may be subsequently reclassified to profit or loss
Foreign currency translation adjustments
-
-
Total comprehensive income for the year
W
70,169,563
W
54,914,724
See accompanying notes to the separate financial statements.
5
GRAVITY CO., LTD.
Separate Statements of Changes in Equity
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
(In thousands of won)
Notes
Share
capital
Share
Premium
Other components of equity
Retained earnings
Total
Balance at January 1, 2022
W
3,474,450
27,482,683
-
174,719,960
205,677,093
Total comprehensive income for the period:
Profit for the year
-
-
-
54,914,724
54,914,724
Balance at December 31, 2022
W
3,474,450
27,482,683
-
229,634,684
260,591,817
Balance at January 1, 2023
W
3,474,450
27,482,683
-
229,634,684
260,591,817
Total comprehensive income for the period:
Profit for the year
-
-
-
70,169,563
70,169,563
Balance at December 31, 2023
W
3,474,450
27,482,683
-
299,804,247
330,761,380
See accompanying notes to the separate financial statements.
6
GRAVITY CO., LTD.
Separate Statements of Cash Flow
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
(In thousands of won)
Notes
2023
2022
Cash flows from operating activities
Profit for the year
W
70,169,563
W
54,914,724
Adjustments
21
5,891,373
12,550,795
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
21
6,014,580
(7,886,555)
Interest received
8,427,882
2,964,848
Dividend received
12,072,740
8,839,924
Interest paid
(91,294)
(61,533)
Income tax paid
(16,797,739)
(25,807,417)
Net cash provided by operating activities
85,687,105
45,514,786
Cash flows from investing activities
Decrease in other current financial assets
-
901
Disposal of property and equipment
9
20,295
1,368
Purchase of subsidiaries
8
(8,718,900)
(5,052,489)
Increase in short-term financial instruments
(81,999,800)
(19,000,000)
Increase in other current financial assets
-
(200)
Increase in other non-current financial assets
(545,000)
(500,000)
Acquisition of property and equipment
9
(704,398)
(291,433)
Acquisition of intangible assets
10
(2,645,435)
(1,601,496)
Net cash used in investing activities
(94,593,238)
(26,443,349)
Cash flows from financing activities
Repayment of lease liabilities
22
(2,060,721)
(2,049,532)
Net cash used in financing activities
(2,060,721)
(2,049,532)
Effects of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
138,320
(638,402)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
(10,828,534)
16,383,503
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year
42,985,625
26,602,122
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year
W
32,157,091
W
42,985,625
See accompanying notes to the separate financial statements.
7
GRAVITY CO., LTD.
Separate Statements of Cash Flow
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
8
1. General Information
GRAVITY CO., LTD. (the “Company”) was incorporated on April 4, 2000, to engage in developing and publishing online and mobile games, and other related business. The Company’s headquarter is located at 15F, 396 World Cup buk-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Korea. The Company’s principal game product, “Ragnarok”, a massive multi-player online role-playing game, was commercially launched in August 2002, and is currently operated internationally in 91 markets. The Company also operates many other games.
On February 8, 2005, the Company listed its shares on the Nasdaq Stock Market in the United States and issued 1,400,000 shares of common stocks in the form of American Depositary shares (“ADSs”) under the symbol “GRVY”.
As of December 31, 2023, the total paid-in capital amounts to W3,474,450 thousand. The Company’s major shareholders and their respective percentage of ownership as of December 31, 2021 are as follows:
Number of shares
Ownership (%)
GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.
4,121,737
59.31
Others
2,827,163
40.69
6,948,900
100.00
2. Basis of Presentation
These separate financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Korean International Financial Reporting Standards (“K-IFRS”), as prescribed in the Act on External Audits of Stock Companies, Etc. in the Republic of Korea. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been restructured and translated into English from the Korean language financial statements.
Certain information attached to the Korean language financial statements, but not required for a fair presentation of the Group's financial position, financial performance or cash flows, is not presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
These separate financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on March 7, 2024, and are expected to be submitted for approval at the shareholders’ meeting to be held on March 29, 2024.
(1) Basis of measurement
The separate financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis.
(2) Use of judgments and estimates
The preparation of the separate financial statements in conformity with K-IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are as follows:
9
2. Basis of Presentation, Continued
(2) Use of judgments and estimates, Continued
(a) Deferred revenue
The Company sells virtual currency and in-game items that can be used in mobile games to game users. For each game in each country, the Company estimates and applies the game user's life cycle in order to recognize revenue generated by micro-transactions. The game user's life cycle is estimated based on the average period from the game user's first payment date to the last access date for active paying game users. The Company considers a game user as an active user if the period between the time of the user’s most recent access of the game and the end of reporting period equals or is shorter than the estimated game users’ life cycle. For remaining amounts of virtual currency and items that active users own at period-end, the related revenue is deferred considering the items’ attributes. The Company estimates the user’s life cycle by analyzing game users’ activity patterns such as payment and access and it periodically reviews if there is any change of these estimates.
3. New Standards and Interpretations Adopted During the Year and Resulting Changes in Accounting Policies
The Company has applied the following standards and amendments for the first time for the annual reporting period commencing on January 1, 2023.
(1)Amendment to K-IFRS No. 1001 ‘Presentation of Financial Statement’ – Disclosure of Accounting Policies
The amendments to Korean IFRS 1001 define and require entities to disclose their material accounting policy information (being information that, when considered together with other information included in an entity’s financial statements, can reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of financial statements make on the basis of those financial statements). The amendments did not have a significant impact on the financial statements.
(2)Amendments to K-IFRS No. 1001 ‘Presentation of Financial Statement’ – Disclosure of gain or loss on valuation of financial liabilities subject to adjustment of exercise price
If the entire or a part of financial instrument, whose exercise price is subject to change due to the issuer's share price, is classified as a financial liability, the carrying amount of the financial liability and related gains and losses shall be disclosed. The amendments did not have a significant impact on the financial statements.
(3)Amendments to K-IFRS No. 1008 ‘Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimate and Errors’ – Definition of Accounting Estimates
The amendments define accounting estimates and clarify how to distinguish them from changes in accounting policies. The amendment did not have a significant impact on the financial statements.
(4) Amendments to K-IFRS No. 1012 ‘Income Taxes’ – Deferred Tax related to Assets and liabilities arising from a Single Transaction
The amendments include an additional condition to the exemption to initial recognition of an asset or liability that a transaction does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences at the time of the transaction. The amendments did not have a significant impact on the financial statement.
10
3. New Standards and Interpretations Adopted During the Year and Resulting Changes in Accounting Policies, Continued
(5) New Standard : K-IFRS No. 1117 ‘Insurance Contract’
Korean IFRS 1117 Insurance Contracts replaces Korean IFRS 1104 Insurance Contracts. This Standard estimates future cash flows of an insurance contract and measures insurance liabilities using discount rates applied with assumptions and risks at the measurement date. The entity recognizes insurance revenue on an accrual basis including services (insurance coverage) provided to the policyholder by each annual period. In addition, investment components (Refunds due to termination/maturity) repaid to a policyholder even if an insured event does not occur, are excluded from insurance revenue, and insurance financial income or expense and the investment income or expense are presented separately to enable users of the information to understand the sources of income or expenses. This standard did not have a significant impact on the financial statements.
(6) Amendments to K-IFRS No. 1012 ‘Income Taxes’ – International Tax Reform – Pillar Two Model Rules
The amendments provide a temporary relief from the accounting for deferred taxes arising from legislation enacted to implement the Pillar Two model rules, which aim to reform international corporate taxation for multinational enterprises, and require disclosure of related current tax effects, etc. The Company applies the
exception to recognizing and disclosing information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes. Since the Pillar Two legislation is scheduled to be effective from January 1, 2024, the Company has no current tax expense related to Pillar Two. The impact of the Pillar Two income taxes is described in Note 20.
4. Significant Accounting Policies
The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these separate financial statements in accordance with the K-IFRS are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all years presented, except if mentioned otherwise in Note 3.
(1) Investment in subsidiaries, joint ventures, and associates
These separate financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with K-IFRS No. 1027, Separate Financial Statements. The Company applies the cost method to investments in subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures in accordance with K-IFRS No. 1027(Note 8) Dividends from subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures are recognized in profit or loss when the right to receive the dividends is established.
(2) Cash and Cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, deposits held at call with financial institutions, and other short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash.
11
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(3) Financial Assets
(a) Classification
At initial recognition, the Company classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:
•measured at fair value through profit or loss;
•measured at fair value through other comprehensive income; and
•measured at amortized cost.
The classification depends on the Company’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.
For financial assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in debt instruments, this will depend on the business model in which the investment is held. The Company reclassifies debt investments when, and only when its business model for managing those assets changes.
For investments in equity instruments that are not held for trading, this will depend on whether the Company has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income. Changes in fair value of equity instruments not elected as equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income will be recognized in profit or loss.
(b) Measurement
At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, for financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss.
Financial assets with embedded derivatives are considered in their entirety when determining whether their cash flows are solely payment of principal and interest.
12
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(3) Financial Assets
(b) Measurement, Continued
(i) Debt instruments
Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Company’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. The Company classifies its debt instruments into one of the following three measurement categories:
•Amortized cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortized cost. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at amortized cost and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized or impaired. Interest income from these financial assets is included in ‘finance income’ using the effective interest rate method.
•Fair value through other comprehensive income: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the assets’ cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. Movements in
the carrying amount are taken through other comprehensive income, except for the recognition of impairment loss (reversal of impairment loss), interest income and foreign exchange gains and losses which are recognized in profit or loss. When the financial asset is derecognized, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss. Interest income from these financial assets is included in ‘finance income’ using the effective interest rate method. Foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in ‘finance income or costs’ and impairment losses are presented in ‘other non-operating expenses’.
•Fair value through profit or loss: Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortized cost or fair value through other comprehensive income are measured at fair value through profit or loss. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognized in profit or loss and presented net in the statement of profit or loss within ‘finance income or costs’ in the year in which it arises.
13
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(3) Financial Assets, Continued
(b) Measurement, Continued
(ii) Equity instruments
The Company subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value. Where the Company’s management has elected to present fair value gains and losses on equity investments, which are held for long-term investment or strategic purpose, in other comprehensive income. There is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss following the derecognition of the investment.
Changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognized in ‘other non-operating income and expenses’ in the statement of profit or loss as applicable. Impairment loss (reversal of impairment loss) on equity investments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income are not reported separately from other changes in fair value.
(c) Impairment
The Company recognizes loss allowances for expected credit losses(“ECLs”) on:
•financial assets measured at amortized cost;
•debt investments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income; and
•contract assets under K-IFRS No. 1115.
The Company measures loss allowances at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs, except for the following, which are measured at 12-month ECLs:
•debt securities that are determined to have low credit risk at the reporting date; and
•other debt securities and bank balances for which credit risk (i.e. the risk of default occurring over the expected life of the financial instrument) has not increased significantly since initial recognition.
Loss allowances for accounts and other receivables (including lease receivables) and contract assets are always measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs.
When determining whether the credit risk of a financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition and when estimating ECLs, the Company considers reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort. This includes both quantitative and qualitative information and analysis, based on the Company’s historical experience and informed credit assessment, that includes forward-looking information.
14
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(3) Financial Assets, Continued
(c) Impairment, Continued
The Company considers a financial asset to be in default when:
•the debtor is unlikely to pay its obligations to the Company in full, without recourse by the Company to actions such as realizing security (if any is held); or
•the financial asset is more than 90 days past due.
Lifetime ECLs are the ECLs that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument.
12-month ECLs are the portion of ECLs that result from default events that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date (or a shorter period if the expected life of the instrument is less than 12 months).
The maximum period considered when estimating ECLs is the maximum contractual period over which the Company is exposed to credit risk.
ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured as the present value of all cash shortfalls (i.e. the difference between the cash flows due to the entity in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive). ECLs are discounted at the effective interest rate of the financial asset.
At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether financial assets carried at amortized cost and debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income are credit-impaired. A financial asset is ‘credit-impaired’ when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset have occurred.
Loss allowances for financial assets measured at amortized cost are deducted from the gross carrying amount of the assets. For debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income, the loss allowance is charged to profit or loss.
(d) Recognition and Derecognition
Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized or derecognized on trade-date, the date on which the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership.
If a transfer does not result in derecognition because the Company has retained substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred asset, the Company continues to recognize the transferred asset in its entirety and recognizes a financial liability for the consideration received.
15
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(3) Financial Assets, Continued
(e) Offsetting of financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the statements of financial position where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the assets and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Company or the counterparty.
(4) Account receivables
Account receivables are recognized initially at the amount of consideration that is unconditional, unless they contain significant financing components when they are recognized at fair value. Account receivables are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less loss allowance.
(5) Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are initially measured at cost. The cost of property and equipment includes expenditures arising directly from the construction or acquisition of the asset, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management, and the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.
Property and equipment, subsequently, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Subsequent costs are recognized in the carrying amount of property and equipment at cost or, if appropriate, as a separate item if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be reliably measured.
Depreciation of all property and equipment, except for land, is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost or revalued amounts, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives as follows:
Estimated Useful Lives
Computer and other equipment
4 years
Furniture and fixture
4 years
Vehicles
4 years
Leasehold improvements
(*)
Right-of-use assets
(*)
(*) The Company depreciates Right-of-use asset and the Leasehold improvements from the commencement date and the available date to the earlier date between the end of the lease term and the expiration date of Right-of-use asset’s useful life using the straight-line method.
Depreciation methods, useful lives, and residual values are reviewed at the end of each reporting date and adjusted, if appropriate. The change is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate.
16
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(6) Intangible Assets
Intangible assets, except for goodwill, are initially recognized at its historical cost, and carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.
The Company amortizes intangible assets with a limited useful life using the straight-line method over the following periods:
Estimated Useful Lives
Software
1~3 years
Industrial property rights
10 years
Other intangible assets
3 years
Expenditure on research activities is recognized in profit or loss as incurred. Development expenditure is capitalized only if the expenditure can be measured reliably, the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, future economic benefits are probable and the Company intends to and has sufficient resources to complete development and to use or sell the asset. Other development expenditure is recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
The Company entered into a game licensing agreement with a number of third parties to gain exclusive rights to the games developed by those companies. The license fee payments are recognized as other intangible assets and amortized over the term of the contract using the straight-line method.
(7) Impairment of Non-financial Assets
At each reporting date, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets (other than contract assets, incremental costs of obtaining a contract, costs to fulfil a contract, employee benefit related assets and deferred tax assets) to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. Goodwill and intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives or that are not yet available for use, irrespective of whether there is any indication of impairment, are tested for impairment annually by comparing their recoverable amounts to their carrying amounts.
The recoverable amount of an asset or cash generating unit (“CGU”) is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. Value in use is based on the estimated future cash flows, discounted to their present value using an adjusted discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset or CGU.
An impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss if the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount.
17
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(8) Leases
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company uses the definition of a lease in K-IFRS No. 1116.
(a) As a lessee
At commencement or on modification of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of its relative stand-alone prices. However, the Company has elected not to separate non-lease components and account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component by class of underlying asset.
The Company determines the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together with both (a) periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and (b) periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. When the lessee and the lessor each has the right to terminate the lease without permission from the other party, the Company should consider a termination penalty in determining the period for which the contract is enforceable.
The Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received.
The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term, unless the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the Company by the end of the lease term or the cost of the right-of-use asset reflects that the Company will exercise a purchase option. In that case the right-of-use asset will be depreciated over the useful life of the underlying asset, which is determined on the same basis as those of property and equipment. In addition, the right-of-use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.
The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rates.
The Company determines its incremental borrowing rate by obtaining interest rates from various external financing sources and makes certain adjustments to reflect the terms of the lease and type of the asset leased.
18
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(8) Leases, Continued
(a) As a lessee, Continued
Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the following:
•fixed payments, including in-substance fixed payments;
•variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;
•amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee;
•the exercise price under a purchase option that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, lease payments in an optional renewal period if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an extension option, and penalties for early termination of a lease unless the Company is reasonably certain not to terminate early.
The lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Company’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, if the Company changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option or if there is a revised in-substance fixed lease payment.
When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.
The Company presents right-of-use assets that do not meet the definition of investment property in ‘Property and equipment’ and lease liabilities in ‘Other current liabilities’ and ‘Other non-current liabilities’ in the statement of financial position.
The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases of low-value assets and short-term leases. The Company recognizes the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
(b) As a lessor
At inception or on modification of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component on the basis of their relative stand-alone prices.
When the Company acts as a lessor, it determines at lease inception whether each lease is a finance lease or an operating lease.
19
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(8) Leases, Continued
(b) As a lessor, Continued
To classify each lease, the Company makes an overall assessment of whether the lease transfers substantially all of the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the underlying asset. If this is the case, then the lease is a finance lease; if not, then it is an operating lease. As part of this assessment, the Company considers certain indicators such as whether the lease is for the major part of the economic life of the asset.
When the Company is an intermediate lessor, it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sub-lease separately. It assesses the lease classification of a sub-lease with reference to the right-of-use asset arising from the head lease, not with reference to the underlying asset. If a head lease is a short-term lease to which the Company applies the exemption described above, then it classifies the sub-lease as an operating lease.
If an arrangement contains lease and non-lease components, then the Company applies K-IFRS No.1115 to allocate the consideration in the contract.
The Company applies the derecognition and impairment requirements in K-IFRS No. 1109 to the net investment in the lease. The Company further regularly reviews estimated unguaranteed residual values used in calculating the gross investment in the lease.
The Company recognizes lease payments received under operating leases as income on a straight-line basis over the lease term as part of ‘non-operating income’.
20
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(9) Financial Liabilities
(a) Classification and measurement
The Company’s financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are financial instruments held for trading. A financial liability is held for trading if it is incurred principally for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. A derivative that is not a designated as hedging instruments and an embedded derivative that is separated are also classified as held for trading.
The Company classifies non-derivative financial liabilities, except for financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, financial guarantee contracts and financial liabilities that arise when a transfer of financial assets does not qualify for derecognition, as financial liabilities carried at amortized cost and present as ‘accounts payable’, ‘other current liabilities’ and ‘other non-current liabilities’ in the separate statement of financial position.
(b) Derecognition
Financial liabilities are removed from the statement of financial position when it is extinguished; for example, when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expired or when the terms of an existing financial liability are substantially modified. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid (including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed) is recognized in profit or loss.
(10) Provisions and Contingent Liabilities
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated.
Provisions are measured at the present value of management's best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. The discount rate used to determine the present value reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability.
In addition, when there is a possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity or a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation or the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability, a disclosure regarding the contingent liabilities is made in the notes to the financial statements.
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
21
(11) Foreign Currency Translation
(a) Functional and presentation currency
Items included in the financial statements of the Company are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates (the “functional currency”), which the financial statements in the Company and its branch (Taiwan) are presented in Korean won (KRW) and New Taiwan Dollar (NTD), respectively. The separate financial statements are presented in Korean won, which is the Company’s functional and presentation currency.
(b) Transactions and balances
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the exchange rate at the reporting date are generally recognized in profit or loss. They are recognized in other comprehensive income if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges and qualifying effective portion of net investment hedges in a foreign operation.
Exchange differences arising on non-monetary financial assets and liabilities such as equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss and equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income are recognized in profit or loss and other comprehensive income, respectively, as part of the fair value gain or loss.
(12) Statement of cash flows
The Company has elected to present cash flows from operating activities using the indirect method. Cash flows denominated in a foreign currency are reported using average exchange rate.
(13) Revenues from contracts with customers
The Company engages in game licensing, IP licensing, and game publishing businesses.
Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for sale of goods or rendering of services arising from the normal course of the business. Revenue is recognized as net amounts excluding value added taxes, returns, rebates and discounts.
(a) Revenue from micro-transaction and subscription
The Company recognizes micro-transaction revenue of online and mobile games when the Company satisfies its performance obligations.
Whether the performance obligations are satisfied depends on the natures of virtual currency and in-game virtual items. Items are categorized into consumable, periodic, and permanent in-game virtual items.
Consumable in-game virtual items are items that are consumed by the specific action of a game user, and periodic in-game virtual items are items that can be used repeatedly during a specified effective period. Permanent in-game virtual items are items that can be used by game users repeatedly without an effective period.
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
22
(13) Revenues from contracts with customers, Continued
(a) Revenue from micro-transaction and subscription, Continued
The accounting policy on revenue recognition is described below in relation to micro-transaction revenue from the sales of virtual currency and items.
(i) Online Games
The specific method of recognizing and deferring revenue for virtual currency and consumable, periodic, and permanent items purchased with virtual currency is as follows.
At the end of the reporting period, the Company defers the total amount of remaining virtual currency.
For consumable in-game virtual items, the related revenue is recognized when the in-game virtual item is consumed. The Company defers the revenue for remaining amounts of virtual items owned by active paying users within the estimated user life cycle at the end of the reporting period.
For periodic in-game virtual items, the related revenue is recognized ratably over the effective period. The Company defers the revenue for remaining effective period.
For permanent in-game virtual items, revenue is recognized ratably over the estimated user life cycle. The Company defers the revenue for remaining period of estimated user life cycle at the end of the reporting period.
(ii) Mobile Games
The specific method of recognizing and deferring revenue for virtual currency and consumable, periodic, and permanent items purchased with virtual currency is as follows.
Mobile game users purchase virtual currency that can be used to purchase in-game items. The Company has no refund obligation after the game user purchases virtual currency. At the end of the reporting period, the Company defers the revenue for the remaining virtual currency possessed by active paying users.
For consumable in-game virtual items, revenue is recognized when the in-game virtual item is consumed. The Company defers the revenue for remaining virtual items possessed by active users within the estimated user life cycle at the end of the reporting period.
For periodic in-game virtual items with effective period, revenue is recognized ratably over the effective period. The Company defers the revenue for remaining effective period.
For permanent in-game virtual items, revenue is recognized ratably over the estimated user life cycle. The Company defers the revenue for remaining period of estimated user life cycle at the end of the reporting period.
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
23
(b) Royalties and License Fees
In connection with the Company’s online and mobile games, the Company enters into license agreement in connection with the right to access the intellectual property, such as game character images and stories. The Company believes that the agreement is a promise to provide a right to the customer to access the related IP because the Company will undertake activities that significantly affect the intellectual property to which the customer has rights, the rights granted by the license directly expose the customer to any positive or negative effects of the Company’s activities, and those activities do not result in the transfer of a good or a service to the customer as those activities occur. Therefore, the Company’s performance obligations in connection with these agreements are satisfied over time.
Since the nature of the license promise is to provide customers with access to the intellectual property of the Company during the license period, the Company's performance obligation corresponds to the performance obligation satisfied over the time, and revenue is recognized over the license period. The Company recognizes revenue for the license fee through the straight-line method during the contract period, and for the running royalty revenue, the revenue is recognized on an accrual basis at the time the revenue distribution is established in accordance with the terms of the contract. When the running royalty revenue based on the contractual royalty rate and the actual revenue of the licensee exceeds the ratably recognized minimum guarantee, the excess amount is then recognized as revenue and accounts receivable.
24
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(13) Revenues from contracts with customers, Continued
(c) Incremental costs of obtaining contract
The Company pays platform processing fees to operate mobile games on third party platforms. These fees are charged based on the game users’ purchases in cash and considered as incremental cost of obtaining contracts with customer and therefore capitalized. The Company presents these costs as prepaid expense and amortizes them to costs of revenue at the same time when the related revenue of the services provided to the game users are recognized.
(14) Current and Deferred Tax
The tax expense for the period consists of current and deferred tax. Current and deferred tax is recognized in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. The tax expense is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the taxation authorities, using the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation, and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The Group measures its tax balances either based on the most likely amount or the expected value, depending on which method provides a better prediction of the resolution of the uncertainty.
Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the separate financial statements. However, deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss.
Deferred tax assets are recognized only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilize those temporary differences and tax credit.
The Company recognizes a deferred tax liability all taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates, and interests in joint arrangements, except to the extent that the Company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. In addition, the Company recognizes a deferred tax asset for all deductible temporary differences arising from such investments to the extent that it is probable the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilized.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis.
25
4. Significant Accounting Policies, Continued
(15) Employee Benefits
(a) Short-term employee benefits
Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits that are due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render related services. When an employee has rendered a service to the Company during an accounting period, the Company recognizes the undiscounted amount of short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.
(b) Defined contribution pension plan
The Company has a defined contribution pension plan with the related contribution to the pension plan recorded as severance benefit expenses for the employees with service period over a year. The Company recognizes provision for severance benefits for the employees with service period less than a year.
(16) Standards issued but not yet effective
A number of new standards are effective for annual periods beginning after January 1, 2023 and earlier application is permitted; however, the Company has not early adopted the new or amended standards in preparing these separate financial statements.
The following amended standards and interpretations are not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s separate financial statements.
•Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current, Non-current Liabilities with Covenant (Amendment to K-IFRS No. 1001 ‘Presentation of Financial Statements’)
•Supplier finance arrangement (Amendment to K-IFRS No. 1007 ’Statement of Cash Flows’, K-IFRS No.1107 Financial Instruments: Disclosures’)
•Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback (Amendment to K-IFRS No. 1116 ‘Leases’)
•Disclosure of Cryptographic Assets (Amendment to K-IFRS No. 1001 ‘Presentation of Financial Statements)
26
5. Cash and cash equivalents
(1) Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Demand deposits, etc.
W
32,157,091
42,985,625
(2) The Company does not have any restricted cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
6. Financial Instruments by Category
(1) Carrying amounts of financial instruments by category as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Financial assets at amortized cost
Cash and cash equivalents
W
32,157,091
42,985,625
Short-term financial instruments
249,000,000
167,000,000
Accounts receivable, net
31,529,998
35,117,290
Other receivables, net
995,094
830,176
Other current financial assets(*1)
4,476,977
3,249,537
Other non-current financial assets(*2)
1,164,926
1,548,028
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Other non-current financial assets
-
500,000
W
319,324,086
251,230,656
(*1) Other current financial assets consist of accrued income, deposits and lease receivable.
(*2) Other non-current financial assets consist of deposits and lease receivable.
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Accounts payable(*)
W
20,523,174
14,734,688
Long-term accounts payable
677,520
373,989
Other current liabilities
2,315,409
1,607,153
Other non-current liabilities
1,007,489
1,362,371
W
24,523,592
18,078,201
(*) Accounts payable that are not financial liabilities are excluded.
6. Financial Instruments by Category, Continued
(2) Net income(expenses) from financial instruments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
27
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Financial assets at amortized cost
Interest income
W
9,439,646
4,293,042
Differences in foreign currency
367,432
625,044
9,807,078
4,918,086
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Interest income
5,539
4,701
W
9,812,617
4,922,787
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Interest expense
W
(96,473)
(66,635)
Differences in foreign currency
(372,454)
(1,097,174)
W
(468,927)
(1,163,809)
(3) Fair value hierarchy
Fair values are categorized into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as follows:
•Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
•Level 2: all inputs other than quoted prices included in level 1 that are observable (either directly that is, prices, or indirectly that is, derived from prices) for the asset or liability;
•Level 3: unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
The fair value of financial instruments traded in an active market is determined based on the quoted market price as of the end of the reporting period. If the quoted prices are readily and regularly available through exchanges, sellers, brokers, industry groups, rating agencies or regulators and such prices represent actual market transactions that occur regularly between independent parties, they are considered active markets. These products are included in Level 1.
The fair value of financial instruments that are not traded in an active market is determined using valuation techniques. These valuation techniques use as much market observable information as possible and use the least amount of company-specific information. At this time, if all the significant input variables required to measure the fair value of a good are observable, the good is included in Level 2.
If more than one significant input variable is not based on observable market information, the item is included in Level 3.
28
6. Financial Instruments by Category, Continued
(3) Fair value hierarchy, Continued
The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of a financial instrument include:
- Market price or dealer price of a similar financial instrument
- The fair value of derivative instruments is determined by discounting the amount to present value using the leading exchange rate as of the end of the reporting period
For the other financial instruments, the Company applied other valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow, etc.
7. Accounts and Other Receivables
(1) Accounts and other receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Accounts
receivables
Other receivables
Accounts
receivables
Other receivables
Non-related party
W
16,317,691
765,557
17,573,672
132,554
Related party
15,224,314
995,089
17,591,492
829,364
Less: Loss allowance
(12,007)
-
(47,874)
-
W
31,529,998
1,760,646
35,117,290
961,918
(2) Changes in the loss allowance of accounts receivables during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
Accounts receivable
2023
2022
Beginning balance
W
47,874
3,522
(Reversal of) Bad debt expenses
(35,867)
63,492
Write-off
-
(19,140)
Ending balance
W
12,007
47,874
7. Accounts and Other Receivables, Continued
29
(3) Expected credit losses (ECLs) and credit risk exposures for accounts and other receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(a) Accounts receivables
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
Expected loss rate(%)
Carrying
amount
Loss allowance
Not due or overdue for less than 90 days
0.00
W
31,510,119
982
More than 90 days ~ Less than 180 days
8.77
21,756
1,908
More than 180 days ~ Less than 270 days
19.75
3
1
More than 270 days ~ Less than 1 year
60.25
2,543
1,532
More than 1 year
100.00
7,584
7,584
W
31,542,005
12,007
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2022
Expected loss rate(%)
Carrying
Amount
Loss allowance
Not due or overdue for less than 90 days
0.00
W
35,063,072
1,104
More than 90 days ~ Less than 180 days
44.20
99,081
43,789
More than 180 days ~ Less than 270 days
58.20
71
41
More than 270 days~ Less than 1 year
74.50
-
-
More than 1 year
100.00
2,940
2,940
W
35,165,164
47,874
(b) Other receivables
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
Expected loss rate(%)
Carrying amount
Loss allowance
Not due or overdue for less than 90 days
0.00
W
1,760,646
-
W
1,760,646
-
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2022
Expected loss rate(%)
Carrying amount
Loss allowance
Not due or overdue for less than 90 days
0.00
W
949,852
-
More than 90 days ~ Less than 180 days
3,870
-
More than 180 days ~ Less than 270 days
8,196
-
961,918
-
30
7. Accounts and Other Receivable, Continued
(3) ECLs and credit risk exposures for accounts and other receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows, Continued:
In assessing the recoverability of accounts and other receivables, the Company considers changes in the credit rating of accounts and other receivables from the commencement of the credit to the end of the reporting period.
The Company applies simplified approach for accounts and other receivables to measure the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses. To measure the expected credit losses, accounts and other receivables are grouped based on credit risk characteristics and the duration of past due balances. ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured as the present value of all cash shortfalls. The Company considers reasonable and supportable information that is relevant and available without undue cost or effort. This includes the Company’s historical experience and informed credit assessment, that includes forward-looking information.
8. Investment in Subsidiaries
(1) Details of investment in subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
Percentage of ownership (%)
Subsidiary
Location
Main business
Fiscal year end
December 31, 2022
December 31, 2021
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
USA
Online and mobile game services
December
100.00
100.00
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
Korea
Mobile Game Development and Service
December
99.53
99.53
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd.
Taiwan
Online and mobile game services
December
100.00
100.00
PT. Gravity Game Link
Indonesia
Online and mobile game services
December
70.00
70.00
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
Thailand
Online and mobile game services
December
100.00
100.00
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd.
Japan
Online and mobile game services
December
100.00
100.00
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd.
Singapore
Online and mobile game services
December
100.00
100.00
Gravity Game Vision Limited.
Hongkong
Online and mobile game services
December
100.00
100.00
31
8. Investment in Subsidiaries, Continued
(2)Changes in investment in subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
Subsidiary
Beginning balance
Acquisition
Ending balance
Gravity Interactive, Inc. (*1)
W
-
-
-
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
5,637,089
-
5,637,089
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd.
5,681,415
-
5,681,415
PT. Gravity Game Link
2,483,407
-
2,483,407
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
3,407,555
-
3,407,555
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd. (*2)
2,556,965
8,718,900
11,275,865
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd.
6,332,621
-
6,332,621
Gravity Game Vision Limited.
633,282
-
633,282
W
26,732,334
8,718,900
35,451,234
(*1) Prior to 2023, the Company recognized an impairment loss at its full amount as the recoverable amount was less than its book value.
(*2) During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company participated in paid-in capital increase of Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd. however there were no change in the shareholding ratio.
In thousands of won)
2022
Subsidiary
Beginning balance
Acquisition
Ending balance
Gravity Interactive, Inc. (*1)
W
-
-
-
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
5,637,089
-
5,637,089
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd.
5,681,415
-
5,681,415
PT. Gravity Game Link
2,483,407
-
2,483,407
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
3,407,555
-
3,407,555
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd. (*2)
1,563,885
993,080
2,556,965
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd. (*2)
2,906,494
3,426,127
6,332,621
Gravity Game Vision Limited.(*3)
-
633,282
633,282
W
21,679,845
5,052,489
26,732,334
(*1) Prior to 2022, the Company recognized an impairment loss at its full amount as the recoverable amount was less than its book value.
(*2) During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company participated in paid-in capital increase of Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd and Gravity Game Hub PTE. however there were no change in the shareholding ratio.
(*3) Gravity Game Vision Limited. was established during the year ended December 31, 2022 with 100% ownership interest held by the Company.
32
8. Investment in Subsidiaries, Continued
(3) Condensed financial information of subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
Subsidiary
Total assets
Total liabilities
Revenue
Profit (loss) for
the year
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
W
23,445,002
13,670,750
49,817,549
1,113,103
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
11,747,448
5,783,968
19,408,225
(1,270,425)
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd.
35,754,253
9,227,145
33,122,338
10,115,876
PT. Gravity Game Link
2,461,089
302,622
2,234,131
(103,406)
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
50,672,065
8,080,609
30,603,821
11,308,220
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd.
7,058,412
1,683,204
3,806,986
(5,392,804)
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd.
74,229,285
37,718,412
287,949,942
34,159,815
Gravity Game Vision Limited.
51,811,357
10,752,847
145,653,444
23,547,185
(In thousands of won)
2022
Subsidiary
Total assets
Total liabilities
Revenue
Profit (loss) for
the year
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
W
32,142,913
23,616,795
62,745,252
(2,448,061)
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
15,586,693
8,352,788
24,638,854
1,709,739
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd.
39,437,891
11,161,240
50,610,968
14,185,767
PT. Gravity Game Link
3,268,158
1,090,349
3,372,227
(373,901)
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
40,204,476
9,740,080
34,990,048
9,974,512
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd.
3,066,904
988,401
3,451,554
(504,862)
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd.
4,846,247
2,726,020
4,351,866
(3,081,397)
Gravity Game Vision Limited.
63,608,043
46,145,974
116,550,222
17,090,044
9. Property and Equipment
(1) Details of property and equipment as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Acquisition
cost
Accumulated depreciation
Carrying
amount
Acquisition cost
Accumulated depreciation
Carrying
amount
Computer and other equipment
W
4,041,548
(3,280,112)
761,436
3,745,380
(3,310,543)
434,837
Furniture and fixture
874,914
(704,286)
170,628
836,180
(600,353)
235,827
Vehicles
9,101
(7,774)
1,327
9,101
(5,498)
3,603
Leasehold improvements
1,588,067
(1,321,009)
267,058
1,506,967
(1,148,863)
358,104
Right-of-use assets
7,459,267
(4,480,114)
2,979,153
7,560,119
(5,072,105)
2,488,014
W
13,972,897
(9,793,295)
4,179,602
13,657,747
(10,137,362)
3,520,385
33
9. Property and Equipment, Continued
(2) Changes in property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
Computer and other equipments
Furniture
and fixture
Vehicles
Leasehold
improvements
Right-of-use assets
Total
Beginning balance
W
434,837
235,827
3,603
358,104
2,488,014
3,520,385
Rent adjustment
-
-
-
-
196,258
196,258
Acquisitions
584,564
38,734
-
81,100
2,166,557
2,870,955
Depreciation
(257,965)
(103,933)
(2,276)
(172,146)
(1,871,676)
(2,407,996)
Disposition
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ending balance
W
761,436
170,628
1,327
267,058
2,979,153
4,179,602
(In thousands of won)
2022
Computer and other equipments
Furniture
and fixture
Vehicles
Leasehold
improvements
Right-of-use assets
Total
Beginning balance
W
456,272
254,903
5,878
513,354
4,377,913
5,608,320
Acquisitions
175,878
115,557
-
-
76,042
367,477
Depreciation
(197,313)
(134,633)
(2,275)
(155,250)
(1,892,899)
(2,382,370)
Disposition
-
-
-
-
(73,042)
(73,042)
Ending balance
W
434,837
235,827
3,603
358,104
2,488,014
3,520,385
(3) Classification of depreciation expenses in the statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Cost of revenues
W
575,997
671,873
Selling, general and administrative expenses(*)
1,831,999
1,710,497
W
2,407,996
2,382,370
(*) The deprecation expenses recognized as the research and development included in selling, general and administrative expenses was W30,500 thousand and W41,713 thousand, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
(4) As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there are no property and equipment that are pledged as collateral for the Company’s debts.
10. Intangible Assets
(1) Details of intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Acquisition cost
Accumulated
amortization(*)
Carrying
amount
Acquisition cost
Accumulated amortization (*)
Carrying
amount
Software
W
15,684,112
(13,033,269)
2,650,843
13,647,727
(11,938,905)
1,708,822
Patents
1,356,162
(744,814)
611,348
1,194,935
(666,157)
528,778
Other intangible assets
9,314,361
(6,586,956)
2,727,405
5,769,884
(4,139,545)
1,630,339
W
26,354,635
(20,365,039)
5,989,596
20,612,546
(16,744,607)
3,867,939
(*) Accumulated amortization includes the amount of accumulated impairment loss.
10. Intangible Assets, Continued
34
(2) Changes in intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
Software
Patents
Other intangible
assets
Total
Beginning balance
W
1,708,822
528,778
1,630,339
3,867,939
Acquisitions
2,036,385
170,101
3,557,058
5,763,544
Amortization
(1,094,364)
(81,349)
(951,662)
(2,127,375)
Disposals
-
(6,182)
(11,745)
(17,927)
Impairment loss(*)
-
-
(1,496,585)
(1,496,585)
Ending balance
W
2,650,843
611,348
2,727,405
5,989,596
(*) The Company recognized W1,496,585 thousand of impairment loss as carrying amount of other intangible assets exceeded recoverable amount as of December 31, 2023.
(In thousands of won)
2022
Software
Patents
Other intangible
assets
Total
Beginning balance
W
1,105,341
471,592
1,651,702
3,228,635
Acquisitions
1,551,118
131,195
604,177
2,286,490
Amortization
(947,637)
(69,506)
(413,161)
(1,430,304)
Disposals
-
(4,503)
(5,132)
(9,635)
Impairment loss(*)
-
-
(207,247)
(207,247)
Ending balance
W
1,708,822
528,778
1,630,339
3,867,939
(*) The Company recognized W207,247 thousand of impairment loss as carrying amount of other intangible assets exceeded recoverable amount as of December 31, 2022.
(3) Classification of amortization in the statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Cost of revenues
W
624,762
410,543
Selling, general and administrative expenses(*)
1,502,613
1,019,761
Total
W
2,127,375
1,430,304
(*) The amortization recognized as the research and development included in selling, general and administrative expenses was W356,842 thousand and W28,759 thousand, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
11. Other non-current assets
35
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Prepaid Expenses(*)
W
4,896,918
1,280,391
Others
382,674
294,232
W
5,279,592
1,574,623
(*) Prepaid Expenses consist of the minimum guaranteed royalty paid to third parties.
12. Employee Benefit
The expenses recognized in relation to defined contribution plan for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are W1,674,176 thousand and W1,397,941 thousand, respectively.
13. Commitments
(1) The Company has entered into exclusive license agreements with foreign licensees, such as GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc., Innova Intellectual Properties S.a.r.l, Shanghai BING KUAI Network Technology Co., Ltd., Relaternity(Hong Kong) Limited and etc. to provide exclusive license to distribute and sell online and mobile games and receives a certain portion of each licensee’s revenues (20-40%) as royalties.
(2) In July 2021 and January 2023, the Company entered into development agreements with Shanghai TA REN Network Technology Co., Ltd. and Guangdong Xinghui Teamtop Interactive Entertainment Co.,Ltd., respectively, to grant them the right to develop mobile games based on the contents of Ragnarok IP(ROIP) and distribute such games in China for 3 years from the agreement date.
(3) The Company has entered into contracts with Gravity Interactive, Inc. and Gravity NeoCyon, Inc. for the exclusive rights of publishing and distributing online games and for the exclusive rights of developing, publishing and distributing mobile games, respectively. The Company also has entered into contracts with Gravity Communications Co., Ltd., Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd., PT. Gravity Game Link, Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd. and Gravity Game Vision Limited for the exclusive rights of publishing and distributing online and mobile games (Note 24).
(4) The Company has entered into license agreements with various third-party game developers to secure exclusive right to publish the games developed by the third-party developers. Upfront license fees paid are capitalized and recognized as other intangible assets and minimum guaranteed royalties are capitalized and recognized as other non-current assets. Purchase obligations for future acquisition related to above agreements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are W4,160,767 thousand and W3,242,395 thousand, respectively.
(5) As of December 31, 2023, the Company benefited from payment guarantee of USD 658,500 from KB Kookmin Bank regarding overseas IP contracts.
14. Share Capital and Share Premium
(1) Details of common shares as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
36
(In won and in number of shares)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Number of authorized shares
40,000,000
40,000,000
Value per share
W
500
500
Number of shares issued
6,948,900
6,948,900
Common shares
W
3,474,450,000
3,474,450,000
(2) Details of share premium as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Additional paid-in capital
W
25,357,547
25,357,547
Other capital surplus
2,125,136
2,125,136
W
27,482,683
27,482,683
(3) Details of retained earnings as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Unappropriated retained earnings
W
229,804,247
229,634,684
(4) According to the Company's Articles of Incorporation, the Company may issue 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock without voting rights, and there are no preferred shares issued as of December 31, 2023.
(5) Statements of appropriation of retained earnings as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
Date of appropriation for 2023: March 29, 2024
Date of appropriation for 2022: March 31, 2023
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Retained earnings available for appropriation
Unappropriated retained earnings carried over from prior year
W
229,634,684
174,719,960
Profit for the year
70,169,563
54,914,724
299,804,247
229,634,684
Appropriation of retained earnings
-
-
Unappropriated retained earnings to be carried forward
W
299,804,247
229,634,684
37
15. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
(1) Details of revenue from contracts with customers based on the service contract type and the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Service contract
Micro transaction & Subscription revenue
W
99,540,249
80,679,602
Online games
6,876,424
5,849,555
Mobile games
92,663,825
74,830,047
Royalties & License fees
142,687,736
150,802,419
Online games
25,901,961
27,119,973
Mobile games
116,785,775
123,682,446
Others
547,513
1,235,384
242,775,498
232,717,405
Major geographic market
Taiwan
48,401,626
60,547,345
Korea
72,850,134
31,060,135
Thailand
22,364,780
28,836,790
Japan
18,108,899
25,781,650
United States of America
12,733,566
24,254,826
Philippines
19,396,307
14,439,380
Indonesia
6,945,007
2,232,554
Malaysia
17,529,473
19,910,558
Others
24,445,706
25,654,137
242,775,498
232,717,405
Timing of satisfaction of performance obligations
At a point in time
10,628
1,765
Over time
242,764,870
232,715,640
W
242,775,498
232,717,405
(2) Accounts receivables, incremental costs of obtaining a contract and contract liabilities related to contracts with customers as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Accounts receivable
W
31,529,998
35,117,290
Incremental costs of obtaining a contract (Prepaid expenses)
255,003
319,451
Contact liabilities (Deferred revenue)
6,076,229
4,010,583
Micro transaction & Subscription revenue
3,640,941
3,909,748
Royalties and License fees
2,435,288
100,835
15. Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Continued
38
(3) The amount of revenue recognized from previous period’s contract liabilities satisfied during the year ended December 31, 2023 is W3,980,344 thousand (Micro transaction & Subscription revenue is W3,909,748 thousand and Royalties and License fees is W 70,596 thousand respectively).
(4) Transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Micro transaction & Subscription revenue
W
3,640,941
3,909,748
Online games
2,580,465
2,728,347
Mobile games
1,060,476
1,181,401
Royalties and License fees
2,435,288
100,835
Online games
163,835
48,563
Mobile games
2,271,453
52,272
W
6,076,229
4,010,583
The Company’s management expects to recognize 70.5% (W4,286,132 thousands) of the transaction price allocated to contracts that have not been performed as of December 31, 2023 as revenue within 12 months. The remaining 29.5% (W1,790,097 thousands) is expected to be recognized as revenue thereafter. The amounts disclosed above do not include variable consideration which is constrained.
(5) Details of incremental costs of obtaining a contract recognized as assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Incremental costs of obtaining a contract
W
255,003
319,451
Amortization costs recognized as cost of revenue
319,451
508,007
16. Classification of expenses by nature
Details of classification of expenses by nature for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Fees and commissions
W
111,509,001
107,938,551
Advertising expenses
6,671,077
14,471,166
Salaries
25,121,072
21,626,298
Outsourcing expenses
17,197,344
16,710,468
Rent
953,979
889,866
Employee benefits
2,145,080
1,892,672
Expenses related to defined contribution plan
1,650,957
1,428,917
Depreciation
2,407,996
2,382,370
Amortization
2,127,375
1,430,304
Bad debt expenses
(35,867)
63,492
Other expenses
2,272,449
1,738,501
W
172,020,463
170,572,605
Total expenses consist of cost of sales, selling, general and administrative expenses.
17. Selling, general and administrative expenses
Details of selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
39
Advertising expenses
W
6,671,077
W
14,471,166
Fees and commissions
9,316,187
9,583,131
Research and development
11,649,172
12,160,829
Salaries
13,544,214
11,458,469
Employee benefits
1,481,778
1,289,362
Rent
589,299
536,110
Expenses related to defined contribution plan
848,514
697,190
Depreciation
1,801,500
1,668,784
Amortization
1,145,771
991,002
Bad debt expenses
(35,867)
63,492
Other expenses
3,436,890
5,140,663
W
50,448,535
W
58,060,198
18. Finance Income and Costs
(1) Details of finance income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Finance income
Interest income
W
9,445,185
4,297,743
Unrealized foreign currency gain
794,381
144,857
Gain on foreign currency transactions
6,364,360
9,292,110
W
16,603,926
13,734,710
(2) Details of finance costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Finance costs
Interest expense
W
96,473
66,635
Unrealized foreign currency loss
265,269
1,302,961
Loss on foreign currency transactions
6,898,494
8,606,136
W
7,260,236
9,975,732
19. Other Non-Operating Income and Expenses
(1) Details of other non-operating income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Gain on disposal of property and equipment
W
20,295
1,368
Dividend income
12,072,740
8,839,924
Others
1,383,646
737,319
W
13,476,681
9,578,611
40
(2) Details of other non-operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Loss on disposal of property and equipment
W
-
-
Loss on disposal of on intangible assets
6,182
4,503
Impairment loss on intangible assets
1,496,585
207,247
Impairment loss on other non-current assets
-
55,582
Others
9,899
11,448
W
1,512,666
278,780
20. Income tax expense
(1) Details of income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Current tax expense
Current year
W
22,271,822
19,932,686
Deferred tax expense
Changes in net deferred tax assets
(378,645)
356,199
Income tax expense
W
21,893,177
20,288,885
20. Income tax expense, Continued
(2) The differences between the tax expense on the Company’s profit before tax and the amount that would arise using the statutory tax rates applicable to profits of the entities are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Profit before income tax expense
W
92,062,740
75,203,609
Income tax using the statutory tax rate
20,804,493
17,737,273
Adjustments:
Expenses not deductible for tax purposes
8,509
5,044
Non taxable income
(2,649,363)
-
41
Withholding Tax
5,569,901
3,155,047
Tax credit
(1,174,258)
(2,006,562)
Corporate tax on unappropriated earnings
(133,923)
1,085,166
Others
(532,182)
312,917
Total adjustment
1,088,684
2,551,612
Income tax expense
W
21,893,177
20,288,885
Effective tax rate
24%
27%
(3)Details of the changes in deferred tax assets(liabilities) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Beginning
balance
Increase
(Decrease)
Ending
balance
Beginning
balance
Increase
(Decrease)
Ending
balance
Unearned revenue
W
(429,792)
(224,793)
(654,585)
(124,497)
(305,295)
(429,792)
Property and equipment
48,911
1,185
50,096
50,225
(1,314)
48,911
Intangible assets
416,984
246,355
663,339
388,412
28,572
416,984
Prepaid expenses
185,600
(185,600)
-
502,703
(317,103)
185,600
Accounts Payable
729,183
124,409
853,592
623,975
105,208
729,183
Accrued expenses
204,441
51,162
255,603
172,779
31,662
204,441
Retirement benefit provision liabilities
42,341
(7,707)
34,634
33,336
9,005
42,341
Allowance for doubtful accounts
278,910
813,988
1,092,898
264,484
14,426
278,910
Asset retirement obligation
80,768
1,202
81,970
75,468
5,300
80,768
Others
53,595
1,401,352
1,454,947
(19,745)
73,340
53,595
Sub-total(Ⅰ)
W
1,610,941
2,221,553
3,832,494
1,967,140
(356,199)
1,610,941
Deferred tax due to tax credit
carry-forward(Ⅱ)
2,078,824
(1,842,908)
235,916
2,078,824
-
2,078,824
Deferred tax assets (Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ) (*)
W
3,689,765
378,645
4,068,410
4,045,964
(356,199)
3,689,765
(*) The future realizability of deferred tax assets is assessed by taking into consideration various factors such as the Company's performance, the overall economic environment and industry outlook, expected future earnings, and deductible period of tax credit carry-forward. The Company periodically monitors those factors used in assessing the realizability of the deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has recognized deferred tax assets related to temporary differences, carry-forward losses and tax credit carry-forward, which can be utilized based on the likelihood of future taxable income. This amount may change if the estimate for future taxable income changes.
20. Income tax expense, Continued
(4) The gross balances of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, is as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Deferred tax assets
- Deferred tax assets to be recovered after more than 12 months
W
892,318
1,161,687
- Deferred tax assets to be recovered within 12 months
4,587,351
3,624,324
Sub-total
5,479,669
4,786,011
Deferred tax liabilities
- Deferred tax liabilities to be recovered after more than 12 months
-
(323,004)
- Deferred tax liabilities to be recovered within 12 months
(1,411,259)
(773,242)
42
Sub-total
(1,411,259)
(1,096,246)
Deferred tax assets (liabilities), net
W
4,068,410
3,689,765
(5) As of December 31, 2023, the Company did not recognize deferred income tax asset for the temporary difference of W30,123,686 thousand relating to investments in subsidiaries as it is not probable such temporary differences can be utilized in the foreseeable future.
(6) Impact of Pillar Two income taxes
Under the Pillar Two legislation, the Company and its subsidiaries is liable to pay a top-up tax for the difference between their GloBE effective tax rate per jurisdiction and the 15% minimum rate. All entities within the Company and its subsidiaries have an effective tax rate that exceeds 15%, except for Gravity Game Vision Limited that operates in Hong Kong.
For 2023, the average effective tax rate (calculated in accordance with paragraph 86 of IAS 12) of Gravity Game Vision Limited operating in Hong Kong is:
(In thousands of Korean won)
Gravity Game Vision Limited
Tax expense for year ending 31 December 2023
W
3,395,705
Profit before income tax
26,942,890
Average effective tax rate
12.6%
The Company is in the process of assessing its exposure to the Pillar Two legislation for when it comes into effect. This assessment indicates for Hong Kong that the average effective tax rate based on accounting profit is 12.6% for the annual reporting period to 31 December 2023. However, although the average effective tax rate is below 15%, the Company might not be exposed to paying Pillar Two income taxes in relation to Hong Kong. Also, even for those entities with an accounting effective tax rate above 15%, there may still be Pillar Two tax implications.
Due to the complexity and difficulty of approximating numerical impact preparing for the application of the legislation, the Company will review the impact through a rational methodology.
21. Cash flow information
(1) Adjustments for calculating cash generated from operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Adjustments for:
Depreciation
W
2,407,996
2,382,370
Amortization
2,127,375
1,430,304
Bad debt expense
-
63,492
43
Interest expense
96,473
66,635
Unrealized foreign currency loss
265,269
1,302,961
Loss on disposal of on intangible assets
6,182
4,503
Impairment loss on intangible asset
1,496,585
207,247
Impairment loss on other non-current assets
-
55,582
Retirement benefit expenses
(33,216)
30,976
Income tax expense
21,893,177
20,288,885
Unrealized foreign currency gain
(794,381)
(144,857)
Gain on disposal of property and plant
(20,295)
(1,368)
Interest income
(9,445,185)
(4,297,743)
Dividend income
(12,072,740)
(8,839,924)
Reversal of allowance for doubtful accounts
(35,867)
-
Others
-
1,732
W
5,891,373
12,550,795
(2) Changes in assets and liabilities arising from operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Accounts receivable
W
3,326,691
2,674,556
Other receivable
(775,527)
700,914
Long-term Prepayments
-
(160,936)
Other non-current assets
(2,613,091)
205,208
Prepaid expense
407,977
267,300
Lease receivable
239,044
220,246
Long-term prepaid expense
-
(50,959)
Accounts payable
3,390,159
(9,907,961)
Long-term Accounts payable
-
(667,078)
Deferred revenue
(118,218)
119,273
Long-term Deferred revenue
2,246,897
(168,823)
Withholdings
(309,879)
(1,214,150)
Accrued expenses
220,527
95,855
W
6,014,580
(7,886,555)
21. Cash flow information, Continued
(3) Significant non-cash transactions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Reclassification of Prepayment to intangible assets
W
101,846
63,841
Acquisition of right-of-use assets
2,362,815
55,416
Increase in accounts payable relating to the acquisition of other intangible assets
1,147,427
-
Reclassification of other non current financial assets to other non current assets
1,030,000
-
Increase(Decrease) in accounts payable relating to the acquisition of software
2,032,560
608,575
(4) Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
44
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Beginning of the year
W
2,729,657
4,776,187
Cash flows used in financial activities–payment of lease liabilities
(2,060,721)
(2,049,532)
Cash flows used in operating activities – Interest paid
(91,294)
(61,533)
Non-cash transactions:
Acquisitions – right-of-use asset
2,081,056
55,416
Acquisitions – leases receivables
99,151
-
Interest expense
91,294
61,533
Other
233,888
(52,114)
Ending of the year
W
3,083,031
2,729,657
22. Leases
The Company leases offices, vehicles and others. The leases typically run for a period of 1 to 5 years with an option to renew or terminate the lease after that date. There are no restrictions or covenants imposed to leases, but the lease assets are not to be provided as collateral for borrowings.
The Company has a sublease for a portion of the existing lease contract. The head lease and its sub-lease terminates in 2024.
22. Leases, Continued
(1) As a lessee
(a) Details of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities recognized in the separate statements of financial position as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Right-of-use assets(*1)
Offices
W
1,508,656
2,297,504
Vehicles
367,030
61,534
Others
1,103,467
128,976
W
2,979,153
2,488,014
Lease liabilities(*2)
Current
2,075,542
1,367,286
45
Non-current
1,007,489
1,362,371
W
3,083,031
2,729,657
(*1) Right-of-use assets are included in the 'Property and equipment' in the separate statement of financial position.
(*2) Lease liabilities are included in the 'Other current liabilities' and 'Other non-current liabilities' in the separate statement of financial position.
(b) Changes in right-of-use assets for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
Offices
Vehicles
Others
Total
Balance as of January 1, 2023
W
2,297,505
61,534
128,976
2,488,015
Depreciation
(1,137,684)
(236,746)
(497,246)
(1,871,676)
Reassessment
143,836
52,422
-
196,258
Acquisitions
204,999
489,820
1,471,737
2,166,556
Balance as of December 31, 2023
W
1,508,656
367,030
1,103,467
2,979,153
(In thousands of won)
2022
Offices
Vehicles
Others
Total
Balance as of January 1, 2022
W
3,366,359
283,570
727,984
4,377,913
Depreciation
(1,068,854)
(225,037)
(599,008)
(1,892,899)
Reassessment
-
(52,415)
-
(52,415)
Acquisitions
-
55,416
-
55,416
Balance as of December 31, 2022
W
2,297,505
61,534
128,976
2,488,015
22. Leases, Continued
(1) As a lessee, Continued
(c) Details of amounts recognized in the separate statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Interest expense relating to lease liabilities (included in finance cost)
W
91,294
61,533
Revenue from sub-lease of right-of-use asset
7,405
7,014
Expense relating to short-term leases
-
2,423
Expense relating to leases of low-value assets excluding short-term leases
4,493
4,968
(d) Details of amounts recognized in the separate statement of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:
46
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Total cash outflows of leases
W
2,156,508
2,118,456
(2) As a lessor
The Company has sub-leased part of its right-of-use assets. The Company recognized interest income related to the lease receivable amounting to W7,405 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The aging analysis with the amounts expressed in undiscounted lease receivables after the reporting date are as follows. The Company does not have any sublease as finance lease in accordance with K-IFRS No. 1116.
(In thousands of won)
Less than
1 Year
1 to 2 Years
2 to 5 Years
Contractual
cash flow
Unrealized financial income
Net investment in the lease
W
246,449
35,365
5,894
287,709
5,335
282,374
23. Financial Risk Management
The Company’s operating activities expose itself to a variety of financial risks: market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk from which the Company’s risk management program focuses on minimizing any adverse effects on its financial performance. The Company operates financial risk management policies and programs that closely monitor and respond to each risk factor.
(1) Capital Risk Management
The Company’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, so the Company can continue to provide returns and benefits for shareholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital. The Company monitors capital on the basis of the debt ratio. This ratio is calculated as total debt divided by total capital. The debt ratios as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Total liabilities
W
45,685,103
31,717,523
Total equity
330,761,380
260,591,817
Debt ratio
14%
12%
23. Financial Risk Management, Continued
(2) Market Risk
(a) Foreign exchange risk
The Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from royalty revenues and commission payment primarily with respect to the US dollar and etc. The Company’s financial assets and liabilities are exposed to foreign currency risk as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won, in foreign currencies)
December 31, 2023
Assets in foreign
currency
Liabilities in foreign currency
Assets in
Korean Won
Liabilities in Korean Won
USD
29,135,998
8,801,356
37,567,956
11,348,468
JPY
373,753,901
199,709,879
3,411,102
1,822,672
EUR
36,780
30,472
52,470
43,471
47
IDR
12,955,000
3,103,944
1,083
259
THB
28,510
7,379
1,073
278
VND
9,270,000
3,243,600
493
173
41,034,177
13,215,321
(In thousands of won, in foreign currencies)
December 31, 2022
Assets in foreign
currency
Liabilities in
foreign currency
Assets in
Korean Won
Liabilities in Korean Won
USD
35,631,845
8,342,485
45,156,237
10,572,431
JPY
512,348,069
136,209,457
4,883,599
1,298,321
EUR
25,839
30,472
34,914
41,174
IDR
12,955,000
3,103,944
1,048
251
THB
28,510
7,379
1,045
270
VND
9,270,000
3,243,600
498
174
W
50,077,341
11,912,621
The Company measures foreign exchange risk at the exchange rate of 10% for each foreign currency, and the rate of change reflects the management's assessment of the risk of exchange rate fluctuation that can be reasonably experienced. The effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rate on profit before income tax for the years ended of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
2022
Increased by 10%
Decreased by 10%
Increased by 10%
Decreased by 10%
USD
W
2,621,979
(2,621,979)
3,458,381
(3,458,381)
JPY
158,843
(158,843)
358,528
(358,528)
Others
1,094
(1,094)
(436)
436
W
2,781,886
(2,781,886)
3,816,473
(3,816,473)
The sensitivity analysis is based on monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies other than the functional currency at the end of the reporting period.
23. Financial Risk Management, Continued
(2) Market Risk, Continued
(b) Interest rate risk
There are no borrowings under variable interest rate conditions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
(c) Price risk
There are no assets and liabilities exposed to price risk as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
(3) Credit Risk
Credit risk arises from normal trading and investing activities and occurs when a customer or a counterparty fails to comply with the terms of the contract. In order to manage these credit risks, the Company regularly
48
evaluates the creditworthiness of customers based on their financial condition, past experiences and other factors.
The carrying amounts of financial assets represent their maximum exposure to credit risk.
The maximum exposure to credit risk of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents
W
32,157,091
42,985,625
Short-term financial instruments
249,000,000
167,000,000
Accounts receivables, net
31,529,998
35,117,290
Other receivables, net
995,094
830,176
Other current financial assets
4,476,977
3,249,537
Oher non-current financial assets
1,164,926
2,048,028
W
319,324,086
251,230,656
Cash and cash equivalents and short-term financial instruments are deposited in financial institutions with strong credit ratings. Accounts receivable are mainly due from payment processing companies and platform service providers, which the Company believes have low levels of credit risk.
23. Financial Risk Management, Continued
(4) Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk management includes the maintenance of sufficient cash and marketable securities, the availability of funds from appropriately committed credit lines, and the ability to settle market positions. The following table summarizes the financial liabilities of the Company by maturity according to the remaining period from the end of the reporting period to the contractual maturity date.
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
Carrying value
Less than
3 months
3 months to
1 year
1 to 2 years
2 to 4 years
Total
Accounts payable
W
21,200,694
20,338,174
185,000
677,520
-
21,200,694
Other liabilities (*)
3,322,899
512,655
1,873,667
937,186
93,384
3,416,892
W
24,523,593
20,850,829
2,058,667
1,614,706
93,384
24,617,586
(*) Other liabilities as of December 31, 2023 consist of lease deposits received and lease liabilities.
49
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2022
Carrying value
Less than
3 months
3 months to
1 year
1 to 2 years
2 to 3 years
Total
Accounts payable
W
15,108,676
14,358,036
376,651
373,989
-
15,108,676
Other liabilities (*)
2,969,525
519,582
931,919
1,417,449
197,844
3,066,794
W
18,078,201
14,877,618
1,308,570
1,791,438
197,844
18,175,470
(*) Other liabilities as of December 31, 2022 consist of lease deposits received and lease liabilities.
The cash flows above are not discounted and the amount due within 12 months is the same as the carrying amount since the effect of the discount is not material.
24. Related Party Transactions
(1) Related parties of the Company include entities and individuals capable of exercising control or significant influence over the Company and its subsidiaries. Related parties include Gung Ho Online Entertainment, Inc. and, its subsidiaries, management and their immediate families.
Ownership interests in subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
Name of entity
Percentage of ownership (%)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
100.00
100.00
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
99.53
99.53
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd.
100.00
100.00
PT. Gravity Game Link
70.00
70.00
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
100.00
100.00
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd.
100.00
100.00
50
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd.
100.00
100.00
Gravity Game Vision Limited
100.00
100.00
(2) Account balances with related parties
Balances of receivables and payables with related parties as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
December 31, 2023
December 31, 2022
Related party
Name of entity
Receivables
Payables
Receivables
Payables
Parent company
GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.
W
1,839,847
2,685
2,707,640
2,804
Others
GungHo Online Entertainment America
-
1,380
-
29,692
Subsidiaries
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
3,079,218
559,178
3,591,765
540,346
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
364,676
1,020,207
460,846
904,356
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd.
1,214,755
1,217,102
1,581,356
1,696,212
PT. Gravity Game Link
26,426
47,333
412,174
270,362
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
1,818,381
266,354
1,848,604
158,370
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd.
31,145
360,322
135,588
775,877
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd.
6,804,745
4,213
707,855
-
Gravity Game Vision Limited
1,322,583
921
7,359,665
-
W
16,501,776
3,479,695
18,805,493
4,378,019
24. Related Party Transactions, Continued
(3) Transactions with related parties
The details of transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
2023
Revenues
Related party
Name of entity
Royalty
Commission
Other
Parent company
GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.
W
17,681,836
-
-
Others
GungHo Online Entertainment America
-
-
-
51
Subsidiaries
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
10,162,095
-
32,894
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
42,120
-
311,317
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd. (*1)
7,002,717
-
12,237,904
PT. Gravity Game Link
126,912
-
-
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
7,346,201
-
164,040
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd.
-
-
10,032
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd.
32,100,244
-
8,427
Gravity Game Vision Limited
15,285,067
-
1,841
W
89,747,192
-
12,766,455
(In thousands of won)
2023
Purchases
Related party
Name of entity
Royalty
Commission
Other
Parent company
GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.
W
-
-
15,379
Others
GungHo Online Entertainment America
54,884
-
-
Subsidiaries
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
-
1,582,796
21,293
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
435
5,889,364
5,780
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd.
-
4,584,439
-
PT. Gravity Game Link
-
151,217
-
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
-
60,685
-
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd.
-
2,124,873
1,066,412
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd.
-
-
-
Gravity Game Vision Limited
-
-
-
W
55,319
14,393,374
1,108,864
24. Related Party Transactions, Continued
(3) Transactions with related parties, Continued
(In thousands of won)
2022
Revenues
Related party
Name of entity
Royalty
Commission
Other
Parent company
GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.
W
24,812,723
-
-
Others
GungHo Online Entertainment America
-
-
-
52
Subsidiaries
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
13,131,855
-
49,089
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
252,129
-
255,648
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd. (*1)
10,234,910
-
9,021,934
PT. Gravity Game Link
350,953
-
9,108
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
7,395,549
-
188,368
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd.
-
-
27,928
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd.
868,645
-
23,680
Gravity Game Vision Limited
13,252,829
-
4,602
W
70,299,593
-
9,580,357
(In thousands of won)
2022
Purchases
Related party
Name of entity
Royalty
Commission
Other
Parent company
GungHo Online Entertainment, Inc.
W
-
12,671
7,648
Others
GungHo Online Entertainment America
42,479
-
-
Subsidiaries
Gravity Interactive, Inc.
-
1,415,119
47,248
Gravity NeoCyon, Inc.
23,515
7,032,473
8,211
Gravity Communications Co., Ltd.
-
6,326,904
-
PT. Gravity Game Link
-
205,573
278,705
Gravity Game Tech Co., Ltd.
-
56,087
-
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd.
-
2,813,005
588,731
Gravity Game Hub PTE., Ltd.
-
-
-
Gravity Game Vision Limited
-
-
-
W
65,994
17,861,832
930,543
(*1) Other Revenues include dividend income of W12,072,740 thousand and W8,839,924 received in 2023 and 2022 respectively.
24. Related Party Transactions, Continued
(4) Other transactions with related parties
Other transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
(In thousands of won)
Contribution
Related party
Name of entity
2023
2022
Subsidiaries
Gravity Game Arise Co., Ltd.
W
8,718,900
993,080
53
Gravity Game Hub PTE., LTD
-
3,426,127
Gravity Game Vision Limited
-
633,282
No financing transactions were made with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
(5) Key management personnel compensation
The compensation given to key management personnel (registered directors) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:
